亚热带天然次生混交林生物量及养分生物循环研究
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摘要
天然次生林是我国宝贵的森林后备资源,具有很大的生态价值和生产潜力,只要科学管理,合理利用,就能形成良好的森林生态系统,增加物质财富,提高生态防护效益。天然次生林在少林地区或人工林地区,对于维持当地的生态环境具有非常重要的意义。
沅陵县是湖南省最大的山区县,在林区尚保存有为数不多的天然次生林,对于研究植物群落的演替规律,探索天然次生林的适生环境,具有重要的实践意义。本研究在沅陵林区,选择了较典型的以檫木(Sassafras tsumu)、枫香(Liguidambar formosana)、白栎(Quercus fabri)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)为主要树种的天然次生林为研究对象,系统地研究了各林分的土壤理化性质、生物量、生产力、养分含量、积累、分布和生物循环。研究结果,可为科学保护和合理开发及可持续经营天然次生林,为全球气候变化及碳循环研究提供科学依据。
主要研究结果为：
1.沅陵天然次生林土壤为黄壤酸性土,pH 4.7-5.50,自然含水量为22.75-26.25%,容重为0.89-1.01 g·cm-3。N元素平均含量为1.11-2.10g·kg-1,P为0.24-0.44 g-kg-1,K为12.43-15.50 g·kg-1,Ca为0.92-1.98g·kg-1,Mg为1.21-5.39 g·kg-1。微量元素含量以Fe最高,为10160.33-10555.73 mg·kg-1,其次为Mn381.22-798.30mg·kg-1,再次为Zn和Cu,分别为48.01-62.52mg·kg-1和29.39-65.12mg·kg-1。土壤中这些元素,能够促进林木的生长。
2.乔木层物种多样性：
2.1檫木+锥栗群落：出现植物20种,隶属于11科19属,重要值在0.811-44.891之间,优势种为檫木和锥栗,重要值分别为44.891和20.788,丰富度20,Shannon-Wiener和Simpson(λ)指数分别为2.666、0.911, Pielou均匀度指数为0.890,生态优势度指数0.004；
2.2枫香+檫木群落：出现植物13种,隶属于9科11属,重要值在1.116-42.370之间,优势种为枫香和檫木,重要值分别为42.370、30.217。丰富度13,Shannon-Wiener和Simpson(λ)指数分别为2.126、0.847,Pielou均匀度指数为0.829,生态优势度指数0.004；
2.3杉木+檫木群落：重要值在0.408-61.433之间,优势种为杉木、檫木、香叶树和桤木,重要值分别为61.433、13.535、5.248、4.628。丰富度18,Shannon-Wiener和Simpson(λ)指数分别为1.639、0.623,Pielou均匀度指数为0.547,生态优势度指数0.044。
在森林演替过程中,杉木+檫木群落处于亚热带森林演替的以针叶树种为主的针阔混交林阶段；檫木+锥栗群落和枫香+檫木群落处于以喜光阔叶树种为主的针阔叶混交林演替阶段。
3.天然次生林生物量和生产力
3.13种檫木混交林类型中,檫木单株生物量185.5-828.9 kg,以树干生物量最高,占全株生物量的50%,各器官生物量大小排序为树干>树材>树根>树皮>树叶。
檫木+麻栎混交林林分生物量为297.65 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为258.90t·hm-2,下木层16.21 t·hm-2,草本层3.64 t·hm-2,死地被物层18.90 t·hm2,；林分生产力为16.65 t·hm-2·a-1,其中乔木层9.91 t·hm-2·a-1,下木层2.70t·hm-2·a-1,草本层3.64 t·hm-2·a-1,死地被物层0.40 t·hm-2·a-1。
檫木+枫香混交林林分生物量为249.06 t·hm2,其中乔木层215.55t·hm-2,下木层21.36 t·hm-2,草本层0.18 t·hm-2,死地被物层11.97 t·hm-2,林分生产力为11.26 t·hm-2·a-1,其中乔木层7.79 t·hm-2·a-1,下木层3.05t·hm-2·a-1,草本层0.18 t·hm-2·a-1,死地被物层0.24 t·hm2·a-1。
