酶链聚合扩增仪硬件平台的研究
摘要
聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction),简称PCR,是一种体外特定核酸序列扩增技术,利用该技术能够从复杂的DNA分子群体中选择性地复制一段特异的序列,使某一DNA片段得到特异性的扩增。自动完成聚合酶链式反应的仪器就是PCR仪,全称酶链聚合扩增仪。随着PCR技术的发展,PCR技术已在分子生物学、医学、法学、生物化学等领域得到了广泛应用。
本课题系统地就PCR酶链聚合扩增仪的硬件平台进行了设计研究,并在此基础上就完成的设计样机进行了温度控制算法的调试,论文的主要内容如下:
第一章概述PCR发展概况和技术进展,阐述了课题的来源及意义,提出了论文所要进行的主要研究内容。
第二章对PCR仪的功率驱动系统进行了详细深入的设计。针对TEC半导体制冷片Peltier效应的特殊性,设计相应的功率驱动方案,以保证半导体片有可靠精准且方向可逆的直流电流供给,给出了功率驱动系统具体结构的设计方法和相应参数的选择计算原则。
第三章完成了基于ARM嵌入式系统的温度控制器的硬件设计,并重点探讨了温度数据采集模块的设计,对温度测量方案,减小误差的方法等进行了研究,确定了AD7711的高精度温度测量方案。
第四章研究了温度控制算法,提出了继电自整定方法在PCR仪温度控制系统中的应用,并初步得到实现。
第五章对完成的设计样机进行了实验分析,分别对功率驱动模块和温度控制系统进行了实验分析。
第六章对全文进行了总结,对后续工作进行了展望。
Polymerase Chain Reaction, which is called PCR for short, is a specific nucleic acid amplification technology in vitro. By this technology, researchers can choose to produce millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence from the complex DNA molecules groups, making the specific DNA segment amplified. The instrument that can automatically finish the polymerase chain reaction is called PCR instrument, whose full name is PCR Gene Amplification Instrument. Nowadays, PCR technology is widely used in molecular biology, medicine, law, biochemistry and other domains along with its development.
This dissertation systematically discusses about the design of the hardware platform of PCR instrument. In addition, the test of temperature control algorithm is implemented based on the prototype machine. The main contents are as follows:
The first chapter is a summary of the general situation of PCR technology. In this part I also explain the origin and significance of this studying theme and the main task of this thesis will also be put forward in this chapter.
In chapter two I discuss in details about the power drive module of PCR instrument. Given the specialness of the Peltier Effect acting on the thermal electrical cooler(TEC), I contrive the detailed structure of the power drive module and illuminate the principles of setting corresponding parameters, enabling reliable, precise and bi-direction's direct current to supply the thermal electrical cooler.
Chapter three is about the design of hardware platform for the temperature controller based on ARM embedded system. Besides, I also discuss about the design of high precision temperature data gathering module. With a focus on the temperature measurement and how to reduce the error, I finally settle down the high precision temperature measurement scheme with AD7711.
In chapter four I study about temperature control algorithm and suggest a relay auto-tuning method and its application on temperature control system of PCR. The result seems to be fine.
In chapter five I will do some experiments with the PCR prototype model and analyze the results. Actually this can be divided into two parts, one is testing on the power drive module and the other one is on the temperature control module.
The last chapter is a conclusion of the whole thesis and there are also some perspective opinions about the posterior tasks in it.
