生长期和温度对茴香生长和精油代谢的影响
摘要
本文研究了不同生长温度、不同贮藏温度、不同叶片节位以及种子发芽过程中的茴香生长、碳氮代谢、叶绿素含量、精油含量和成分等的变化,了解了温度和生长期对茴香生长和精油代谢的影响,分析了各生理指标之间的相互关系。研究结果表明:不同温度处理下茴香的生长明显不同,茴香在较低的温度下有利于根系的生长,在较高温度下更有利于地上部枝叶的生长,在较高的恒温条件下植株的生长表现出徒长,在25℃/15℃的变温条件更有利于茴香植株的健壮生长。温度对茴香可溶性糖含量的影响大于对全氮、蛋白氮和全碳含量的影响,凡是适于生长的温度条件可溶性糖的含量也高。在20℃～30℃的恒温条件下,温度对茴香叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量的影响不大;但25℃/15℃变温下叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著高于恒温。不同温度下生长的茴香植株的精油含量没有显著差异;检出的精油成分的种类有随着温度的升高而增加的趋势,变温条件下检出的精油成分种类多于恒温;主要成分反式茴香脑的相对含量变温高于恒温,20℃～25℃的恒温高于15℃和30℃。茴香的全氮、蛋白氮、全碳、可溶性糖、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均随着叶片的成熟和老化而降低,随着节位的升高而增加;C/N比则随着叶片的成熟和老化而增加,随着节位的升高而较低。同一节位叶片在不同生长时期和不同节位叶片的精油成分种类略有差异,精油的相对含量壮龄叶高于幼龄叶和老化叶。反式茴香脑随叶龄和节位的变化趋势与精油相对含量一致。种子发芽过程中种皮和胚中精油含量差异显著,种子所含的精油主要存在于种皮中,特别是反式茴香脑在胚中的含量很低,随着种子的发芽和新植株的诞生,胚中的精油含量开始增加。茴香种子在不同温度下贮藏六个月时,精油含量和成分没有发生明显的变化。精油含量和各形态、生理指标相关性的分析表明:精油含量与可溶性糖含量之间呈显著负相关,与其主要成分反式茴香脑之间以及含氧化合物之间呈显著的正相关关系。
This paper studied the change of growth of fennel, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, chlorophyll content, quality and content of essential oil of fennel and so on with different growth temperature, storage temperature, nodes of leaves and the process of seed growth, learned about the effect on growth and metabolite of essential oil of fennel with temperature and the growth stage, and analyzed the correlation of physiological indexes. The results show that the growth of fennel is significantly different under different temperature. The root grows better in low temperature, while the branches and leaves grow better on the opposite condition of temperature .The plant put up over-growth at a higher constant temperature. And it has a healthy growth in variable temperature of 25℃/ 15℃. The temperature has more effect on soluble sugar content than the content of total nitrogen, protein nitrogen and total carbon. The content of soluble sugar of fennel is more if the temperature is suitable for growth. In isothermal temperature of 20℃～30℃, temperature has little effect on the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid, but the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid is much more in variable temperature 25℃/15℃than isothermal temperature. The content of essential oil have no significant difference while fennel grows at different temperature, but the quality increase with the temperature rising, and there is more quality on the condition of variable temperature than the condition of constant temperature. The content of major component–(E)-Anethole is more on the condition of variable temperature than the condition of constant temperature and on the condition of constant temperature of 20℃～25℃than the condition of constant temperature of 15℃or 30℃. The content of total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, total carbon, soluble sugar, chlorophyll and carotenoid of fennel reduced with mature and aging increasing of leave, increased with nodes’rise. And C/N ratio increased with mature increasing of leave, reduced with node rising. The quality and content of the essential oil have little diversity in fennel leaves in different periods and different nodes. The quality of the essential oil in mature leaves is higher than young leaves and ageing leaves. The content of (E)-Anethole changed with leaf age and nodes which was in accordance with the content of the essential oil. In the process of seed germinating, essential oil of seed coat and embryo varies significantly. The essential oil in fennel seeds mainly existed in the seed coat. Especially, the content of (E)-Anethole is very low in embryo. The essential oil in embryo increased with the seed germination and birth of new plants. The quality and content of the essential oil in fennel seeds have no obviously change after six months storage. Through the analysis of essential oil content and the morphological, physiological indicators show that the content of essential oil of fennel is significant negatively correlated with soluble sugar content. And it has significant positive correlation with its major component–(E)-Anethole and oxygenated compounds.
