徽州地区城乡婚俗比较研究
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摘要
儒家思想经由历史的演进逐渐渗入国人思想深处,其对徽州的影响,可由朱熹学说之于徽州文化的深远影响略窥一二：如“三纲五常”对徽州妇女的压迫,妇女卑微的社会地位以及类似买卖婚姻中妇女的被动地位；婚姻中对传宗接代绵延子嗣的看重,由撒帐、步入婚房的踩布袋,陪嫁的酒壶等皆透露出徽州人对生子的强烈渴求；而新婚夫妻拜祖坟中的重“孝”观念可视为徽州严苛浓重的宗族观念、人情伦理的一角。尽管在当代社会变迁大背景中,人们的观念在外来冲击下发生了诸多变化,但儒家思想依然渗透于新旧交替的徽州现代婚俗中。而因外部冲击的不同程度、经济水平的高低等因素可能致使城乡间的婚俗与婚礼馈赠产生差异。
为研究徽州婚俗中传统与现代、城市与乡村间的差异,笔者选取黄山市屯溪区(城市个案)、徽州区岩寺镇虹光村(农村个案)、休宁县雁里村(农村个案)为主要考察对象。文中简要介绍上述调查点的基本生态文化环境,选取能代表当地一般水平的案例,针对本文考察重点——徽州城乡间婚俗与婚礼馈赠的差异进行分析,并辅以其他特殊案例进一步比对城乡间的差异。
婚俗中基本的仪式当属“六礼”,作为传统婚礼基本仪式流程的“六礼”是研究现代婚俗变迁的理想切入点,将现代城乡婚俗调查的个案与传统婚俗相比照,可以阐述徽州地区婚俗的传统与现代的变化、城市与乡村之间的差异。
婚礼馈赠亦是婚俗中反映地方文化的镜面,笔者结合现代城乡婚礼馈赠中有关嫁妆、彩礼、礼单等实例,阐述当前城乡间的馈赠及相关社会关系网络构成等方面的差异。最后试图从政治经济、制度、新观念等角度分析现代徽州婚俗与婚礼馈赠于城乡间存在的差异,并分析现代徽州婚俗并未产生太大变异的深层文化内涵,及其与徽州地域文化之间的联系。
Confucianism occupies a very important part in the history of Chinese culture. Through the evolution of history, it gradually infiltrated into the deep part of people's mind, and its sublte thinking conceptual has integrated into the deepest part of people's life. Confucianism's deep influence of Huizhou can more evident by Zhu Xi's far-reaching impact in Huizhou. Zhu Xi was born in Huizhou. He inherited and concluded the Confucian orthodoxy ideas which were once being interrupted form Mencius. Then he was developed Han Yu and Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao's doctrine of their Orthodox View, and he combined their own academic point with his one. Finally the Xin'an Neo which composed of his thoughts was born, and ultimately it has become the philosophica's core of Hui Culture. A glimpse of the Confucianism's influence in Huizhou is Marriage Culture. Such as:the oppression of women in Huizhou which comes from "three cardinal guides and the five permanent members Tsunatsune theory"; the women's humble social status such as women's passive position in the marriage which seems like a trading; the main point of marriage is to continue the family line, which can be found through walk on the bag till into the marriage room, the flagon which is one of the essential dowry can reveal their caving of children; how strong the concept of clan and human ethics influence Huizhou can show by"filial piety" which expressd through the newly married couple worship the ancestor's grave of bridegroom. Although in the context of contemporary the vicissitude of society brings many external shocks to people which changed their mind, Confucianism still permeates the Huizhou's marriage customs in the period of social transition. And due to different degrees of external shocks, different political and economic levels may cause so many differences between urban and rural Marriage and wedding gifts.
For study the differences between traditional. and modern, urban and rural marriage customs in Huizhou, I selected Tunxi District (as city case), Hongguang village (as rural case), and Yanli Village (as rural case) to be the main objects. This paper briefly introduces basic ecological and cultural environment of the survey cases, then selected the local cases which can represent the general level to analyze the differences of Marriage and wedding gifts between urban and rural in Huizhou, which is the key of this paper. And when comparing differences between urban and rural, the analysis will combined with other special cases of Marriage.