檫木+杉木混交林林分生物量为147.07 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为117.03t·hm-2,下木层13.43 t·hm-2,草本层0.15 t·hm-2,死地被物层16.46 t·hm-2,林分生产力为10.16 t·hm-2.a-1,其中乔木层6.79 t·hm-2·a-1,下木层2.69t·hm-2.a-1,草本层0.15 t·hm-2·a-1,死地被物层0.53 t·hm-2.a-1。
三种类型檫木混交林处于相对稳定状态,生境条件有利于檫木及其他植物生长。
3.2天然次生白栎混交林,乔木层总生物量为112.65 t·hm-2,其中白栎为36.30 t·hm-2,檫木34.76 t·hm-2,杉木19.04 t·hm-2,灌木层为19.39t·hm-2,草本层为3.64t·hm-2,死地被层为15.09 t·hm-2,乔木层净生产力为8.78 t·hm-2·a-1,其中檫木为2.916 t·hm-2·a-1,白栎2.857 t·hm-2·a-1,杉木0.828 t·hm2.a-1,该林分是以落叶阔叶树种为主的针阔混交林,叶的净生产力为3.888 t·hm-2·a-1,占林分净生产力的44.30%,对维持林地生产力具有重要的作用。
3.3天然次生杉木+檫木混交林,林分总生物量为144.68 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为114.52 t·hm-2,占林分总生物量的79.16%,灌木层12.52t·hm-2,占8.65%,草本层0.23 t.hm2,占0.16%,死地被物层17.41 t·hm-2,占12.03%。该林分为28年生的杉木+檫木群落,是以杉木和檫木为建群种的速生、浅根群落。
4.天然次生林养分含量及养分的生物循环
4.1天然次生林养分含量
檫木：N平均含量6.39 g-kg-1,P含量0.36 g·kg-1,K含量4.37 g·kg-1,Ca含量4.18 g·kg-1,Mg含量1.71 g·kg-1。
麻栎：N平均含量4.92 g·kg-1,P含量0.28 g·kg-1,K含量4.05 g·kg-1,Ca含量6.02 g·kg-1,Mg含量1.00 g·kg-1。
枫香：N平均含量4.09 g·kg-1,P含量0.24 g·kg-1,K含量4.31 g·kg-1,Ca含量11.31 g·kg-1,Mg含量1.55 g·kg-1。
白栎：N含量1.32-18.87 g·kg-1,P含量0.11-0.99 g·kg-1,K含量1.34-6.79 g·kg-1,Ca含量3.29-22.48 g·kg-1,Mg含量0.25-1.86 g·kg-1。
杉木：N含量0.68-10.47 g·kg-1,P含量0.03-0.53 g·kg-1,K含量0.39-2.21 g·kg-1,Ca含量0.77-13.45 g·kg-1,Mg含量0.11-2.65 g·kg-1。
4.2天然次生林养分的生物循环
檫木+枫香混交林,养分吸收量为714.57kg.hm-2.a-1,存留量116.15kg.hm-2.a-1,归还量598.42kg.hm-2.a-1,循环速率为0.84。
檫木+麻栎混交林：养分吸收量为491.42 kg.hm-2.a-1,存留量114.18kg.hm-2.a-1,归还量377.30 kg.hm-2.a-1,循环速率0.77。
白栎混交林：养分吸收量为178.59kg.hm-2.a-1,存留量53.88kg·hm-2.a-1,归还量124.71 kg.hm-2.a-1,循环速率0.70。
在沅陵林区,现有的天然次生林,养分循环强度较大,归还林地养分多,有利于林地生产力的维持,对林木生长有利。
Natural secondary forest which are valuable resources has a large ecological benefits and potencial production. As long as scientific management and rational use, forest ecosystems will be able to form a good system, material wealth will be increasing, ecological protection benefits will enhance. Especially, it will be important to maintain the local ecological environment in less-tree or plantation areas.