本课题系统地就PCR酶链聚合扩增仪的硬件平台进行了设计研究,并在此基础上就完成的设计样机进行了温度控制算法的调试,论文的主要内容如下:
第一章概述PCR发展概况和技术进展,阐述了课题的来源及意义,提出了论文所要进行的主要研究内容。
第二章对PCR仪的功率驱动系统进行了详细深入的设计。针对TEC半导体制冷片Peltier效应的特殊性,设计相应的功率驱动方案,以保证半导体片有可靠精准且方向可逆的直流电流供给,给出了功率驱动系统具体结构的设计方法和相应参数的选择计算原则。
第三章完成了基于ARM嵌入式系统的温度控制器的硬件设计,并重点探讨了温度数据采集模块的设计,对温度测量方案,减小误差的方法等进行了研究,确定了AD7711的高精度温度测量方案。
第四章研究了温度控制算法,提出了继电自整定方法在PCR仪温度控制系统中的应用,并初步得到实现。
第五章对完成的设计样机进行了实验分析,分别对功率驱动模块和温度控制系统进行了实验分析。
第六章对全文进行了总结,对后续工作进行了展望。
Polymerase Chain Reaction, which is called PCR for short, is a specific nucleic acid amplification technology in vitro. By this technology, researchers can choose to produce millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence from the complex DNA molecules groups, making the specific DNA segment amplified. The instrument that can automatically finish the polymerase chain reaction is called PCR instrument, whose full name is PCR Gene Amplification Instrument. Nowadays, PCR technology is widely used in molecular biology, medicine, law, biochemistry and other domains along with its development.
This dissertation systematically discusses about the design of the hardware platform of PCR instrument. In addition, the test of temperature control algorithm is implemented based on the prototype machine. The main contents are as follows:
The first chapter is a summary of the general situation of PCR technology. In this part I also explain the origin and significance of this studying theme and the main task of this thesis will also be put forward in this chapter.
In chapter two I discuss in details about the power drive module of PCR instrument. Given the specialness of the Peltier Effect acting on the thermal electrical cooler(TEC), I contrive the detailed structure of the power drive module and illuminate the principles of setting corresponding parameters, enabling reliable, precise and bi-direction's direct current to supply the thermal electrical cooler.
Chapter three is about the design of hardware platform for the temperature controller based on ARM embedded system. Besides, I also discuss about the design of high precision temperature data gathering module. With a focus on the temperature measurement and how to reduce the error, I finally settle down the high precision temperature measurement scheme with AD7711.
In chapter four I study about temperature control algorithm and suggest a relay auto-tuning method and its application on temperature control system of PCR. The result seems to be fine.
In chapter five I will do some experiments with the PCR prototype model and analyze the results. Actually this can be divided into two parts, one is testing on the power drive module and the other one is on the temperature control module.
The last chapter is a conclusion of the whole thesis and there are also some perspective opinions about the posterior tasks in it.
引文
[1]张文超.聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术与基因扩增分析仪(PCR仪).生命科学仪器.2005,3(3):13-19
[2]张红缨,张今.PCR技术应用的新进展.生物化学与生物物理进展.1996,23(2):509-512
