RED算法在OBS边缘节点中的研究与应用
摘要
随着互联网上新兴的数据业务呈爆炸式的增长,波分复用技术得到了快速的发展以满足人们对带宽的需求。但是光交换能力的不足成为限制光纤通信网络性能进一步发展的瓶颈。光突发交换(OBS)技术是一种介于光线路交换(OCS)和光分组交换(OPS)之间的实用光交换技术。本文针对OBS网络中边缘节点的队列管理技术进行了研究,并尝试将随机早期检测(RED)算法应用于OBS网络的队列管理。同时,以ARM9硬件平台实现了OBS网络边缘节点的基本功能。本文所作的工作可分为以下三个部分:
1.将主动队列管理(AQM, Active Queue Management)技术引入到OBS网络边缘节点中。并且采用OPNET软件仿真了RED算法和两种自适应RED算法(W-ARED和M-ARED)在OBS网络中控制网络吞吐量方面的性能。仿真结果表示:RED算法、W-ARED算法(自适应地修改RED算法中的Wp参数)和M-ARED算法(自适应地修改RED算法中的maxp参数)能够有效地改善OBS网络的性能。
2.通过给Linux内核添加后门函数,以及编写相关功能模块函数加载到内核的方式,在软件层面上实现了在物理层和网络层中添加OBS层的工作。
3.设计了OBS网络中突发控制包(BCP)和突发数据包(BDP)的帧格式,并对相关的数据结构进行了分析。以ARM9硬件平台为基础实现了OBS边缘节点中BCP和BDP数据包收发的基本功能。
With the emerging data services on the Internet explosive growing, wavelength division multiplexing technology has been developed rapidly to meet the people's demand for bandwidth. However, the inadequate optical switching ability of the current optical networks becomes the bottleneck for furtherly developing the performance of optical networks. Optical burst switching (OBS) technique is a practical switching technique, which is also a transitional technique between the optical circuit switching (OCS) and optical packet switching (OPS). In this dissertation, the queue management technique in OBS edge node is studied. And the performance of random early detection (RED) and two variants algorithms are simulated and discussed. Besides, the basic functions of OBS edge node are implemented by ARM9 platform. The author’s works done in this dissertation are as follows:
Firstly, the Active Queue Management (AQM) technique is adopted by the OBS edge node. Moreover, RED and two self-tuning RED (W-ARED and M-ARED) are simulated by OPNET concerning the performance of thoughtput of OBS networks. Simulation results show that RED, W-ARED (self-tuning the Wp parameter in RED) and M-ARED (self-tuning the maxp parameter in RED) improve the network performance.
Secondly, the back door function is added into Linux kernel which can be preparation of flexibility in the relevant functional modules loaded into kernel. In addition, the OBS layer is added between the physical layer and network layer.
Finally, the frameworks of Burst contrl packet (BCP) and Burst data packet (BDP) are designed. And corresponding data structures are analyzed. And the basic functions of OBS edge node such as the sending and receiving of BCP and BDP are implemented by ARM9.
1.将主动队列管理(AQM, Active Queue Management)技术引入到OBS网络边缘节点中。并且采用OPNET软件仿真了RED算法和两种自适应RED算法(W-ARED和M-ARED)在OBS网络中控制网络吞吐量方面的性能。仿真结果表示:RED算法、W-ARED算法(自适应地修改RED算法中的Wp参数)和M-ARED算法(自适应地修改RED算法中的maxp参数)能够有效地改善OBS网络的性能。
2.通过给Linux内核添加后门函数,以及编写相关功能模块函数加载到内核的方式,在软件层面上实现了在物理层和网络层中添加OBS层的工作。
3.设计了OBS网络中突发控制包(BCP)和突发数据包(BDP)的帧格式,并对相关的数据结构进行了分析。以ARM9硬件平台为基础实现了OBS边缘节点中BCP和BDP数据包收发的基本功能。
With the emerging data services on the Internet explosive growing, wavelength division multiplexing technology has been developed rapidly to meet the people's demand for bandwidth. However, the inadequate optical switching ability of the current optical networks becomes the bottleneck for furtherly developing the performance of optical networks. Optical burst switching (OBS) technique is a practical switching technique, which is also a transitional technique between the optical circuit switching (OCS) and optical packet switching (OPS). In this dissertation, the queue management technique in OBS edge node is studied. And the performance of random early detection (RED) and two variants algorithms are simulated and discussed. Besides, the basic functions of OBS edge node are implemented by ARM9 platform. The author’s works done in this dissertation are as follows:
Firstly, the Active Queue Management (AQM) technique is adopted by the OBS edge node. Moreover, RED and two self-tuning RED (W-ARED and M-ARED) are simulated by OPNET concerning the performance of thoughtput of OBS networks. Simulation results show that RED, W-ARED (self-tuning the Wp parameter in RED) and M-ARED (self-tuning the maxp parameter in RED) improve the network performance.