Yuanling county is the most county in Hunan province, in its forest area, the natural secondary forest has been preserved well. To study them has important practical signigicance to study the succession of forest communities and the suitable habitat. In this study, physical and chemical properties of soil, patterns of stand biomass and productivity, nutrient biological cycle process in Sassafras tsumu, Liguidambar formosana, Quercus fabri, Quercus acutissima and Cunninghamia lanceolata Natural secondary forest ecosystems were investigated in Yuanling county, the results showed as following:
1. The soils in the studied forests were acidic with a mean pH scale of 4.7-5.50. Soil water content averaged 22.75-26.25% and bulk density was 0.89-1.01g·cm-3. The concentration of total nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), potassium (K), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) in soils was 1.11-2.10g·kg-1,0.24-0.44 g·kg-1,12.43-15.50g·kg-1,0.92-1.98g·kg-1 and 1.21-5.39g·kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of micro- nutrients in soils in the study sites ranged as:Fe:10160.33-10555.73 mg.kg"1, Mn: 381.22-798.30 mg.kg-1, Zn:48.01-62.52mg.kg-1, Cu:29.34-65.12 mg·kg-1.
2. Species diversity in tree layer
2.1 Sassafras tzumu and Castanea henryi mixed community:It was found that 20 species plants belonged to 11 families and 19 genera, the important value ranged from 0.811 to 44.891. the important value of Sassafras tzumu and Castanea henryi which were the dominant species in the community were 44.891 and 20.788, respectively, the richness indexes was 20, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, Pielon evenness index and ecological dominance index were 2.666,0.911, 0.890,0.004, respectively.
2.2 Sassafras tzumu and Liquidambar formosana mixed community:It was found that 13 species plants belonged to 9 families and 11 genera, the important value ranged from 1.116 to 42.370. the important value of Liquidambar formosana and Sassafras tzumu which were the dominant species in the community were 42.370 and 30.217, respectively, the richness indexes was 13, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, Pielon evenness index and ecological dominance index were 2.126, 0.847,0.829,0.004, respectively.
2.3 Sassafras tzumu and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed community: the important value ranged from 0.408 to 61.433. the important value of Cunninghamia lanceolata, Sassafras tzumu, Lindera communis and Alnus cremastogyne which were the dominant species in the community were 61.433,13.535,5.248 and 4.628, respectively, the richness indexes was 18, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, Pielon evenness index and ecological dominance index were 1.639,0.623,0.547, 0.044, respectively.
In succession stage, the Sassafras tzumu and Cunninghamia lanceo-lata mixed community was in the mixed coniferous and broad-leave tree succession stage which dominated by coniferous trees in a subtropical forest. Sassafras tzumu and Castanea henryi mixed community and Liquid-ambar formosana and Sassafras tzumu mixed community was in the succession stage which dominated by light-requiring broad-leave trees in a subtropical forest.
3 Biomass and productivity of natural secondary forest
3.1 Among the three Sassafras tzumu mixed forest types, biomass of an individual tree was ranged from 185.5 to 828.9 kg in the Sassafras tzu- mu species. Biomass was highest in stem organ, accounting for 50% of the biomass of the total tree. Biomass was in an order:stem> branch> root> bark> leaves.
Stand biomass of Sassafras tzumu and Quercus acutissima mixed stand was 297.65t·hm-2, of which overstorey was 258.90 t·hm-2, understorey was 16.21 t·hm-2, shrub layer was 3.64 t·hm-2, dead floor layer was 18.90 t·hm-2. Stand productivity was 16.65 t·hm-2·a-1, of which overstorey was 9.91 t·hm-2·a-1, understorey was 2.70 t·hm-2·a-1, shrub layer was 3.64 t·hm-2·a-1, dead floor layer was 0.40 t·m-2·a-1.
Stand biomass of Sassafras tzumu and Liquidambar formosana mixed stand was 249.06 t·hm-2, of which overstorey was 215.55 t·hm-2, understorey was 21.36 t·hm-2, shrub layer was 0.18 t·hm-2, dead floor layer was 11.97 t·hm-2. Stand productivity was 11.26 t·hm-2·a-1, of which overstorey was 7.79 t·hm-2·a-1, understorey was 3.05 t·hm-2·a-1, shrub layer was 0.18 t·hm-2·a-1, dead floor layer was 0.24 t·hm-2·a-1.
Stand biomass of Sassafras tzumu and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed stand was 147.07 t·hm-2, of which overstorey was 117.03 t·hm-2, understorey was 13.43 t·hm-2, shrub layer was 0.15 t·hm-2, dead floor layer was 16.46 t·hm-2. Stand productivity was 10.16 t·hm-2a-1, of which overstorey was 6.79 t·hm-2·a-1, understorey was 2.69 t·hm-2·a-1, shrub layer was 0.15 t·hm-2·a-1, dead floor layer was 0.53 t·hm-2·a-1.