[3]Higuchi R,Fockler C,etal.Kinetic PCR analysis:real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions.Biotechnology,1993,11(9):1026-1030
[4]Wuhu A,Waiztu M,Koch A.A rapid and sensitive protocol for Competitive reverse transcriprase(CRT)PCR analysis of cellular genes.Brain Pathol,1998,8:13-18
[5]赵琦,李宾,周慧.PCR技术的新进展.生命的化学.2002,22(3):288-289
[6]张丽鹏,于先进.热电材料的研究进展.现代技术陶瓷.2006,27(3):20-24
[7]钟广学.半导体致冷器件及其应用.北京:科学出版社,1989
[8]杨素行.模拟电子技术基础简明教程.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.5
[9]杜春雷.ARM体系结构与编程.北京:清华大学出版社,2003
[10]张成胜,吴胜华等.UC3637双PWM控制器在逆变控制电路中的应用.电源技术应用.2002,5(1):9-12
[11]UC3637 Data Sheet.UNITRODE CORPORATION
[12]张鹏,吴云洁.UC3637和智能功率模块在PWM功放中的应用.自动化技术与应用.2004,23(4):69-72
[13]刘陵顺,王亭等.基于UC3637的直流电动机PWM控制电路.新技术新工艺.2001,1:2-4
[14]IR2110 Data Sheet.International Rectifier Corporation
[15]马瑞卿,刘卫国.自举式IR2110集成驱动电路的特殊应用.电力电子技术.2000.2(1):31-33
[16]贾贵玺,吴晓花,闫建三.自举式IR2110驱动集成电路在SRD系统中的应用.电子元器件应用.2007,9(9):17-20
[17]秦继荣,沈安俊.现代直流伺服控制技术及其系统设计.北京:机械工业出版社,1993
[18]陈伯时.电力拖动自动控制系统.机械工业出版社,1991
[19]Richard A Pearman.Power Electronics-Solid State Motor Control.Reston:Reston Publishing Company,1980
[20]刘淑霞,刘淑良等.壁面清洗机器人行走系统的驱动控制.电气传动.1999,6:18-20
[21]Lander W.Power Electronics.McGraw-Hill Book Company,New York.1981
[22]Thomas L.Floyd,David Buchla.Fundamentals of Analog Circuits.2nd ed.Prentice-Hall Inc.2002
[23]Allan R.Hambley.Electronics.2nd ed.Prentice-Hall Inc.2000
[24]International Rectifier Corporation,Control Integrated Circuit,Designer's Manual,1996
[25]IRFPO44N Data Sheet.International Rectifier Corporation
[26]S3C2410A Data Sheet.SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS,2002
[27]周立功.ARM嵌入式系统基础教程.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003
[28]金晟,傅建中,陈子辰.基于ARM的嵌入式数控系统设计.机电工程.2005,22(2):56-58
[29]范克东,肖世德,龚邦明.基于ARM微处理器的嵌入式数控系统.制造技术与机床.2006(1):15-17
[30]Advanced RISC Machines Ltd(ARM).ARM Architecture Reference Manual
[31]杜威,幕春棣.基于μClinux的触摸屏软硬件设计与关键技术分析.计算机工程与设计.2005,26(4):914-917
[32]王征.标准铂电阻温度计检定中的数据处理.上海计量测试.2000(6):22-23
[33]贺宗琴.用工业铂电阻温度计进行精密测温.航空计测技术.1996,16(1):34-38
[34]刘少强,黄唯一.基于插值计算与优化的铂电阻非线性校正方法.仪器仪表学报.2003,24(2):215-217,220
[35]王红萍.铂电阻温度传感器测温研究.抚顺石油学院学报.2003,23(2):58-60
[36]吴新杰,刘志峰等.基于遗传算法的铂电阻温度传感器非线性校正方法.辽宁大学学报.2006,33(1):35-37
[37]AD7711 Datasheet.Analog Devices,Inc.,1998
[38]黎庶.基于AD7711的高精度温度传感电路设计.武汉理工大学学报.2005,27(9):104-106,110
[39]厉强,罗海福.高精度A/D转换器AD7711A及应用.电子技术应用.2006,26(2):69-71
[40]郝桂龙.高精度A/D转换器AD7711及其在温场测试系统中的应用.现代测量与实验室管理.2005,13(4):19-20,16
[41]马伯宁.基于sigma-delta ADC的高精度温度测量.微处理机.2004,25(4):55-57
[42]钟清华,李志为,梁涛等.高精度温差测量系统的实现.计量技术.2004,(3):10-12
[43]Abbiati R,Di Odoardo A,Geraci A,et al.A Programmable A/D Sigma delta Converter for Pulse Digital Processing Setups.IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.2004,51(3):1270-1276
[44]郭少朋,吴岚军等.AD7711与TMS320F240接口设计.仪表技术.2005(2):53-55
[45]Su W S,Lee I B.An improved algorithm for automatic tuning of PID controllers.Chemical Engineering Science,2000,55
