苦杏仁脱脂方法及其精油脱毒工艺研究
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摘要
苦杏仁含有2-4%的苦杏仁甙,苦杏仁甙在酶或酸的作用下水解后产生具有强烈的杏仁香气的苯甲醛—即苦杏仁精油的主要成分;另外,苦杏仁含有约50%左右的脂肪油,苦杏仁脂肪油含有大量不饱和脂肪酸以及VE,可直接作为高级食用油或高级化妆品的原料。
目前,国外对于苦杏仁精油的评价是以主要成分苯甲醛的含量以及其中HCN的含量为指标,一般而言,苦杏仁油中苯甲醛的含量在85%以上,另外,苦杏仁油中HCN的含量在6-8%之间,在应用于食品以及化妆品等领域时必须将其中的HCN除去。目前,我国市场对山杏产品的生产加工仅限于单一产品的开发,而丢弃了其他副产品,尤其是将苯甲醛的前体物质苦杏仁甙作为有毒物质丢弃,不仅造成了资源的大量浪费也使环境受到污染。因而,对山杏综合提取工艺的研究显得尤为重要。本研究通过对苦杏仁油脂、苦杏仁精油提取工艺以及脱毒工艺的综合研究,确定提取苦杏仁精油、油脂及苦杏仁精油脱毒的最佳工艺,为苦杏仁加工的全面性、合理性提供理论依据和技术资料。通过研究,得出如下结论:
1.与热榨法、冷浸法和超临界CO2流体萃取法脱脂相比冷榨脱脂后不仅苦杏仁油脂和精油的得率高,且精油中的苯甲醛含量也更多,油脂中的油酸含量较高,不饱和脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸、VE的含量较高。
2.采用正交试验,运用统计分析对影响水蒸气蒸馏法提取苦杏仁精油的主要因素进行分析,结果表明:水蒸气蒸馏提取苦杏仁油的最佳工艺为物料比为5,粒径30目,水解PH为4,水解温度40℃,蒸馏时间1h,水解时间为2h。6个因素中影响得率大小依次为水解时间,物料比,PH值,蒸馏时间,水解温度,水解粒径,其中以水解时间的影响最为显著。
3.采用正交试验,运用统计分析对影响石灰法脱除苦杏仁精油的氢氰酸主要因素进行分析,结果表明,0.01L苦杏仁油脱毒的最佳工艺参数为:反应时间10min,反应温度30℃,0.1mol/L氢氧化钠加入0.4L,0.1mol/LFeSO4加入0.2L,0.03mol/LCa(OH)2加入1.5L。方差分析表明加氢氧化钠的量对精油脱毒的影响最显著,其次为反应温度,加入石灰水的量,反应时间,加入硫酸亚铁的量。最佳工艺验证试验的氰化物含量为0.212mg/L,符合国家食品添加剂的标准。
Bitter almond contains amygdalin and almond oil, amygdalin can be decomposed to benzaldehyde under acidic condition, benzaldehyde is one of the most widely used flavor in fragrance industry. Almond essential oil contains high contents of unsaturated fatty acids and VE, it is an advanced edible oil, also can be used in cosmetics materials.
At present, it takes the principal constituent benzaldehyde content and the content of the hydrocyanic acid for the target of the bitter almond oil overseas. Generally speaking, the content of benzaldehyde is above 85%.Moreover, the content of the hydrocynic acid is between 6 - 8%. When applied to domain, food and so on must deprivate the hydrocynic acid Completely.
At present, production and processing of amygdalin in China domestic market is limited to a single product, and discarded other products. In particular, amygdalin is discarded as toxic substances. This is not only wasted the resources but also caused environmental pollution. Therefore, it’s necessary to study the comprehensive extracting technique of bitter almond. This article through the comprehensive research of extraction method and technique of Almond oil and bitter almond oil, provide theoretical basis and technological information for the processing and utilization of bitter almond. The results were showed as follows:
1.Compared with the hot press degreasing、Cold soak and supercritical CO2, the cold press degreasing did not only get the high bitter almond fat oil rate and bitter almond oil tate, but also the content of benzaldehyde in the bitter almond essential oil,VE, oleic acid and unsaturated fatty acid in the bitter almond fat oil was high.
2. According to the orthogonal experiment, it analysed the primary factors of the wet distillation to the bitter alomnd essential oil by statistical analysis, the results were showed:ratio of water to material 5:1、Particle size 30、pH of hydrolysis 5、temperature 40℃、time in hydrolysis 2h and distilling time 1h. Under the optimum conditions, the yield of bitter almond oil was 7.25‰.The influence order from more to less was time in hydrolysis, ratio of water to materia, pH of hydrolysis, distilling time, temperature, particle size.
3. According to the orthogonal experiment, it analysed the primary factors of deprivation of hydrocyanic acid from 0.01L bitter almond oil by statistical analysis, the results were showed: time 10min、temperature 30℃、0.1mol/LNaOH 0.4L、0.3mol/LFeSO4 0.2L、0.03mol/LCa(OH)2 1.5L. Under the optimum conditions, the hydrocyanic acid in the bitter almond essential oil was 0.212 mg/L which Conformed to the national food standard.The influence order from more to less were NaOH、temperature、Ca(OH)2、time、FeSO4.