The results indicated that the three Sassafras tzumu mixed forest types were relative steady state, the habitat conditions were beneficial to the growth of the Sassafras tzumu and other plants.
3.2 Among the Quercus fabri mixed stand, the total biomass of overstorey in the forests was 112.65 t·hm-2, of which Quercus fabri was 36.30 t·hm-2, Sassafras tzumu was 34.76 t·hm-2, Cunninghamia lanceolata was 19.04 t·hm-2, the shrub layer 19.39 t·hm-2, the herbivorous layer was 3.64 t·hm-2, the dead floor layer was 15.09 t·hm-2. The net productivity of overstorey in the forests was 8.78 t·hm-2·a-1, of which Sassafras tzumu was 2.916 t·hm-2·a-1, Quercus fabri was 2.857 t·hm-2·a-1, Cunninghamia lan-ceolatawas 0.828 t·hm-2·a-1. The coniferous and broad-leave mixed stand was dominant by Deciduous broad leaf trees. The net productivity of leaves was 3.888 t·hm-2·a-1, accounting for 44.30% of the net stand productivity. It was important to mantian woodland productivity.
3.3 Among the mixed stand which was mainly with Sassafras tzumu and Cunninghamia lanceolata specieses, the stand biomass was 144.68 t·hm-2, of which overstorey was 114.52 t·hm-2, accounting for 79.16%, shrub layer was 12.52 t·hm-2, accounting for 8.65%, herbivorous layer was 0.23 t·hm-2, accounting for 0.16%, dead floor layer was 17.41 t·hm-2, accounting for 12.03%. the stand was mainly with Sassafras tzumu and Cunning-hamia lanceolata community which has grown for 28 years, and it was fast-growing and shallow-rooted community.
4. Nutrient concentration and biocycle of natural secondary forest
4.1 Mean concentration of macronutrient elements in the Sassafras tzumuspecies was:N was 6.39 g·kg-1, P 0.36 g·kg-1, K 4.37 g·kg-1, Ca 4.18 g·kg-1 and Mg 1.71 g·kg-1.
Mean concentration of macronutrient elements in the Quercus acuti-ssima species was:N was 4.92 g·kg-1, P 0.28 g·kg-1, K 4.05 g·kg-1, Ca 6.02 g·kg-1 and Mg 1.00 g·kg-1.
Mean concentration of macronutrient elements in the Liquidambar formosana species was:N was 4.09 g·kg-1, P 0.24 g·kg-1, K 4.31 g·kg-1, Ca 11.31 g·kg-1 and Mg 1.55 g·kg-1.
Mean concentration of macronutrient elements in the Quercus fabri species was:N was 1.32-18.87 g·kg-1, P 0.11-0.99 g·kg-1, K 1.34-6.79 g·kg-1, Ca 3.29-22.48 g·kg-1 and Mg 0.25-1.86 g·kg-1.
Mean concentration of macronutrient elements in the Cunninghamia lanceolata species was:N was 0.68-10.47 g·kg-1, P 0.03-0.53 g·kg-1, K 0.39-2.21 g·kg-1, Ca 0.77-13.45 g·kg-1 and Mg 0.11-2.65 g·kg-1.
4.2 Sassafras tzumu and Liquidambar formosana mixed stand:the annual uptake amount was 714.57 kg·hm-2·a-1, Annual retention amount was 116.15 kg·hm-2·a-1, annual return amount was 598.42 kg·hm-2·a-1, cycling rate coefficient (return/uptake) was 0.84.
Sassafras tzumu and Quercus acutissima mixed stand:the annual uptake amount was 491.42 kg·hm-2·a-1, Annual retention amount was 114.18 kg·hm-2·a-1, annual return amount was 377.30 kg·hm·a-1, cycling rate coefficient (return/uptake) was 0.77.
Sassafras tzumu and Quercus fabri mixed stand:the annual uptake amount was 178.59 kg·hm-2·a-1, Annual retention amount was 53.88 kg·hm-2·a-1, annual return amount was 124.71 kg·hm-2·a-1, cycling rate coefficient (return/uptake) was 0.70.