"Six Ritual" is the basic ceremony of Marriage Customs."Six Ritual" which process as the traditional wedding ceremony will be a good starting point for study the changes of modern marriage customs. Through investigating the cases of modern urban and rural marriage customs and comparing the traditional marriage customs with the modern ones in the Huizhou region, men quarry the differences between urban and rural in Huizhou's Marriage.
In the marriage customs, wedding gift can also reflect the local culture. When elaborating the differences between urban and rural in wedding gifts and social networks, the author would combined it with dowry, bride price, gift lists which are formd modern urban and rural wedding gifts. At last for analyzing the links between the deep cultural connotation which may cause less variation modern Huizhou Marriage Customs and Huizhou regional culture. Political and economic, social system and the new concept would be good perspective to expound when analisis which result the diversities between urban and rural in modern Huizhou Marriage and wedding gifts,.
为研究徽州婚俗中传统与现代、城市与乡村间的差异,笔者选取黄山市屯溪区(城市个案)、徽州区岩寺镇虹光村(农村个案)、休宁县雁里村(农村个案)为主要考察对象。文中简要介绍上述调查点的基本生态文化环境,选取能代表当地一般水平的案例,针对本文考察重点——徽州城乡间婚俗与婚礼馈赠的差异进行分析,并辅以其他特殊案例进一步比对城乡间的差异。
婚俗中基本的仪式当属“六礼”,作为传统婚礼基本仪式流程的“六礼”是研究现代婚俗变迁的理想切入点,将现代城乡婚俗调查的个案与传统婚俗相比照,可以阐述徽州地区婚俗的传统与现代的变化、城市与乡村之间的差异。
婚礼馈赠亦是婚俗中反映地方文化的镜面,笔者结合现代城乡婚礼馈赠中有关嫁妆、彩礼、礼单等实例,阐述当前城乡间的馈赠及相关社会关系网络构成等方面的差异。最后试图从政治经济、制度、新观念等角度分析现代徽州婚俗与婚礼馈赠于城乡间存在的差异,并分析现代徽州婚俗并未产生太大变异的深层文化内涵,及其与徽州地域文化之间的联系。
Confucianism occupies a very important part in the history of Chinese culture. Through the evolution of history, it gradually infiltrated into the deep part of people's mind, and its sublte thinking conceptual has integrated into the deepest part of people's life. Confucianism's deep influence of Huizhou can more evident by Zhu Xi's far-reaching impact in Huizhou. Zhu Xi was born in Huizhou. He inherited and concluded the Confucian orthodoxy ideas which were once being interrupted form Mencius. Then he was developed Han Yu and Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao's doctrine of their Orthodox View, and he combined their own academic point with his one. Finally the Xin'an Neo which composed of his thoughts was born, and ultimately it has become the philosophica's core of Hui Culture. A glimpse of the Confucianism's influence in Huizhou is Marriage Culture. Such as:the oppression of women in Huizhou which comes from "three cardinal guides and the five permanent members Tsunatsune theory"; the women's humble social status such as women's passive position in the marriage which seems like a trading; the main point of marriage is to continue the family line, which can be found through walk on the bag till into the marriage room, the flagon which is one of the essential dowry can reveal their caving of children; how strong the concept of clan and human ethics influence Huizhou can show by"filial piety" which expressd through the newly married couple worship the ancestor's grave of bridegroom. Although in the context of contemporary the vicissitude of society brings many external shocks to people which changed their mind, Confucianism still permeates the Huizhou's marriage customs in the period of social transition. And due to different degrees of external shocks, different political and economic levels may cause so many differences between urban and rural Marriage and wedding gifts.
For study the differences between traditional. and modern, urban and rural marriage customs in Huizhou, I selected Tunxi District (as city case), Hongguang village (as rural case), and Yanli Village (as rural case) to be the main objects. This paper briefly introduces basic ecological and cultural environment of the survey cases, then selected the local cases which can represent the general level to analyze the differences of Marriage and wedding gifts between urban and rural in Huizhou, which is the key of this paper. And when comparing differences between urban and rural, the analysis will combined with other special cases of Marriage.
"Six Ritual" is the basic ceremony of Marriage Customs."Six Ritual" which process as the traditional wedding ceremony will be a good starting point for study the changes of modern marriage customs. Through investigating the cases of modern urban and rural marriage customs and comparing the traditional marriage customs with the modern ones in the Huizhou region, men quarry the differences between urban and rural in Huizhou's Marriage.
