费约果引种适应性及扦插生根机理的研究
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摘要
费约果(Feijoa sellowiana Berg.)是桃金娘科多年生亚热带常绿灌木,原产于巴西东南部和乌拉圭,因其果实香味类似凤梨,又名凤梨番石榴。费约果在新西兰、美国、法国、西班牙、俄罗斯、澳大利亚、日本等国有栽培,我国江苏、上海、四川、浙江等南方地区也有一定规模的种植。费约果作为一种集观赏、食用与药用为一体的新兴果树,在食品、药品、化妆品等领域具有广阔的应用前景。在四川省外专局引智项目资助下,2004年,西南科技大学王丹从新西兰引进费约果苗木后,对其在四川地区的适应性以及综合性状进行了初步研究,认为费约果能够适应四川地区气候,并能保持其优良的食用品质与观赏特性,是一种极具发展潜力的食用兼观赏的树种。
本研究以费约果为材料,对费约果引种绵阳的可行性和适应性进行了研究,同时对费约果的繁殖方法(种子繁殖、压条、嫁接、组织培养、扦插)进行了比较试验,筛选出扦插为费约果适宜的繁殖方法,并对费约果扦插繁殖技术、扦插繁殖解剖学和生理学进行了研究。这是首次在国内对费约果进行的系统研究,具有重要的理论和实践意义,获得了有价值的研究成果。
1、四川绵阳的气候条件与费约果在新西兰主产区相似,能够成功引种费约果,可将其作为食用、观赏兼用新果树种类。无锡、上海也能成功引种费约果,但其物候期晚于绵阳。我国亚热带部分地区可引种费约果,但极端最低气温在-10℃以下地区应主要将其作为观赏树种,而其它地区则可将其作为食用、观赏兼用新果树种类。
费约果具有极强的耐高温能力,在极端最高气温35℃以上、日数长达30 d以上,未发生日灼。在露地栽培条件下,费约果能经受-5℃的持续低温雨雪天气而不受冻。费约果树不易孳生病虫害。
2、费约果引种至绵阳生长良好。费约果四季均有新梢抽生,但不同季节的抽梢情况不同。春梢时间从3月中下旬-5月上旬,夏梢时间从5月上旬-7月上旬,秋梢时间从9月上中旬-11月上旬,冬梢时间从11月上旬-2月下旬,其中,冬季只抽一次梢,其它季节均有1-2次抽梢,全年可抽生新梢4-7次。费约果的枝条长度和直径在一年中出现两个生长盛期,分别为6月和7月。费约果干粗、冠径和株高的最大增长量均依次为秋季＞夏季＞春季＞冬季。
费约果在绵阳地区露地栽培的现蕾期为4月上旬,花蕾膨大期为4月中旬,花蕾露红期为4月下旬,初花期为5月上旬,盛花期为5月上旬-中旬,终花期为6月中旬。费约果生理落果期为6月下旬,果实迅速生长期为7月下旬-9月下旬,缓慢生长期为10月上旬,采前落果期为10月中旬,成熟期为10月下旬-11月上旬。
3、费约果‘Unique'在绵阳和新西兰奥克兰的果形均为倒卵圆形,整齐度较好,但奥克兰的单果重大于绵阳的单果重。‘Unique'在绵阳栽种时,其可溶性固形物含量为12.8%,可溶性总糖含量为9%,可滴定酸为0.65%,维生素C为28 mg.100g~(-1),果胶为2.8%,和新西兰奥克兰栽种的内在品质差异不大,其中可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖和维生素C稍低于新西兰产地的费约果,可滴定酸和果胶含量高于新西兰产果实。
费约果果实的主要香气成分为酯类(50.64%)、醛类(26.04%)、醇类(5.84%)、烯类(3.85%)、酮类(3.14%)和酚类(0.77%)。其中相对含量最高的是苯甲酸甲酯(36.56%),其次是顺-3-己烯醛(17.44%)、已醛(5.07%)、丁酸乙酯(4.21%)、乙醇(3.60%)、反-2-己烯醛(3.53%)、苯甲酸乙酯(1.50%)、3-辛酮(1.44%)、芳樟醇(1.40%)、丁酸顺式-3-己烯酯(1.30%)、乙酸乙酯(1.21%)、石竹烯(1.04%)。与新西兰产费约果主要芳香物质成分基本一致。
4、费约果播种繁殖出苗率高达95%,较无性繁殖容易,但种子繁殖不易保持原品种特性,难以获得商品价值较高的果品,因而经济栽培一般不用于繁殖苗木。费约果压条繁殖生根率高,但其繁殖系数较低,对母树树体损伤严重,且根系不发达,生产上一般也不采用。与上述两种方法相比,嫁接繁殖更适合费约果苗木大量繁殖,但尚存在嫁接技术要求较高,操作相对繁琐,嫁接成活率较低,嫁接苗进入结果时间较长等问题,需进一步解决。组织培养虽具有繁殖系数大、代数多、育苗时间长、材料消耗少、繁殖效率高的优点,但存在一次性投资大,成本高,技术步骤繁杂,技术易传性差,生产上不能直接利用试管苗等问题。目前尚未见费约果组织培养成苗的报道。
5、基质、生长调节剂种类和浓度对费约果嫩枝插条生根的影响明显,各因素对根长度影响的主次顺序为基质＞生长调节剂种类＞生长调节剂浓度,对根条数影响的主次顺序为生长调节剂种类＞生长调节剂浓度＞基质,对生根率影响的主次顺序为生长调节剂浓度＞生长调节剂种类＞基质。以珍珠岩+腐叶土为基质,采用费约果嫩枝插条,经1000 mg.L~(-1) IBA处理10 s生根效果最佳。其生根率为95.2%,插条的平均根数量为4.4条,平均根长为14.3 cm。
树龄、扦插时期和采穗部位对费约果嫩枝插条生根状况的影响均达显著水平,各因素对根长度影响的主次顺序为母株树龄＞采穗部位＞扦插时期,对根条数影响的主次顺序为母株树龄＞扦插时期＞采穗部位,对生根率影响的主次顺序为母株树龄＞扦插时期＞采穗部位。以1年生母株下部枝条为插条,于6月20日扦插效果最佳,其生根率为97.7%,插条的平均根条数为5.6条,平均根长度为17.1 cm。