[46]Wang Y G,Shao H H.Automatic tuning of optimal PI controllers.USA:38~(th) IEEE Conf.on Decision and Control,Phoenix,1999
[47]YUN LI,KIAM H A,GREGORY C.Y.CHONG.PID Control System Analysis and Design.IEEE CONTROL SYSTEMS MAGZINE.2006
[48]Astrom K J,Hagglund T.PID controllers:Theory,design and tuning.2nd Ed.NC:Instrument Society of America,1995
[49]Ziegler J G,Nichols N B.Optimum settings for automatic controllers.Trans ASME,1942
[50]刘镇,姜学智,李东海.PID控制参数整定算法.电子技术应用.1997,5
[51]张志强,邵惠鹤.一种基于相位裕度PID参数最优整定方法.上海交通大学学 报.2000,34(5)
[52]王芳.基于ARM的参数自整定PID调节器.机械工程与自动化.2007.12(6):137-139
[53]Schei T S.A method for closed loop automatic tuning of PID controllers.Automatic,1992,28
[54]Malki H A,Misir D.Fuzzy PID control of a flexible joint robot arm with uncertainties from time varying loads.IEEE Trans on Control Systems Technology,1997,5(3)
[55]ZHUANG M,ATHERTON D P.PID controller design for a TITO system.IEEE Proceedings:Control Theory Applications,1994,141(2)
[56]Kim Y H.PI controller tuning using modified relay feedback method.J.of Chemical.Eng.of Japan,1995,28
[57]DANIEL E R,KYOUNG S J.An integrated identification and control design methodology for multivariable process system applications.IEEE:Control Systems Society,2000,20(3)
[58]Tan K K,Lee T H,Wang Q G.An enhanced automatic tuning procedure for PI/PID controllers for process control.AICHE Journal,1996,42(9)
[59]王翊,祝和云.继电自整定的原理及应用.机电工程.2000,17(2):78-93
[60]徐进学,柴天佑,张涛.PID参数继电自整定的一种方法.沈阳化工学院学报.1994,8(3):213-216
[61]周实荣.PID调节器参数的继电自整定方法.河北师范大学学报.1998,22(3):352-353,358
[2]张红缨,张今.PCR技术应用的新进展.生物化学与生物物理进展.1996,23(2):509-512
[3]Higuchi R,Fockler C,etal.Kinetic PCR analysis:real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions.Biotechnology,1993,11(9):1026-1030
[4]Wuhu A,Waiztu M,Koch A.A rapid and sensitive protocol for Competitive reverse transcriprase(CRT)PCR analysis of cellular genes.Brain Pathol,1998,8:13-18
[5]赵琦,李宾,周慧.PCR技术的新进展.生命的化学.2002,22(3):288-289
[6]张丽鹏,于先进.热电材料的研究进展.现代技术陶瓷.2006,27(3):20-24
[7]钟广学.半导体致冷器件及其应用.北京:科学出版社,1989
[8]杨素行.模拟电子技术基础简明教程.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.5
[9]杜春雷.ARM体系结构与编程.北京:清华大学出版社,2003
[10]张成胜,吴胜华等.UC3637双PWM控制器在逆变控制电路中的应用.电源技术应用.2002,5(1):9-12
[11]UC3637 Data Sheet.UNITRODE CORPORATION
[12]张鹏,吴云洁.UC3637和智能功率模块在PWM功放中的应用.自动化技术与应用.2004,23(4):69-72
[13]刘陵顺,王亭等.基于UC3637的直流电动机PWM控制电路.新技术新工艺.2001,1:2-4
[14]IR2110 Data Sheet.International Rectifier Corporation
[15]马瑞卿,刘卫国.自举式IR2110集成驱动电路的特殊应用.电力电子技术.2000.2(1):31-33
[16]贾贵玺,吴晓花,闫建三.自举式IR2110驱动集成电路在SRD系统中的应用.电子元器件应用.2007,9(9):17-20
[17]秦继荣,沈安俊.现代直流伺服控制技术及其系统设计.北京:机械工业出版社,1993
[18]陈伯时.电力拖动自动控制系统.机械工业出版社,1991
[19]Richard A Pearman.Power Electronics-Solid State Motor Control.Reston:Reston Publishing Company,1980
[20]刘淑霞,刘淑良等.壁面清洗机器人行走系统的驱动控制.电气传动.1999,6:18-20
[21]Lander W.Power Electronics.McGraw-Hill Book Company,New York.1981
[22]Thomas L.Floyd,David Buchla.Fundamentals of Analog Circuits.2nd ed.Prentice-Hall Inc.2002
[23]Allan R.Hambley.Electronics.2nd ed.Prentice-Hall Inc.2000
[24]International Rectifier Corporation,Control Integrated Circuit,Designer's Manual,1996