The results suggested that the natural secondary mix-forest ecosystems were characterized by fast return rate and high cycling intensity in terms of nutrient biological cycle. These features provide benefits for the forest ecosystems in maintaining site fertility.
沅陵县是湖南省最大的山区县,在林区尚保存有为数不多的天然次生林,对于研究植物群落的演替规律,探索天然次生林的适生环境,具有重要的实践意义。本研究在沅陵林区,选择了较典型的以檫木(Sassafras tsumu)、枫香(Liguidambar formosana)、白栎(Quercus fabri)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)为主要树种的天然次生林为研究对象,系统地研究了各林分的土壤理化性质、生物量、生产力、养分含量、积累、分布和生物循环。研究结果,可为科学保护和合理开发及可持续经营天然次生林,为全球气候变化及碳循环研究提供科学依据。
主要研究结果为：
1.沅陵天然次生林土壤为黄壤酸性土,pH 4.7-5.50,自然含水量为22.75-26.25%,容重为0.89-1.01 g·cm-3。N元素平均含量为1.11-2.10g·kg-1,P为0.24-0.44 g-kg-1,K为12.43-15.50 g·kg-1,Ca为0.92-1.98g·kg-1,Mg为1.21-5.39 g·kg-1。微量元素含量以Fe最高,为10160.33-10555.73 mg·kg-1,其次为Mn381.22-798.30mg·kg-1,再次为Zn和Cu,分别为48.01-62.52mg·kg-1和29.39-65.12mg·kg-1。土壤中这些元素,能够促进林木的生长。
2.乔木层物种多样性：
2.1檫木+锥栗群落：出现植物20种,隶属于11科19属,重要值在0.811-44.891之间,优势种为檫木和锥栗,重要值分别为44.891和20.788,丰富度20,Shannon-Wiener和Simpson(λ)指数分别为2.666、0.911, Pielou均匀度指数为0.890,生态优势度指数0.004；
2.2枫香+檫木群落：出现植物13种,隶属于9科11属,重要值在1.116-42.370之间,优势种为枫香和檫木,重要值分别为42.370、30.217。丰富度13,Shannon-Wiener和Simpson(λ)指数分别为2.126、0.847,Pielou均匀度指数为0.829,生态优势度指数0.004；
2.3杉木+檫木群落：重要值在0.408-61.433之间,优势种为杉木、檫木、香叶树和桤木,重要值分别为61.433、13.535、5.248、4.628。丰富度18,Shannon-Wiener和Simpson(λ)指数分别为1.639、0.623,Pielou均匀度指数为0.547,生态优势度指数0.044。
在森林演替过程中,杉木+檫木群落处于亚热带森林演替的以针叶树种为主的针阔混交林阶段；檫木+锥栗群落和枫香+檫木群落处于以喜光阔叶树种为主的针阔叶混交林演替阶段。
3.天然次生林生物量和生产力
3.13种檫木混交林类型中,檫木单株生物量185.5-828.9 kg,以树干生物量最高,占全株生物量的50%,各器官生物量大小排序为树干>树材>树根>树皮>树叶。
檫木+麻栎混交林林分生物量为297.65 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为258.90t·hm-2,下木层16.21 t·hm-2,草本层3.64 t·hm-2,死地被物层18.90 t·hm2,；林分生产力为16.65 t·hm-2·a-1,其中乔木层9.91 t·hm-2·a-1,下木层2.70t·hm-2·a-1,草本层3.64 t·hm-2·a-1,死地被物层0.40 t·hm-2·a-1。
檫木+枫香混交林林分生物量为249.06 t·hm2,其中乔木层215.55t·hm-2,下木层21.36 t·hm-2,草本层0.18 t·hm-2,死地被物层11.97 t·hm-2,林分生产力为11.26 t·hm-2·a-1,其中乔木层7.79 t·hm-2·a-1,下木层3.05t·hm-2·a-1,草本层0.18 t·hm-2·a-1,死地被物层0.24 t·hm2·a-1。
檫木+杉木混交林林分生物量为147.07 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为117.03t·hm-2,下木层13.43 t·hm-2,草本层0.15 t·hm-2,死地被物层16.46 t·hm-2,林分生产力为10.16 t·hm-2.a-1,其中乔木层6.79 t·hm-2·a-1,下木层2.69t·hm-2.a-1,草本层0.15 t·hm-2·a-1,死地被物层0.53 t·hm-2.a-1。
三种类型檫木混交林处于相对稳定状态,生境条件有利于檫木及其他植物生长。
3.2天然次生白栎混交林,乔木层总生物量为112.65 t·hm-2,其中白栎为36.30 t·hm-2,檫木34.76 t·hm-2,杉木19.04 t·hm-2,灌木层为19.39t·hm-2,草本层为3.64t·hm-2,死地被层为15.09 t·hm-2,乔木层净生产力为8.78 t·hm-2·a-1,其中檫木为2.916 t·hm-2·a-1,白栎2.857 t·hm-2·a-1,杉木0.828 t·hm2.a-1,该林分是以落叶阔叶树种为主的针阔混交林,叶的净生产力为3.888 t·hm-2·a-1,占林分净生产力的44.30%,对维持林地生产力具有重要的作用。