母株繁殖方式和插条成熟度对费约果嫩枝插条生根状况的影响达到显著水平,2年生实生苗半木质化插条生根性状明显优于其它处理,其生根率为78.95%,插条的平均生根数量为6.67条,平均根长为15.80 cm。
费约果适宜扦插季节为夏季,扦插前用1000 mg.L~(-1)的IBA速蘸10 s处理的生根效果较好。费约果适宜激素组合为IBA 1000 mg.L~(-1)+NAA 500 mg.L~(-1)。
6、不同树龄插条生根率与茎解剖结构无关,同龄母树嫩枝和硬枝的解剖结构存在差异,嫩枝扦插效果优于硬枝扦插,这可能是导致同龄母树嫩枝和硬枝在生根特性上存在差异的原因。费约果插条不定根为诱生根原始体,不定根原基起源于维管形成层与髓射线的交叉区域,且大部分不定根产生于距插条基部切口0.1-2cm区域内。愈伤组织不分化为不定根。插条韧皮部存在连续的排列成环状的厚壁细胞,这是导致费约果扦插生根率低的主要原因之一。
7、在扦插过程中,随着时间的推移,费约果的可溶性蛋白质含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,可溶性糖含量呈先降后升再降的趋势,单宁含量呈上升的趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先升后降的趋势,多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性呈双峰曲线变化的趋势。
在扦插过程中,插条可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、单宁含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的变化均与生根时间相对应,这些指标与插条不定根的产生存在密切的关系。
Feijoa sellowiana is a subtropical species, belonging to the Myrtaceae family. It is native to South Brazil with a secondary dispersion in Uruguay. The fresh fruit is enjoyed for its characteristic flavour and aroma, which are similar to pineapple. For this reason it is also called 'pineapple guava'. Owing to its easy adaptability in subtropical regions, nowadays it is extensively cultivated in America, France, Spain, Russia, Australia, Japan and especially in New Zealand, where the fruits are popular. In China, this species was introduced at the end of the 20th century, initially as an ornamental plant. Recently, the species has assumed some economic relevance, with orchards planted in the southern regions of the country, such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Sichuan and Zhejiang. As a newly rising species for its edible fruits, ornamental and medicinal properties, feijoa shows great potential in being foods, drugs and cosmetics. Supported by the Overseas Intellectual Resource Introduction Program of Sichuan Bureau of Foreign Experts Administration, Professor Wang Dan in Southwest University of Science and Technology(SWUST) introduced a small number of fruit seedlings from New Zealand in 2004. She considers that feijoa has great potential for being developed as ornamental trees and edible fruits because it retains its fine qualities in Sichuan climatic conditions.