目前,国外对于苦杏仁精油的评价是以主要成分苯甲醛的含量以及其中HCN的含量为指标,一般而言,苦杏仁油中苯甲醛的含量在85%以上,另外,苦杏仁油中HCN的含量在6-8%之间,在应用于食品以及化妆品等领域时必须将其中的HCN除去。目前,我国市场对山杏产品的生产加工仅限于单一产品的开发,而丢弃了其他副产品,尤其是将苯甲醛的前体物质苦杏仁甙作为有毒物质丢弃,不仅造成了资源的大量浪费也使环境受到污染。因而,对山杏综合提取工艺的研究显得尤为重要。本研究通过对苦杏仁油脂、苦杏仁精油提取工艺以及脱毒工艺的综合研究,确定提取苦杏仁精油、油脂及苦杏仁精油脱毒的最佳工艺,为苦杏仁加工的全面性、合理性提供理论依据和技术资料。通过研究,得出如下结论:
1.与热榨法、冷浸法和超临界CO2流体萃取法脱脂相比冷榨脱脂后不仅苦杏仁油脂和精油的得率高,且精油中的苯甲醛含量也更多,油脂中的油酸含量较高,不饱和脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸、VE的含量较高。
2.采用正交试验,运用统计分析对影响水蒸气蒸馏法提取苦杏仁精油的主要因素进行分析,结果表明:水蒸气蒸馏提取苦杏仁油的最佳工艺为物料比为5,粒径30目,水解PH为4,水解温度40℃,蒸馏时间1h,水解时间为2h。6个因素中影响得率大小依次为水解时间,物料比,PH值,蒸馏时间,水解温度,水解粒径,其中以水解时间的影响最为显著。
3.采用正交试验,运用统计分析对影响石灰法脱除苦杏仁精油的氢氰酸主要因素进行分析,结果表明,0.01L苦杏仁油脱毒的最佳工艺参数为:反应时间10min,反应温度30℃,0.1mol/L氢氧化钠加入0.4L,0.1mol/LFeSO4加入0.2L,0.03mol/LCa(OH)2加入1.5L。方差分析表明加氢氧化钠的量对精油脱毒的影响最显著,其次为反应温度,加入石灰水的量,反应时间,加入硫酸亚铁的量。最佳工艺验证试验的氰化物含量为0.212mg/L,符合国家食品添加剂的标准。
Bitter almond contains amygdalin and almond oil, amygdalin can be decomposed to benzaldehyde under acidic condition, benzaldehyde is one of the most widely used flavor in fragrance industry. Almond essential oil contains high contents of unsaturated fatty acids and VE, it is an advanced edible oil, also can be used in cosmetics materials.
At present, it takes the principal constituent benzaldehyde content and the content of the hydrocyanic acid for the target of the bitter almond oil overseas. Generally speaking, the content of benzaldehyde is above 85%.Moreover, the content of the hydrocynic acid is between 6 - 8%. When applied to domain, food and so on must deprivate the hydrocynic acid Completely.
At present, production and processing of amygdalin in China domestic market is limited to a single product, and discarded other products. In particular, amygdalin is discarded as toxic substances. This is not only wasted the resources but also caused environmental pollution. Therefore, it’s necessary to study the comprehensive extracting technique of bitter almond. This article through the comprehensive research of extraction method and technique of Almond oil and bitter almond oil, provide theoretical basis and technological information for the processing and utilization of bitter almond. The results were showed as follows:
1.Compared with the hot press degreasing、Cold soak and supercritical CO2, the cold press degreasing did not only get the high bitter almond fat oil rate and bitter almond oil tate, but also the content of benzaldehyde in the bitter almond essential oil,VE, oleic acid and unsaturated fatty acid in the bitter almond fat oil was high.
2. According to the orthogonal experiment, it analysed the primary factors of the wet distillation to the bitter alomnd essential oil by statistical analysis, the results were showed:ratio of water to material 5:1、Particle size 30、pH of hydrolysis 5、temperature 40℃、time in hydrolysis 2h and distilling time 1h. Under the optimum conditions, the yield of bitter almond oil was 7.25‰.The influence order from more to less was time in hydrolysis, ratio of water to materia, pH of hydrolysis, distilling time, temperature, particle size.
3. According to the orthogonal experiment, it analysed the primary factors of deprivation of hydrocyanic acid from 0.01L bitter almond oil by statistical analysis, the results were showed: time 10min、temperature 30℃、0.1mol/LNaOH 0.4L、0.3mol/LFeSO4 0.2L、0.03mol/LCa(OH)2 1.5L. Under the optimum conditions, the hydrocyanic acid in the bitter almond essential oil was 0.212 mg/L which Conformed to the national food standard.The influence order from more to less were NaOH、temperature、Ca(OH)2、time、FeSO4.
引文
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