3.3天然次生杉木+檫木混交林,林分总生物量为144.68 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为114.52 t·hm-2,占林分总生物量的79.16%,灌木层12.52t·hm-2,占8.65%,草本层0.23 t.hm2,占0.16%,死地被物层17.41 t·hm-2,占12.03%。该林分为28年生的杉木+檫木群落,是以杉木和檫木为建群种的速生、浅根群落。
4.天然次生林养分含量及养分的生物循环
4.1天然次生林养分含量
檫木：N平均含量6.39 g-kg-1,P含量0.36 g·kg-1,K含量4.37 g·kg-1,Ca含量4.18 g·kg-1,Mg含量1.71 g·kg-1。
麻栎：N平均含量4.92 g·kg-1,P含量0.28 g·kg-1,K含量4.05 g·kg-1,Ca含量6.02 g·kg-1,Mg含量1.00 g·kg-1。
枫香：N平均含量4.09 g·kg-1,P含量0.24 g·kg-1,K含量4.31 g·kg-1,Ca含量11.31 g·kg-1,Mg含量1.55 g·kg-1。
白栎：N含量1.32-18.87 g·kg-1,P含量0.11-0.99 g·kg-1,K含量1.34-6.79 g·kg-1,Ca含量3.29-22.48 g·kg-1,Mg含量0.25-1.86 g·kg-1。
杉木：N含量0.68-10.47 g·kg-1,P含量0.03-0.53 g·kg-1,K含量0.39-2.21 g·kg-1,Ca含量0.77-13.45 g·kg-1,Mg含量0.11-2.65 g·kg-1。
4.2天然次生林养分的生物循环
檫木+枫香混交林,养分吸收量为714.57kg.hm-2.a-1,存留量116.15kg.hm-2.a-1,归还量598.42kg.hm-2.a-1,循环速率为0.84。
檫木+麻栎混交林：养分吸收量为491.42 kg.hm-2.a-1,存留量114.18kg.hm-2.a-1,归还量377.30 kg.hm-2.a-1,循环速率0.77。
白栎混交林：养分吸收量为178.59kg.hm-2.a-1,存留量53.88kg·hm-2.a-1,归还量124.71 kg.hm-2.a-1,循环速率0.70。
在沅陵林区,现有的天然次生林,养分循环强度较大,归还林地养分多,有利于林地生产力的维持,对林木生长有利。
Natural secondary forest which are valuable resources has a large ecological benefits and potencial production. As long as scientific management and rational use, forest ecosystems will be able to form a good system, material wealth will be increasing, ecological protection benefits will enhance. Especially, it will be important to maintain the local ecological environment in less-tree or plantation areas.
Yuanling county is the most county in Hunan province, in its forest area, the natural secondary forest has been preserved well. To study them has important practical signigicance to study the succession of forest communities and the suitable habitat. In this study, physical and chemical properties of soil, patterns of stand biomass and productivity, nutrient biological cycle process in Sassafras tsumu, Liguidambar formosana, Quercus fabri, Quercus acutissima and Cunninghamia lanceolata Natural secondary forest ecosystems were investigated in Yuanling county, the results showed as following:
1. The soils in the studied forests were acidic with a mean pH scale of 4.7-5.50. Soil water content averaged 22.75-26.25% and bulk density was 0.89-1.01g·cm-3. The concentration of total nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), potassium (K), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) in soils was 1.11-2.10g·kg-1,0.24-0.44 g·kg-1,12.43-15.50g·kg-1,0.92-1.98g·kg-1 and 1.21-5.39g·kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of micro- nutrients in soils in the study sites ranged as:Fe:10160.33-10555.73 mg.kg"1, Mn: 381.22-798.30 mg.kg-1, Zn:48.01-62.52mg.kg-1, Cu:29.34-65.12 mg·kg-1.