The feasibility and the adaptability of introductiing feijoa to Mianyang were studied, and at the same time, a comparison test about the propagation methods of feijoa including seeding, layering, grafting, tissue culture, cutting was conducted. Cutting was selected as the appropriate propagation methods for feijoa and the propagation technique, physiology and anatomy of cutting were studied in this paper.The results from the studies would provide a significant basis and practical technologies for the development and utilization of the species, which detailed as following:
1、The climatic conditions in Mianyang is similar to the main fruit producing areas in New Zealand. Feijoa can be introduced successfully in Mianyang and consumed as an edible and ornamental fruit tree. Feijoa can be introduced to subtropical parts of our country, but the feijoa in the areas with extreme minimum temperature below -10℃should be used as a kind of ornamental trees, meanwhile in other areas it may be used as both edible and ornamental tree.
Feijoa is strongly capable to tolerate extremely high temperature. No sunburn happen after over 30 days's extreme maximum temperature above 35℃. In open field cultivation, the feijoa can withstand the sustained low temperatural(-5℃) rain and snow without freezing. It is not easy to breed the diseases and insect pests in feijoa.
2、The introduced feijoa grew well in Mianyang. The bud breaking and shoot growth could occur in each season, four to seven times a year. Spring shoots occur in mid to late of March to early of May, Summer shoots occur in mid-May to early-July, Autumn shoots occur in mid to late of September to early-November, and Winter shoots occur in early-November to end-February. June and July were the two faster growth phases for branch length and diameter.The growth of trunk diameter, crown diameter and tree height followed by the Autumn> Summer> Spring> Winter.
Cultivated in the open field in Mianyang, the period of prophase alabastrum, intumescence, petal appearance, prophase flower, metaphase flower and telophase flower of feijoa is in early April, mid-April, late April, early May, early to mid-May and mid-June,respectively. The period of Shed, Rapid fruitGrowth, Slow fruit growth, Shed pre-harvest and Ripening of feijoa is late June, late July to late September, early October, mid- October and late October to early November, respectively.
3、The fruit-shaped of feijoa varieties 'Unique' in Mianyang and Auckland, New Zealand, is oval back and it has an excellent uniformity. The average weight in Auckland is greater than that in Mianyang. The soluble solids content, total soluble sugar content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, and pectin of 'Unique' in Mianyang is 12.8%, 9%, 0.65%, 28mg. 100g~(-1), and 2.8%, respectively, which have little difference with 'Unique' in Auckland, New Zealand. The soluble solids content, total soluble sugar and vitamin C in Mianyang are slightly lower than that of New Zealand, the titratable acid and pectin content in Mianyang is higher than that of New Zealand.
The major constituents are: esters 50.64%,aldehydes 26.04%,alcohols 5.84%, hydrocarbons 3.85%, ketones 3.14% and phenol 0.77%. Methyl benzoate is of the highest content 36.56%, followed by (Z)-3-hexenal 17.44%,Hexanal 5.07%, Ethyl butanoate 4.21%, Ethano 13.60%, (E)-2-hexenal 3.53%, Ethyl benzoate 1.50%, 3-octanone 1.44%, linalool 1.40%, (Z)-3-hexenyl butanoate 1.30%, Ethyl acetate 1.21%, and Caryophyllene 1.04%. The major aromatic compounds of feijoa are the same as that in New Zealand.
4、Feijoa is easy to propagate by seeds, which leads to a higher germination rate (95%), far higher than its asexual reproduction. However, seeds were generally not used for propagation of seedlings because it was not easy to maintain the original characteristics of the same species. Layering had a high rooting rate, but its propagation coefficient was lower and would injure the mother tree, the roots are also underdeveloped. Grafting should be an important method to propagated the seedlings, but the technical requirements are high, grafting operation is relatively cumbersome. Grafting had a lower survival rate, and it took a long time to bear fruit after grafting. Tissue culture had a high propagation coefficient and generation, less material consumption and high reproduction efficiency, but because of high investment, high cost and complexity of technical steps, especially the production should not be directly used in vitro.Till now, there was no successful cultivate seedlings by tissue culture.