Secondly, the back door function is added into Linux kernel which can be preparation of flexibility in the relevant functional modules loaded into kernel. In addition, the OBS layer is added between the physical layer and network layer.
Finally, the frameworks of Burst contrl packet (BCP) and Burst data packet (BDP) are designed. And corresponding data structures are analyzed. And the basic functions of OBS edge node such as the sending and receiving of BCP and BDP are implemented by ARM9.
引文
[1]赵慧玲,国家863计划新一代信息网络研究的部署电信技术[J].电信技术,2003(06),7-10.
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[3] Gambini P. et al.Transparent optical packet switching: Network architecture and demonstratorsin the KEOPS project[J]. (Invited Paper), IEEE J. Select. Areas in Communications, 1998,vol.16:1245- 1259.
[4] Green P., Progress in Optical Networking[J], IEEE Communications Magzine,Jan 2001:54-61.
[5] Thomas E., Stern, Krishna Bala著,徐荣,龚倩译.多波长光网络[M].北京:人民邮电出版社.2001年.
[6] Klinkowski M., Marciniak M., Development of IP/WDM Optical Networks[J],Laser and Fiber- Optical Nerworks Modeling, 2001: 84-87.
[7] Mukherjee B., Optical Communication Networks[M], New Yorks: McGraw-Hill Publisher, 1997.
[8] O’Mahony M., Simeonidou D., D. Hunter, A. Tzanakaki, The Application of Optical Packet swi- tching in Future Communication Networks[J], IEEE Communications Magazine, Mar 2001, Vol. 39: 128-135.
[9] Qiao Chunming, Yoo Myungsik, Optical burst switching (OBS)- new paradigm for an optical internet[J], Journal on High Speed Networks (JHSN), Jan 1999.
[10] Turner J S., Terabit burst switching [J]. Journal of High Speed Networks, 1999, 8(1).
[11]马世峰.光突发交换应用层设计与业务分类研究[D],上海交通大学硕士学位论文,2004年2月.
[12]刘梅.光突发交换网络中分组丢弃算法的应用与研究[D],重庆邮电大学硕士学位论文,2006年6月.
[13] Chunming Qiao and East Amberst.“Labeled optical burst switching for IP-over-WDM integra- tion”Patent Application Publication,US 2002/01-9878 A1,Aug.15,2002.
[14] Polina Bayvel., wavelength-routed and optical burst-switching in the design of future optical network architectures[EB/OL].http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.99.4021&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
[15]纪越峰,王宏祥等编.光突发交换网络.北京:北京邮电大学出版社, 2005年10月,50-51.
[16]李彦君,洪小斌,郭宏翔等,光突发交换网中的智能组包研究,电子学报,2005, 33(11):2040-2043.
[17] Fu Minglei, Le Zichun. Design of assembly control algorithm based on burst-size feedback for optical burst switching network [J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 7(5): 377～379, 2009.
[18] Wei, J.Y., McFarland, R.I., Jr., Just-in-time signaling for WDM optical burst switching networks[J], Journal of Lightwave Technology, Dec 2000,Vol. 18 Issue. 12.
[19] Rouskas, Perros. JumpStart: A Just-in-Time Signaling Architecture for WDM Burst-Switched Networks[J], IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002:1081-1086.
[20] Yoo M. and Qiao C., A High Speed Protocol for Burst Traffic in Optical Networks[J],IEEE/ LEOS Technologies For a Global Information Infrastructure, Aug 1997:26-27.