In the marriage customs, wedding gift can also reflect the local culture. When elaborating the differences between urban and rural in wedding gifts and social networks, the author would combined it with dowry, bride price, gift lists which are formd modern urban and rural wedding gifts. At last for analyzing the links between the deep cultural connotation which may cause less variation modern Huizhou Marriage Customs and Huizhou regional culture. Political and economic, social system and the new concept would be good perspective to expound when analisis which result the diversities between urban and rural in modern Huizhou Marriage and wedding gifts,.
引文
① 钟敬文.民俗学概论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2010.8：113
① 莫里斯·古德利尔.礼物之谜[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2007,01
② 路易斯·亨利·摩尔根.古代社会[M].北京：商务印书馆,1997
① 转引自吉国秀.婚姻习俗研究的路径：评述与启示[J].沈阳师范大学学报,2006：44
② Claude Levi-Strauss. The Elementary Structures of Kinship.Boston:Beacon Press,1969
③ Leach E.R. Rethinking Anthropology.London:The Athlone Press,1961
② 约翰·博恩曼.关心与被关心：把婚姻、亲属关系、性别和性取而代之[J].国际社会科学杂志.1998：137-149
⑤ Gennep Arnold van. The rites of passage. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1960
③ 转引自吉国秀.婚姻习俗研究的路径：评述与启示[J].沈阳师范大学学报,2006：45
① 马林诺夫斯基.文化论[M].北京：华夏出版社,2006：29
① 魏爱云.和谐与冲突—一乡村传统婚礼仪式的考察与省思[D].中国人民大学硕士学位论文,2004
② 范文彬.论儒家文化对东北婚俗的影响[J].吉林师范大学学报,2006.6：51-54
③ 张永健.婚姻丧葬礼俗与中国传统农民家庭制度[J].社会学研究,1994.01：99-106
① 阎云翔.礼物的流动—一个中国村庄中的互惠原则与社会网络[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2000.1
② 鲍宗豪.婚俗文化：中国婚俗的轨迹[M]上海：上海人民出版社,1990：115
③ 许平.馈赠礼俗[M].北京：中国华侨出版公司,1990：26
④ 段淑萍.中英婚俗文化及差异[J].岳阳职业技术学院学报,2006.02
⑤ 张迎秀.结婚制度研究[M].济南：山东大学出版社,2009.08：12-14
⑥ 郝国强.人情纽带：一个皖南乡村婚礼中礼物流动的人类学分析[J].铜仁学院学报,2009.9
⑦ 李银河.中国人的性爱与婚姻[M].郑州：河南人民出版社,1992：116
① 钟敬文.民俗学概论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2010.8：121
② 阎云翔.私人生活的变革：一个中国村庄里的爱情、家庭与亲亲密关系1949-1999[M].上海：上海书店出版社。2006.01：168
① 黄山市地方志编纂委员会编.黄山市志[Z].合肥：黄山书社,2010.09
① 柯灵权.古徽州村族礼教钩沉[M].北京：中国文史出版社,2003.06：178
② [民国]歙县志.卷一.舆地志·风土
③ 歙县地方志编纂委员会编.歙县志[Z].合肥：黄山书社,2010.12：1099
① [清]刘汝骥.陶甓公牍.卷一二.法制科·休宁风俗之习惯
② [民国]歙县志.卷一.舆地志·风土
③ 许承尧.歙事闲谭.卷十八.歙风俗礼教考
① 歙县地方志编纂委员会编纂.歙县志[Z].黄山：黄山书社,2010：1100
② [民国]歙县志.卷一.舆地志·风土
③ 许承尧.歙事闲谭.卷十八.歙风俗礼教考
① 歙县地方志编纂委员会编.歙县志[Z].黄山：黄山书社,2010：1101
① 许承尧.歙事闲谭.卷十八.歙风俗礼教考
② 歙县地方志编纂委员会编纂.歙县志[Z].黄山：黄山书社,2010：1103
① 柯灵权.古徽州村族礼教钩沉[M].北京：中国文史出版社,2003.06：185
② [民国]绩溪庙子山王氏谱.卷九.宅里略二·风俗
① [清]吴梅颠.徽歙竹枝词
② [清]康熙.婺源县志.卷二.风俗
③ [清]康熙.休宁县志.卷一.方舆·风俗
④ 陆放翁.老学庵笔记
① 此礼单为歙县蓝田叶国安所藏,收录于《古徽州村族礼教钩沉》一书.