5、The rooting ability of feijoa is obviously influenced by substrates, growth regulators and treatment concentration.From strong to less, the influencing order of factors to rooting length is substrates>type of growth regulators>treatment concentration, factors to rooting number is type of growth regulators>treatment concentrationand>substrates and factors to rooting rate is treatment concentration>type of growth regulators>substrates. The best combination selected was pearlite+humus soil, the DBA, 1000mg.L~(-1) and 10 s treatment. The rooting rate reached 95.2%. The average root number was 4.4 and the root length was 14.3 cm.
The rooting ability of feijoa is obviously influenced by the age of the ortet, cutting period and cutting position. In terms of the influencing intensity, the influencing order of factors to rooting length is the age of the ortet > cutting position > cutting period, factors to rooting number is the age of the ortet > cutting period > cutting position and factors to rooting rate is the age of the ortet > cutting period > cutting position. The best combination selected was one-year old ortet, downside and June 20 treatment. The rooting rate reached 97.7%. The average root number was 5.6 and the root length was 17.1 cm.
The rooting ability of feijoa is obviously influenced by reproduction methods and maturity. The rooting ability of semi-lignified cutting from 2-year-old was the best. The rooting rate reached 78.95%. The average root number was 6.67 and the root length was 15.80 cm.
It is suitable for cutting of feijoa in Summer, and quickly dipping the cuttings into 1000 mg.L~(-1) of IBA with 10s befor cutting has a good result. The suitable combination of hormone is IBA 1000mg.L~(-1) + NAA 500mg.L~(-1).
6、No significant correlation could be found between the rooting rate and anatomical structure of the cutting from mother trees of different age, but there are differences in anatomical structure between hardwood and softwood cuttings from mother trees of the same age, which may be the reason that hardwood is different from softwood in rooting characteristics.The adventitious root primordium of feijoa cuttings is a type of induced root primordium. This adventitious root primordium originates from the junction of the vascular cambium and pith rays. There were cyclical and sequential sclerenchyma cells in the phloem and no root primordium in the stems. The adventitious roots generated from the verge of the cut section to 0.1 to 2 cm above the cut. Callus does not differentiate into root primordia.These structural features may be one of the main reasons that feijoa cuttings had low rooting rate.
7、During the cuttage, the content of soluble protein, soluble sugar, tannin rose firstly and then dropped, rose firstly and then dropped, rose all the time, respectively. The activity of POD and PPO enzyme rose firstly and then dropped, took on double peak curve, respectively.
During the cuttage, the content of soluble protein, soluble sugar and tannin, the activity of POD and PPO enzyme consumption were consonant with the time of callus and variable roots production, respectively. The results showed that there was a close connection between the indexes of physiologyand the production of callus and adventitious roots.
本研究以费约果为材料,对费约果引种绵阳的可行性和适应性进行了研究,同时对费约果的繁殖方法(种子繁殖、压条、嫁接、组织培养、扦插)进行了比较试验,筛选出扦插为费约果适宜的繁殖方法,并对费约果扦插繁殖技术、扦插繁殖解剖学和生理学进行了研究。这是首次在国内对费约果进行的系统研究,具有重要的理论和实践意义,获得了有价值的研究成果。