[25]IRFPO44N Data Sheet.International Rectifier Corporation
[26]S3C2410A Data Sheet.SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS,2002
[27]周立功.ARM嵌入式系统基础教程.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003
[28]金晟,傅建中,陈子辰.基于ARM的嵌入式数控系统设计.机电工程.2005,22(2):56-58
[29]范克东,肖世德,龚邦明.基于ARM微处理器的嵌入式数控系统.制造技术与机床.2006(1):15-17
[30]Advanced RISC Machines Ltd(ARM).ARM Architecture Reference Manual
[31]杜威,幕春棣.基于μClinux的触摸屏软硬件设计与关键技术分析.计算机工程与设计.2005,26(4):914-917
[32]王征.标准铂电阻温度计检定中的数据处理.上海计量测试.2000(6):22-23
[33]贺宗琴.用工业铂电阻温度计进行精密测温.航空计测技术.1996,16(1):34-38
[34]刘少强,黄唯一.基于插值计算与优化的铂电阻非线性校正方法.仪器仪表学报.2003,24(2):215-217,220
[35]王红萍.铂电阻温度传感器测温研究.抚顺石油学院学报.2003,23(2):58-60
[36]吴新杰,刘志峰等.基于遗传算法的铂电阻温度传感器非线性校正方法.辽宁大学学报.2006,33(1):35-37
[37]AD7711 Datasheet.Analog Devices,Inc.,1998
[38]黎庶.基于AD7711的高精度温度传感电路设计.武汉理工大学学报.2005,27(9):104-106,110
[39]厉强,罗海福.高精度A/D转换器AD7711A及应用.电子技术应用.2006,26(2):69-71
[40]郝桂龙.高精度A/D转换器AD7711及其在温场测试系统中的应用.现代测量与实验室管理.2005,13(4):19-20,16
[41]马伯宁.基于sigma-delta ADC的高精度温度测量.微处理机.2004,25(4):55-57
[42]钟清华,李志为,梁涛等.高精度温差测量系统的实现.计量技术.2004,(3):10-12
[43]Abbiati R,Di Odoardo A,Geraci A,et al.A Programmable A/D Sigma delta Converter for Pulse Digital Processing Setups.IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.2004,51(3):1270-1276
[44]郭少朋,吴岚军等.AD7711与TMS320F240接口设计.仪表技术.2005(2):53-55
[45]Su W S,Lee I B.An improved algorithm for automatic tuning of PID controllers.Chemical Engineering Science,2000,55
[46]Wang Y G,Shao H H.Automatic tuning of optimal PI controllers.USA:38~(th) IEEE Conf.on Decision and Control,Phoenix,1999
[47]YUN LI,KIAM H A,GREGORY C.Y.CHONG.PID Control System Analysis and Design.IEEE CONTROL SYSTEMS MAGZINE.2006
[48]Astrom K J,Hagglund T.PID controllers:Theory,design and tuning.2nd Ed.NC:Instrument Society of America,1995
[49]Ziegler J G,Nichols N B.Optimum settings for automatic controllers.Trans ASME,1942
[50]刘镇,姜学智,李东海.PID控制参数整定算法.电子技术应用.1997,5
[51]张志强,邵惠鹤.一种基于相位裕度PID参数最优整定方法.上海交通大学学 报.2000,34(5)
[52]王芳.基于ARM的参数自整定PID调节器.机械工程与自动化.2007.12(6):137-139
[53]Schei T S.A method for closed loop automatic tuning of PID controllers.Automatic,1992,28
[54]Malki H A,Misir D.Fuzzy PID control of a flexible joint robot arm with uncertainties from time varying loads.IEEE Trans on Control Systems Technology,1997,5(3)
[55]ZHUANG M,ATHERTON D P.PID controller design for a TITO system.IEEE Proceedings:Control Theory Applications,1994,141(2)
[56]Kim Y H.PI controller tuning using modified relay feedback method.J.of Chemical.Eng.of Japan,1995,28
[57]DANIEL E R,KYOUNG S J.An integrated identification and control design methodology for multivariable process system applications.IEEE:Control Systems Society,2000,20(3)
[58]Tan K K,Lee T H,Wang Q G.An enhanced automatic tuning procedure for PI/PID controllers for process control.AICHE Journal,1996,42(9)
[59]王翊,祝和云.继电自整定的原理及应用.机电工程.2000,17(2):78-93
[60]徐进学,柴天佑,张涛.PID参数继电自整定的一种方法.沈阳化工学院学报.1994,8(3):213-216
[61]周实荣.PID调节器参数的继电自整定方法.河北师范大学学报.1998,22(3):352-353,358