2. Species diversity in tree layer
2.1 Sassafras tzumu and Castanea henryi mixed community:It was found that 20 species plants belonged to 11 families and 19 genera, the important value ranged from 0.811 to 44.891. the important value of Sassafras tzumu and Castanea henryi which were the dominant species in the community were 44.891 and 20.788, respectively, the richness indexes was 20, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, Pielon evenness index and ecological dominance index were 2.666,0.911, 0.890,0.004, respectively.
2.2 Sassafras tzumu and Liquidambar formosana mixed community:It was found that 13 species plants belonged to 9 families and 11 genera, the important value ranged from 1.116 to 42.370. the important value of Liquidambar formosana and Sassafras tzumu which were the dominant species in the community were 42.370 and 30.217, respectively, the richness indexes was 13, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, Pielon evenness index and ecological dominance index were 2.126, 0.847,0.829,0.004, respectively.
2.3 Sassafras tzumu and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed community: the important value ranged from 0.408 to 61.433. the important value of Cunninghamia lanceolata, Sassafras tzumu, Lindera communis and Alnus cremastogyne which were the dominant species in the community were 61.433,13.535,5.248 and 4.628, respectively, the richness indexes was 18, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, Pielon evenness index and ecological dominance index were 1.639,0.623,0.547, 0.044, respectively.
In succession stage, the Sassafras tzumu and Cunninghamia lanceo-lata mixed community was in the mixed coniferous and broad-leave tree succession stage which dominated by coniferous trees in a subtropical forest. Sassafras tzumu and Castanea henryi mixed community and Liquid-ambar formosana and Sassafras tzumu mixed community was in the succession stage which dominated by light-requiring broad-leave trees in a subtropical forest.
3 Biomass and productivity of natural secondary forest
3.1 Among the three Sassafras tzumu mixed forest types, biomass of an individual tree was ranged from 185.5 to 828.9 kg in the Sassafras tzu- mu species. Biomass was highest in stem organ, accounting for 50% of the biomass of the total tree. Biomass was in an order:stem> branch> root> bark> leaves.
Stand biomass of Sassafras tzumu and Quercus acutissima mixed stand was 297.65t·hm-2, of which overstorey was 258.90 t·hm-2, understorey was 16.21 t·hm-2, shrub layer was 3.64 t·hm-2, dead floor layer was 18.90 t·hm-2. Stand productivity was 16.65 t·hm-2·a-1, of which overstorey was 9.91 t·hm-2·a-1, understorey was 2.70 t·hm-2·a-1, shrub layer was 3.64 t·hm-2·a-1, dead floor layer was 0.40 t·m-2·a-1.
Stand biomass of Sassafras tzumu and Liquidambar formosana mixed stand was 249.06 t·hm-2, of which overstorey was 215.55 t·hm-2, understorey was 21.36 t·hm-2, shrub layer was 0.18 t·hm-2, dead floor layer was 11.97 t·hm-2. Stand productivity was 11.26 t·hm-2·a-1, of which overstorey was 7.79 t·hm-2·a-1, understorey was 3.05 t·hm-2·a-1, shrub layer was 0.18 t·hm-2·a-1, dead floor layer was 0.24 t·hm-2·a-1.
Stand biomass of Sassafras tzumu and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed stand was 147.07 t·hm-2, of which overstorey was 117.03 t·hm-2, understorey was 13.43 t·hm-2, shrub layer was 0.15 t·hm-2, dead floor layer was 16.46 t·hm-2. Stand productivity was 10.16 t·hm-2a-1, of which overstorey was 6.79 t·hm-2·a-1, understorey was 2.69 t·hm-2·a-1, shrub layer was 0.15 t·hm-2·a-1, dead floor layer was 0.53 t·hm-2·a-1.