1、四川绵阳的气候条件与费约果在新西兰主产区相似,能够成功引种费约果,可将其作为食用、观赏兼用新果树种类。无锡、上海也能成功引种费约果,但其物候期晚于绵阳。我国亚热带部分地区可引种费约果,但极端最低气温在-10℃以下地区应主要将其作为观赏树种,而其它地区则可将其作为食用、观赏兼用新果树种类。
费约果具有极强的耐高温能力,在极端最高气温35℃以上、日数长达30 d以上,未发生日灼。在露地栽培条件下,费约果能经受-5℃的持续低温雨雪天气而不受冻。费约果树不易孳生病虫害。
2、费约果引种至绵阳生长良好。费约果四季均有新梢抽生,但不同季节的抽梢情况不同。春梢时间从3月中下旬-5月上旬,夏梢时间从5月上旬-7月上旬,秋梢时间从9月上中旬-11月上旬,冬梢时间从11月上旬-2月下旬,其中,冬季只抽一次梢,其它季节均有1-2次抽梢,全年可抽生新梢4-7次。费约果的枝条长度和直径在一年中出现两个生长盛期,分别为6月和7月。费约果干粗、冠径和株高的最大增长量均依次为秋季＞夏季＞春季＞冬季。
费约果在绵阳地区露地栽培的现蕾期为4月上旬,花蕾膨大期为4月中旬,花蕾露红期为4月下旬,初花期为5月上旬,盛花期为5月上旬-中旬,终花期为6月中旬。费约果生理落果期为6月下旬,果实迅速生长期为7月下旬-9月下旬,缓慢生长期为10月上旬,采前落果期为10月中旬,成熟期为10月下旬-11月上旬。
3、费约果‘Unique'在绵阳和新西兰奥克兰的果形均为倒卵圆形,整齐度较好,但奥克兰的单果重大于绵阳的单果重。‘Unique'在绵阳栽种时,其可溶性固形物含量为12.8%,可溶性总糖含量为9%,可滴定酸为0.65%,维生素C为28 mg.100g~(-1),果胶为2.8%,和新西兰奥克兰栽种的内在品质差异不大,其中可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖和维生素C稍低于新西兰产地的费约果,可滴定酸和果胶含量高于新西兰产果实。
费约果果实的主要香气成分为酯类(50.64%)、醛类(26.04%)、醇类(5.84%)、烯类(3.85%)、酮类(3.14%)和酚类(0.77%)。其中相对含量最高的是苯甲酸甲酯(36.56%),其次是顺-3-己烯醛(17.44%)、已醛(5.07%)、丁酸乙酯(4.21%)、乙醇(3.60%)、反-2-己烯醛(3.53%)、苯甲酸乙酯(1.50%)、3-辛酮(1.44%)、芳樟醇(1.40%)、丁酸顺式-3-己烯酯(1.30%)、乙酸乙酯(1.21%)、石竹烯(1.04%)。与新西兰产费约果主要芳香物质成分基本一致。
4、费约果播种繁殖出苗率高达95%,较无性繁殖容易,但种子繁殖不易保持原品种特性,难以获得商品价值较高的果品,因而经济栽培一般不用于繁殖苗木。费约果压条繁殖生根率高,但其繁殖系数较低,对母树树体损伤严重,且根系不发达,生产上一般也不采用。与上述两种方法相比,嫁接繁殖更适合费约果苗木大量繁殖,但尚存在嫁接技术要求较高,操作相对繁琐,嫁接成活率较低,嫁接苗进入结果时间较长等问题,需进一步解决。组织培养虽具有繁殖系数大、代数多、育苗时间长、材料消耗少、繁殖效率高的优点,但存在一次性投资大,成本高,技术步骤繁杂,技术易传性差,生产上不能直接利用试管苗等问题。目前尚未见费约果组织培养成苗的报道。
5、基质、生长调节剂种类和浓度对费约果嫩枝插条生根的影响明显,各因素对根长度影响的主次顺序为基质＞生长调节剂种类＞生长调节剂浓度,对根条数影响的主次顺序为生长调节剂种类＞生长调节剂浓度＞基质,对生根率影响的主次顺序为生长调节剂浓度＞生长调节剂种类＞基质。以珍珠岩+腐叶土为基质,采用费约果嫩枝插条,经1000 mg.L~(-1) IBA处理10 s生根效果最佳。其生根率为95.2%,插条的平均根数量为4.4条,平均根长为14.3 cm。
树龄、扦插时期和采穗部位对费约果嫩枝插条生根状况的影响均达显著水平,各因素对根长度影响的主次顺序为母株树龄＞采穗部位＞扦插时期,对根条数影响的主次顺序为母株树龄＞扦插时期＞采穗部位,对生根率影响的主次顺序为母株树龄＞扦插时期＞采穗部位。以1年生母株下部枝条为插条,于6月20日扦插效果最佳,其生根率为97.7%,插条的平均根条数为5.6条,平均根长度为17.1 cm。
母株繁殖方式和插条成熟度对费约果嫩枝插条生根状况的影响达到显著水平,2年生实生苗半木质化插条生根性状明显优于其它处理,其生根率为78.95%,插条的平均生根数量为6.67条,平均根长为15.80 cm。
费约果适宜扦插季节为夏季,扦插前用1000 mg.L~(-1)的IBA速蘸10 s处理的生根效果较好。费约果适宜激素组合为IBA 1000 mg.L~(-1)+NAA 500 mg.L~(-1)。
6、不同树龄插条生根率与茎解剖结构无关,同龄母树嫩枝和硬枝的解剖结构存在差异,嫩枝扦插效果优于硬枝扦插,这可能是导致同龄母树嫩枝和硬枝在生根特性上存在差异的原因。费约果插条不定根为诱生根原始体,不定根原基起源于维管形成层与髓射线的交叉区域,且大部分不定根产生于距插条基部切口0.1-2cm区域内。愈伤组织不分化为不定根。插条韧皮部存在连续的排列成环状的厚壁细胞,这是导致费约果扦插生根率低的主要原因之一。
7、在扦插过程中,随着时间的推移,费约果的可溶性蛋白质含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,可溶性糖含量呈先降后升再降的趋势,单宁含量呈上升的趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先升后降的趋势,多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性呈双峰曲线变化的趋势。
在扦插过程中,插条可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、单宁含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的变化均与生根时间相对应,这些指标与插条不定根的产生存在密切的关系。
Feijoa sellowiana is a subtropical species, belonging to the Myrtaceae family. It is native to South Brazil with a secondary dispersion in Uruguay. The fresh fruit is enjoyed for its characteristic flavour and aroma, which are similar to pineapple. For this reason it is also called 'pineapple guava'. Owing to its easy adaptability in subtropical regions, nowadays it is extensively cultivated in America, France, Spain, Russia, Australia, Japan and especially in New Zealand, where the fruits are popular. In China, this species was introduced at the end of the 20th century, initially as an ornamental plant. Recently, the species has assumed some economic relevance, with orchards planted in the southern regions of the country, such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Sichuan and Zhejiang. As a newly rising species for its edible fruits, ornamental and medicinal properties, feijoa shows great potential in being foods, drugs and cosmetics. Supported by the Overseas Intellectual Resource Introduction Program of Sichuan Bureau of Foreign Experts Administration, Professor Wang Dan in Southwest University of Science and Technology(SWUST) introduced a small number of fruit seedlings from New Zealand in 2004. She considers that feijoa has great potential for being developed as ornamental trees and edible fruits because it retains its fine qualities in Sichuan climatic conditions.