This paper studied the change of growth of fennel, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, chlorophyll content, quality and content of essential oil of fennel and so on with different growth temperature, storage temperature, nodes of leaves and the process of seed growth, learned about the effect on growth and metabolite of essential oil of fennel with temperature and the growth stage, and analyzed the correlation of physiological indexes. The results show that the growth of fennel is significantly different under different temperature. The root grows better in low temperature, while the branches and leaves grow better on the opposite condition of temperature .The plant put up over-growth at a higher constant temperature. And it has a healthy growth in variable temperature of 25℃/ 15℃. The temperature has more effect on soluble sugar content than the content of total nitrogen, protein nitrogen and total carbon. The content of soluble sugar of fennel is more if the temperature is suitable for growth. In isothermal temperature of 20℃～30℃, temperature has little effect on the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid, but the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid is much more in variable temperature 25℃/15℃than isothermal temperature. The content of essential oil have no significant difference while fennel grows at different temperature, but the quality increase with the temperature rising, and there is more quality on the condition of variable temperature than the condition of constant temperature. The content of major component–(E)-Anethole is more on the condition of variable temperature than the condition of constant temperature and on the condition of constant temperature of 20℃～25℃than the condition of constant temperature of 15℃or 30℃. The content of total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, total carbon, soluble sugar, chlorophyll and carotenoid of fennel reduced with mature and aging increasing of leave, increased with nodes’rise. And C/N ratio increased with mature increasing of leave, reduced with node rising. The quality and content of the essential oil have little diversity in fennel leaves in different periods and different nodes. The quality of the essential oil in mature leaves is higher than young leaves and ageing leaves. The content of (E)-Anethole changed with leaf age and nodes which was in accordance with the content of the essential oil. In the process of seed germinating, essential oil of seed coat and embryo varies significantly. The essential oil in fennel seeds mainly existed in the seed coat. Especially, the content of (E)-Anethole is very low in embryo. The essential oil in embryo increased with the seed germination and birth of new plants. The quality and content of the essential oil in fennel seeds have no obviously change after six months storage. Through the analysis of essential oil content and the morphological, physiological indicators show that the content of essential oil of fennel is significant negatively correlated with soluble sugar content. And it has significant positive correlation with its major component–(E)-Anethole and oxygenated compounds.
引文
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2 肖崇厚,中药化学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1993.
3 徐昭玺等编著.百种调料香料类药用植物栽培[M].北京:农业出版社,2002. 136-142
4 王贵臣等主编.常用蔬菜品种大全[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1989.687-689
5 于淑兰,汤章城主编.植物生理与分子生物学(第二版).北京:科学技术出版社,1998:390-399
6 刘桂兰.茴香油的开发利用.农村牧区机械化,1995,1:20-21
7 农业大词典编辑委员会.农业大词典.北京:中国农业出版社,1998:716
8 凌关庭主编.天然食品添加剂手册.北京:化学工业出版社,2000:22
9 孙景琦,冯秀华等.茴香果实挥发油化学成分分析.内蒙古农牧学院学报,1993,14(1):45-48
10 刘密新,汪伟.茴香挥发油的成分分析.中草药,1997,28(1):14,46
11 Attila Akgül,Ali Bayrak.Volatile oil composition of Turkish bitter fennel[J].Food Chemistry, 1988,30:319-323
12 Buntain, M., Chung, B. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen on the yield components of fennel(Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)[J].Aust.J.Exp.Agric.,1994,34:845–849
13 P.K.Singh,A.R.Chowdhury and V.K.Garg.Yield and analysis of essential oil of some spice crops grown in sodic soils[J].India Perfumer,2002,46(1):35-40
14 赵淑平,丛浦珠,权丽辉.小茴香挥发油的质量研究[J].中药材,1989,12(9):31-32
15 刘娜,余德顺,代明权,杨军.超临界 CO2 萃取小茴香精油与其它方法所得提取物的成分对比[J].香料香精化妆品,2002,3:19-21
16 Béla Simándi,András Deák,and Erika Rónyai.Supercritical carbon dioxide ext- raction and fractionation of fennel oil[J].Agric. Food Chem.,1999,47:1635-1640
17 龚苏晓.茴香和海茴香中精油的抗氧化和抗菌活性.国外医学中医中药分册.2002,24(1):38
18 Mimica-Dukic N.,Kujundzic S.,Sokovic M.,et al.Essential oil composition and antifungal activity of Foeniculum vulgare Mill.obtained by different distillation cinditions.Phytotherapy Research Phytother.Res.2003(17):368-371
19 Guvicrrex,Caramelo L,Prieta A.Anisaldchyde production and oxidaae and dchydrogen activities in Ligniolytic fungi of genes plcuetus.Appl Environ Microhiol,1994,60(6):1783
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