[21] George Jing., Rouskas N., A Comparison of the JIT, JET, and Horizon Wavelength Reserva- tion Schemes on A Single OBS Node,[EB/OL],http://www.esc. ncsu.edu /faculty/ rouskastlArOra /ConferenceslWOBS-Teng-2003.pdf.
[22] DanielsenS.L., Wavelength conversion in optical packet switching.[J].Lightwave Technol, Dec.1998,vol.16:2095- 2108
[23] Yao Shun., Sudhir Dixit., Biswanath Mukherjee., Advances in photonic packet switching: an overview[EB/OL], http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.37.6107
[24]纪越峰,王宏祥等编.光突发交换网络.北京:北京邮电大学出版社, 2005年10月.
[25]徐昌彪,鲜永菊编著.计算机网络中的拥塞控制与流量控制.北京:人民邮电出版社,2007年10月.
[26] Braden B, et. Al, Recommendations on queue management and congestion avoidance in the Internet[EB/OL]. http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2309 RFC 2309,April 1998.
[27] FLOYD, Jacobson V, Random early detective gateways for congestion avoidance[J].ACM/ IEEE. Transactions on Networking,1993,1[4]:397-413.
[28] Feng W, Kandlur D, Saha D, et al.A self-configuring red gateway[C].New York: Proceedings of Infocom,1999:1302-1328.
[29] Floyd Sally, Ramakrishna Gunmmadi,Scott Shenker.Adaptive queue management [EB/OL]. http://www.icir.org/floyd/papers/adaptiveRed.pdf,2003-10.
[30] Athuraliya S, Low S, Li VH, et al.REM:Active queue management[J].IEEE Network,2001, 15 (3):48-53.
[31] Floyd Sally.Recommendation on using the gentle_variant of RED[EB/OL].http://www. icir . org/floyd/red/gentle.html.
[32] Ott T J, Lakshman T V, Wong L H.ARED:Stabilized RED[C].Doshi B.Proceedings of IEEE Infocom.New York:IEEE Communications Society, 1999:1346-1355.
[33] Feng Wu-chang,Dilip D Kandlur, Debanjan Saha.BLUE:A new class of active queue manag- ement algorithms[R].University of Michigan:Technical Report CSE-TR-387-99,1999.
[34] Hashem, Eman Salaheddin, Analysis of random drop for gateway congestion control. Tech. Rept[D]. MIT/LCS/TR-465,MITLab.FORComp.Sci,MA,NOV,1989.
[35]姚亮,卢辉斌.参数自适应的随机早期检测算法[J].计算机工程与设计,2008,29(1):86-88.
[36] Floyd, S., Gummadi R., Shenker S., Adaptive RED: An Algorithm for Increasing the Robust- ness of RED’s Active Queue Management[EB/OL]. http://www. icir. org/floyd /papers. html, Au- gust, 2001.
[37]深圳市优龙科技有限公司.FS2410使用[EB/OL].http://download.csdn.net/source/1021294.
[38]将E5xx连接到以太网10Base-TMAC/PHY[EB/OL].http://www.zylogic.com.cn/download /an30.pdf.
[39] CS8900A技术手册[EB/OL].http://download.gd-emb.org/download/id-7481.html.
[40]严勇.基于ARM和uC/OS-II的自动气象站实时数据采集系统[M].南京:南京信息工程大学, 2005:6-7.
[41]谢进忠,谢进益.Linux Kernel Module及TCP/IP程序设计[M].北京:人们邮电出版社,2007年2月.
[42]李善平,刘文峰等编.Linux内核2.4版源代码分析大全[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002年1月.
[43] ALESSANDRO RUBINI著, LISOLEG译.Linux设备驱动程序[M].北京:中国电力出版社, 2000年4月.
[44]王晖.光突发交换网络边缘路由器组装算法研究与软件设计[D].上海交通大学硕士学位论文, 2005年1月.
[45]丁桥.光突发交换网络边缘节点的设计与实现[D].上海交通大学硕士学位论文,2004年2月.