The results indicated that the three Sassafras tzumu mixed forest types were relative steady state, the habitat conditions were beneficial to the growth of the Sassafras tzumu and other plants.
3.2 Among the Quercus fabri mixed stand, the total biomass of overstorey in the forests was 112.65 t·hm-2, of which Quercus fabri was 36.30 t·hm-2, Sassafras tzumu was 34.76 t·hm-2, Cunninghamia lanceolata was 19.04 t·hm-2, the shrub layer 19.39 t·hm-2, the herbivorous layer was 3.64 t·hm-2, the dead floor layer was 15.09 t·hm-2. The net productivity of overstorey in the forests was 8.78 t·hm-2·a-1, of which Sassafras tzumu was 2.916 t·hm-2·a-1, Quercus fabri was 2.857 t·hm-2·a-1, Cunninghamia lan-ceolatawas 0.828 t·hm-2·a-1. The coniferous and broad-leave mixed stand was dominant by Deciduous broad leaf trees. The net productivity of leaves was 3.888 t·hm-2·a-1, accounting for 44.30% of the net stand productivity. It was important to mantian woodland productivity.
3.3 Among the mixed stand which was mainly with Sassafras tzumu and Cunninghamia lanceolata specieses, the stand biomass was 144.68 t·hm-2, of which overstorey was 114.52 t·hm-2, accounting for 79.16%, shrub layer was 12.52 t·hm-2, accounting for 8.65%, herbivorous layer was 0.23 t·hm-2, accounting for 0.16%, dead floor layer was 17.41 t·hm-2, accounting for 12.03%. the stand was mainly with Sassafras tzumu and Cunning-hamia lanceolata community which has grown for 28 years, and it was fast-growing and shallow-rooted community.
4. Nutrient concentration and biocycle of natural secondary forest
4.1 Mean concentration of macronutrient elements in the Sassafras tzumuspecies was:N was 6.39 g·kg-1, P 0.36 g·kg-1, K 4.37 g·kg-1, Ca 4.18 g·kg-1 and Mg 1.71 g·kg-1.
Mean concentration of macronutrient elements in the Quercus acuti-ssima species was:N was 4.92 g·kg-1, P 0.28 g·kg-1, K 4.05 g·kg-1, Ca 6.02 g·kg-1 and Mg 1.00 g·kg-1.
Mean concentration of macronutrient elements in the Liquidambar formosana species was:N was 4.09 g·kg-1, P 0.24 g·kg-1, K 4.31 g·kg-1, Ca 11.31 g·kg-1 and Mg 1.55 g·kg-1.
Mean concentration of macronutrient elements in the Quercus fabri species was:N was 1.32-18.87 g·kg-1, P 0.11-0.99 g·kg-1, K 1.34-6.79 g·kg-1, Ca 3.29-22.48 g·kg-1 and Mg 0.25-1.86 g·kg-1.
Mean concentration of macronutrient elements in the Cunninghamia lanceolata species was:N was 0.68-10.47 g·kg-1, P 0.03-0.53 g·kg-1, K 0.39-2.21 g·kg-1, Ca 0.77-13.45 g·kg-1 and Mg 0.11-2.65 g·kg-1.
4.2 Sassafras tzumu and Liquidambar formosana mixed stand:the annual uptake amount was 714.57 kg·hm-2·a-1, Annual retention amount was 116.15 kg·hm-2·a-1, annual return amount was 598.42 kg·hm-2·a-1, cycling rate coefficient (return/uptake) was 0.84.
Sassafras tzumu and Quercus acutissima mixed stand:the annual uptake amount was 491.42 kg·hm-2·a-1, Annual retention amount was 114.18 kg·hm-2·a-1, annual return amount was 377.30 kg·hm·a-1, cycling rate coefficient (return/uptake) was 0.77.
Sassafras tzumu and Quercus fabri mixed stand:the annual uptake amount was 178.59 kg·hm-2·a-1, Annual retention amount was 53.88 kg·hm-2·a-1, annual return amount was 124.71 kg·hm-2·a-1, cycling rate coefficient (return/uptake) was 0.70.
The results suggested that the natural secondary mix-forest ecosystems were characterized by fast return rate and high cycling intensity in terms of nutrient biological cycle. These features provide benefits for the forest ecosystems in maintaining site fertility.
引文
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