The feasibility and the adaptability of introductiing feijoa to Mianyang were studied, and at the same time, a comparison test about the propagation methods of feijoa including seeding, layering, grafting, tissue culture, cutting was conducted. Cutting was selected as the appropriate propagation methods for feijoa and the propagation technique, physiology and anatomy of cutting were studied in this paper.The results from the studies would provide a significant basis and practical technologies for the development and utilization of the species, which detailed as following:
1、The climatic conditions in Mianyang is similar to the main fruit producing areas in New Zealand. Feijoa can be introduced successfully in Mianyang and consumed as an edible and ornamental fruit tree. Feijoa can be introduced to subtropical parts of our country, but the feijoa in the areas with extreme minimum temperature below -10℃should be used as a kind of ornamental trees, meanwhile in other areas it may be used as both edible and ornamental tree.
Feijoa is strongly capable to tolerate extremely high temperature. No sunburn happen after over 30 days's extreme maximum temperature above 35℃. In open field cultivation, the feijoa can withstand the sustained low temperatural(-5℃) rain and snow without freezing. It is not easy to breed the diseases and insect pests in feijoa.
2、The introduced feijoa grew well in Mianyang. The bud breaking and shoot growth could occur in each season, four to seven times a year. Spring shoots occur in mid to late of March to early of May, Summer shoots occur in mid-May to early-July, Autumn shoots occur in mid to late of September to early-November, and Winter shoots occur in early-November to end-February. June and July were the two faster growth phases for branch length and diameter.The growth of trunk diameter, crown diameter and tree height followed by the Autumn> Summer> Spring> Winter.
Cultivated in the open field in Mianyang, the period of prophase alabastrum, intumescence, petal appearance, prophase flower, metaphase flower and telophase flower of feijoa is in early April, mid-April, late April, early May, early to mid-May and mid-June,respectively. The period of Shed, Rapid fruitGrowth, Slow fruit growth, Shed pre-harvest and Ripening of feijoa is late June, late July to late September, early October, mid- October and late October to early November, respectively.
3、The fruit-shaped of feijoa varieties 'Unique' in Mianyang and Auckland, New Zealand, is oval back and it has an excellent uniformity. The average weight in Auckland is greater than that in Mianyang. The soluble solids content, total soluble sugar content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, and pectin of 'Unique' in Mianyang is 12.8%, 9%, 0.65%, 28mg. 100g~(-1), and 2.8%, respectively, which have little difference with 'Unique' in Auckland, New Zealand. The soluble solids content, total soluble sugar and vitamin C in Mianyang are slightly lower than that of New Zealand, the titratable acid and pectin content in Mianyang is higher than that of New Zealand.