[46]谢进忠,谢进益编著,高铁军改编.Linux Kernel Module及TCP/IP程序设计[M],北京:人民邮电出版社.2007年2月:64-83.
[47]陈俊峰.光突发交换边界组装和调度算法的研究[D],上海交通大学硕士学位论文, 2003年1月.
[48]毕峰军.光突发交换网中竞争解决方案及组包机制技术研究[D],北京邮电大学硕士学位论文, 2005年3月.
[49]张健.光突发交换边缘节点控制卡的硬件设计与实现[D].上海交通大学硕士学位论文, 2004年2月.
[2] Elbers J., Gottwald E., Schopflin A., High-capacity WDM/EDTM transmission at 40 Gbit/s line rate[J], Proceeding of the Conference on Optical Amplifiers and their Applications, 2000,vol 44:130 -132.
[3] Gambini P. et al.Transparent optical packet switching: Network architecture and demonstratorsin the KEOPS project[J]. (Invited Paper), IEEE J. Select. Areas in Communications, 1998,vol.16:1245- 1259.
[4] Green P., Progress in Optical Networking[J], IEEE Communications Magzine,Jan 2001:54-61.
[5] Thomas E., Stern, Krishna Bala著,徐荣,龚倩译.多波长光网络[M].北京:人民邮电出版社.2001年.
[6] Klinkowski M., Marciniak M., Development of IP/WDM Optical Networks[J],Laser and Fiber- Optical Nerworks Modeling, 2001: 84-87.
[7] Mukherjee B., Optical Communication Networks[M], New Yorks: McGraw-Hill Publisher, 1997.
[8] O’Mahony M., Simeonidou D., D. Hunter, A. Tzanakaki, The Application of Optical Packet swi- tching in Future Communication Networks[J], IEEE Communications Magazine, Mar 2001, Vol. 39: 128-135.
[9] Qiao Chunming, Yoo Myungsik, Optical burst switching (OBS)- new paradigm for an optical internet[J], Journal on High Speed Networks (JHSN), Jan 1999.
[10] Turner J S., Terabit burst switching [J]. Journal of High Speed Networks, 1999, 8(1).
[11]马世峰.光突发交换应用层设计与业务分类研究[D],上海交通大学硕士学位论文,2004年2月.
[12]刘梅.光突发交换网络中分组丢弃算法的应用与研究[D],重庆邮电大学硕士学位论文,2006年6月.
[13] Chunming Qiao and East Amberst.“Labeled optical burst switching for IP-over-WDM integra- tion”Patent Application Publication,US 2002/01-9878 A1,Aug.15,2002.
[14] Polina Bayvel., wavelength-routed and optical burst-switching in the design of future optical network architectures[EB/OL].http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.99.4021&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
[15]纪越峰,王宏祥等编.光突发交换网络.北京:北京邮电大学出版社, 2005年10月,50-51.
[16]李彦君,洪小斌,郭宏翔等,光突发交换网中的智能组包研究,电子学报,2005, 33(11):2040-2043.
[17] Fu Minglei, Le Zichun. Design of assembly control algorithm based on burst-size feedback for optical burst switching network [J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 7(5): 377～379, 2009.
[18] Wei, J.Y., McFarland, R.I., Jr., Just-in-time signaling for WDM optical burst switching networks[J], Journal of Lightwave Technology, Dec 2000,Vol. 18 Issue. 12.
[19] Rouskas, Perros. JumpStart: A Just-in-Time Signaling Architecture for WDM Burst-Switched Networks[J], IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002:1081-1086.
[20] Yoo M. and Qiao C., A High Speed Protocol for Burst Traffic in Optical Networks[J],IEEE/ LEOS Technologies For a Global Information Infrastructure, Aug 1997:26-27.
[21] George Jing., Rouskas N., A Comparison of the JIT, JET, and Horizon Wavelength Reserva- tion Schemes on A Single OBS Node,[EB/OL],http://www.esc. ncsu.edu /faculty/ rouskastlArOra /ConferenceslWOBS-Teng-2003.pdf.