①Goody·Jand S·Tambiah "Brideweal th and Dowry" (1973).Cambridge University Press,Pp.1-58
① 阎云翔.礼物的流动——一个中国村庄中互惠原则与社会网络[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2000：191
② 转引自阎云翔《礼物的流动》[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2000：192
③ 阎云翔.礼物的流动[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2000：193
② 阎云翔.礼物的流动[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2000：47
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[2][雍正]茗洲吴氏家典
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[7]柯灵权.古徽州村族礼教钩沉[M].北京：中国文史出版社,2003.6：178
[8][民国]歙县志.卷一.舆地志·风土
[9]歙县地方志编纂委员会编纂.歙县志[Z].合肥：黄山书社,2010.12：1099
[10][清]刘汝骥.陶甓公牍.卷一二.法制科·休宁风俗之习惯
[11][民国]许承尧.歙事闲谭.卷十八.歙风俗礼教考
[12][民国]绩溪庙子山王氏谱.卷九.宅里略二·风俗
[13][清]吴梅颠.徽歙竹枝词
[14][清]康熙.婺源县志.卷二.风俗
[15][清]康熙.休宁县志.卷一.方舆·风俗
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① 莫里斯·古德利尔.礼物之谜[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2007,01
② 路易斯·亨利·摩尔根.古代社会[M].北京：商务印书馆,1997
① 转引自吉国秀.婚姻习俗研究的路径：评述与启示[J].沈阳师范大学学报,2006：44
② Claude Levi-Strauss. The Elementary Structures of Kinship.Boston:Beacon Press,1969
③ Leach E.R. Rethinking Anthropology.London:The Athlone Press,1961
② 约翰·博恩曼.关心与被关心：把婚姻、亲属关系、性别和性取而代之[J].国际社会科学杂志.1998：137-149
⑤ Gennep Arnold van. The rites of passage. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1960
③ 转引自吉国秀.婚姻习俗研究的路径：评述与启示[J].沈阳师范大学学报,2006：45
① 马林诺夫斯基.文化论[M].北京：华夏出版社,2006：29
① 魏爱云.和谐与冲突—一乡村传统婚礼仪式的考察与省思[D].中国人民大学硕士学位论文,2004
② 范文彬.论儒家文化对东北婚俗的影响[J].吉林师范大学学报,2006.6：51-54
③ 张永健.婚姻丧葬礼俗与中国传统农民家庭制度[J].社会学研究,1994.01：99-106
① 阎云翔.礼物的流动—一个中国村庄中的互惠原则与社会网络[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2000.1
② 鲍宗豪.婚俗文化：中国婚俗的轨迹[M]上海：上海人民出版社,1990：115
③ 许平.馈赠礼俗[M].北京：中国华侨出版公司,1990：26
④ 段淑萍.中英婚俗文化及差异[J].岳阳职业技术学院学报,2006.02
⑤ 张迎秀.结婚制度研究[M].济南：山东大学出版社,2009.08：12-14
⑥ 郝国强.人情纽带：一个皖南乡村婚礼中礼物流动的人类学分析[J].铜仁学院学报,2009.9
⑦ 李银河.中国人的性爱与婚姻[M].郑州：河南人民出版社,1992：116
① 钟敬文.民俗学概论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2010.8：121
② 阎云翔.私人生活的变革：一个中国村庄里的爱情、家庭与亲亲密关系1949-1999[M].上海：上海书店出版社。2006.01：168
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② [民国]歙县志.卷一.舆地志·风土
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① [清]刘汝骥.陶甓公牍.卷一二.法制科·休宁风俗之习惯
② [民国]歙县志.卷一.舆地志·风土
③ 许承尧.歙事闲谭.卷十八.歙风俗礼教考
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② [民国]歙县志.卷一.舆地志·风土
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① 歙县地方志编纂委员会编.歙县志[Z].黄山：黄山书社,2010：1101
① 许承尧.歙事闲谭.卷十八.歙风俗礼教考
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