The major constituents are: esters 50.64%,aldehydes 26.04%,alcohols 5.84%, hydrocarbons 3.85%, ketones 3.14% and phenol 0.77%. Methyl benzoate is of the highest content 36.56%, followed by (Z)-3-hexenal 17.44%,Hexanal 5.07%, Ethyl butanoate 4.21%, Ethano 13.60%, (E)-2-hexenal 3.53%, Ethyl benzoate 1.50%, 3-octanone 1.44%, linalool 1.40%, (Z)-3-hexenyl butanoate 1.30%, Ethyl acetate 1.21%, and Caryophyllene 1.04%. The major aromatic compounds of feijoa are the same as that in New Zealand.
4、Feijoa is easy to propagate by seeds, which leads to a higher germination rate (95%), far higher than its asexual reproduction. However, seeds were generally not used for propagation of seedlings because it was not easy to maintain the original characteristics of the same species. Layering had a high rooting rate, but its propagation coefficient was lower and would injure the mother tree, the roots are also underdeveloped. Grafting should be an important method to propagated the seedlings, but the technical requirements are high, grafting operation is relatively cumbersome. Grafting had a lower survival rate, and it took a long time to bear fruit after grafting. Tissue culture had a high propagation coefficient and generation, less material consumption and high reproduction efficiency, but because of high investment, high cost and complexity of technical steps, especially the production should not be directly used in vitro.Till now, there was no successful cultivate seedlings by tissue culture.
5、The rooting ability of feijoa is obviously influenced by substrates, growth regulators and treatment concentration.From strong to less, the influencing order of factors to rooting length is substrates>type of growth regulators>treatment concentration, factors to rooting number is type of growth regulators>treatment concentrationand>substrates and factors to rooting rate is treatment concentration>type of growth regulators>substrates. The best combination selected was pearlite+humus soil, the DBA, 1000mg.L~(-1) and 10 s treatment. The rooting rate reached 95.2%. The average root number was 4.4 and the root length was 14.3 cm.
The rooting ability of feijoa is obviously influenced by the age of the ortet, cutting period and cutting position. In terms of the influencing intensity, the influencing order of factors to rooting length is the age of the ortet > cutting position > cutting period, factors to rooting number is the age of the ortet > cutting period > cutting position and factors to rooting rate is the age of the ortet > cutting period > cutting position. The best combination selected was one-year old ortet, downside and June 20 treatment. The rooting rate reached 97.7%. The average root number was 5.6 and the root length was 17.1 cm.
The rooting ability of feijoa is obviously influenced by reproduction methods and maturity. The rooting ability of semi-lignified cutting from 2-year-old was the best. The rooting rate reached 78.95%. The average root number was 6.67 and the root length was 15.80 cm.
It is suitable for cutting of feijoa in Summer, and quickly dipping the cuttings into 1000 mg.L~(-1) of IBA with 10s befor cutting has a good result. The suitable combination of hormone is IBA 1000mg.L~(-1) + NAA 500mg.L~(-1).
6、No significant correlation could be found between the rooting rate and anatomical structure of the cutting from mother trees of different age, but there are differences in anatomical structure between hardwood and softwood cuttings from mother trees of the same age, which may be the reason that hardwood is different from softwood in rooting characteristics.The adventitious root primordium of feijoa cuttings is a type of induced root primordium. This adventitious root primordium originates from the junction of the vascular cambium and pith rays. There were cyclical and sequential sclerenchyma cells in the phloem and no root primordium in the stems. The adventitious roots generated from the verge of the cut section to 0.1 to 2 cm above the cut. Callus does not differentiate into root primordia.These structural features may be one of the main reasons that feijoa cuttings had low rooting rate.
7、During the cuttage, the content of soluble protein, soluble sugar, tannin rose firstly and then dropped, rose firstly and then dropped, rose all the time, respectively. The activity of POD and PPO enzyme rose firstly and then dropped, took on double peak curve, respectively.
During the cuttage, the content of soluble protein, soluble sugar and tannin, the activity of POD and PPO enzyme consumption were consonant with the time of callus and variable roots production, respectively. The results showed that there was a close connection between the indexes of physiologyand the production of callus and adventitious roots.
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