[22] DanielsenS.L., Wavelength conversion in optical packet switching.[J].Lightwave Technol, Dec.1998,vol.16:2095- 2108
[23] Yao Shun., Sudhir Dixit., Biswanath Mukherjee., Advances in photonic packet switching: an overview[EB/OL], http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.37.6107
[24]纪越峰,王宏祥等编.光突发交换网络.北京:北京邮电大学出版社, 2005年10月.
[25]徐昌彪,鲜永菊编著.计算机网络中的拥塞控制与流量控制.北京:人民邮电出版社,2007年10月.
[26] Braden B, et. Al, Recommendations on queue management and congestion avoidance in the Internet[EB/OL]. http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2309 RFC 2309,April 1998.
[27] FLOYD, Jacobson V, Random early detective gateways for congestion avoidance[J].ACM/ IEEE. Transactions on Networking,1993,1[4]:397-413.
[28] Feng W, Kandlur D, Saha D, et al.A self-configuring red gateway[C].New York: Proceedings of Infocom,1999:1302-1328.
[29] Floyd Sally, Ramakrishna Gunmmadi,Scott Shenker.Adaptive queue management [EB/OL]. http://www.icir.org/floyd/papers/adaptiveRed.pdf,2003-10.
[30] Athuraliya S, Low S, Li VH, et al.REM:Active queue management[J].IEEE Network,2001, 15 (3):48-53.
[31] Floyd Sally.Recommendation on using the gentle_variant of RED[EB/OL].http://www. icir . org/floyd/red/gentle.html.
[32] Ott T J, Lakshman T V, Wong L H.ARED:Stabilized RED[C].Doshi B.Proceedings of IEEE Infocom.New York:IEEE Communications Society, 1999:1346-1355.
[33] Feng Wu-chang,Dilip D Kandlur, Debanjan Saha.BLUE:A new class of active queue manag- ement algorithms[R].University of Michigan:Technical Report CSE-TR-387-99,1999.
[34] Hashem, Eman Salaheddin, Analysis of random drop for gateway congestion control. Tech. Rept[D]. MIT/LCS/TR-465,MITLab.FORComp.Sci,MA,NOV,1989.
[35]姚亮,卢辉斌.参数自适应的随机早期检测算法[J].计算机工程与设计,2008,29(1):86-88.
[36] Floyd, S., Gummadi R., Shenker S., Adaptive RED: An Algorithm for Increasing the Robust- ness of RED’s Active Queue Management[EB/OL]. http://www. icir. org/floyd /papers. html, Au- gust, 2001.
[37]深圳市优龙科技有限公司.FS2410使用[EB/OL].http://download.csdn.net/source/1021294.
[38]将E5xx连接到以太网10Base-TMAC/PHY[EB/OL].http://www.zylogic.com.cn/download /an30.pdf.
[39] CS8900A技术手册[EB/OL].http://download.gd-emb.org/download/id-7481.html.
[40]严勇.基于ARM和uC/OS-II的自动气象站实时数据采集系统[M].南京:南京信息工程大学, 2005:6-7.
[41]谢进忠,谢进益.Linux Kernel Module及TCP/IP程序设计[M].北京:人们邮电出版社,2007年2月.
[42]李善平,刘文峰等编.Linux内核2.4版源代码分析大全[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002年1月.
[43] ALESSANDRO RUBINI著, LISOLEG译.Linux设备驱动程序[M].北京:中国电力出版社, 2000年4月.
[44]王晖.光突发交换网络边缘路由器组装算法研究与软件设计[D].上海交通大学硕士学位论文, 2005年1月.
[45]丁桥.光突发交换网络边缘节点的设计与实现[D].上海交通大学硕士学位论文,2004年2月.
[46]谢进忠,谢进益编著,高铁军改编.Linux Kernel Module及TCP/IP程序设计[M],北京:人民邮电出版社.2007年2月:64-83.
[47]陈俊峰.光突发交换边界组装和调度算法的研究[D],上海交通大学硕士学位论文, 2003年1月.
[48]毕峰军.光突发交换网中竞争解决方案及组包机制技术研究[D],北京邮电大学硕士学位论文, 2005年3月.
[49]张健.光突发交换边缘节点控制卡的硬件设计与实现[D].上海交通大学硕士学位论文, 2004年2月.