摘要
果树设施栽培改变了传统的果树栽培制度,调节了鲜果的供应,丰富了市场,产生了良好的社会效益和经济效益。
宿州市位于安徽省北部,地处黄淮海经济开发区,果树资源丰富,栽培历史悠久,是安徽省水果主产区之一。近年来,宿州市油桃设施栽培发展迅速,建成了以砀山县葛集镇为中心的全省最大的设施油桃生产基地。由于油桃设施栽培理论和技术研究薄弱,未形成一套规范化的栽培管理技术方案,阻碍了生产的进一步发展。为此,2001-2003年对砀山县葛集镇油桃设施栽培基地做了较为深入系统的技术调查,并对曙光、华光、中油4号等油桃的品质表现、栽培密度,做了分析比较,对二氧化碳施肥和授粉方式做了初步探讨,以期为该市油桃设施栽培提供依据。
调查研究获得以下结果。
1.曙光和中油4号是砀山县油桃设施栽培的适宜品种,表现在果实着色好,品质佳,风味优,无裂果,无果锈,耐贮运,商品价值高,值得生产上进一步推广利用。
2.砀山县设施油桃的适宜栽植密度为1m×2m,其早期产量和产值高而稳定,树体通风透光较好,棚内操作便利。
3.增施CO2气肥,显著提高了设施油桃的叶片光合速率。施肥后比对照提高了21.8%,增强了营养物质的合成,促进果树丰产优质。
4.花期放蜂,是设施油桃良好的授粉方式,比人工授粉座果率提高7.3%,产量增加8.9%。提高了单果重,可溶性固形物含量,且降低了畸形果率。
5.砀山县葛集镇设施油桃栽培的成功经验是发展速率快,生产规模大,品种适宜,密植栽培,管理科学。存在的问题是,疏花疏果不严格,果品质量较差,采后管理粗放,栽培管理技术需要进一步提高。
Protected cultivation of fruit tree changes the traditional system of fruit tree cultivation, produces good social and economic benefit, regulates the supply of fresh fruits and enriches the market. The city of Suzhou is located in the northern part of Anhui province and in the Huang Huai Hai economic Developing area.
In the recent years, with rapid development of nectarine’s cultivation, this city has already set up the largest production bases around Geji town, Dangshan country. However, it still lacks qualified basic theories and technological research about the protected cultivate. At present, there has not been a whole series of technological plan worthwhile introducing in the city and in addition, the nectarine are tasteless and low quality, which prevents the production from further developing.
The writer made a detailed technological investigation into the protected cultivation of nectarine at the base in Geji, Dangshan from 2001 to 2003. He made analysis on the quality, density of cultivation and the ways of pollination of several protected cultivation varieties such as Shuguang, Huaguang Zhongyou4、5. And at the same time, he also made a preliminary research into the need of chilling requirement in order to provide scientific basis for the development of the protected cultivation of nectarine in the city.
The results of the investigation show.
There exist many problems in the aspects of management and technology, though the Protected cultivation of nectarine has made very good social and economic benefit. The lack of ability to estimate the need of chilling requirement accurately and to heating the green house in unproved period leads to do not sprouting on time or sprouting incompletely, abnormal flower organs and seriously failing to fruit at least. In the worst case, it leads to low yield or even no yield. Other problems are controlling the temperature inappropriately and inadequate management in the period of bloom, which cause a lot of fallen flowers small fruits and low quality.
The results of the research show.
The standard of the chill requirement should be 0-7.2℃. The writer calculated the need of chill requirement of Shuguang and Huaguang respectively: 650-700h for Shuguang and 600-650h for Huaguang. And the time to cover plastic films is from January 10th to Janurary 20th in Dangshan.
The writer compared the qualities of Zhongyou4, 5, Shuguang and Huaguang Shuguang and Zhongyou4,5,are more suitable to be grown in Dangshan. Among them.
The pollination by bees are proved to be the best way to increase the fruit production and Improve the quality through comparative experiments on the ways of pollination
influencing the fruit and quality of Shuguang.
Comparing the Protected cultivation density among several kinds of nectarine, the writer found: There will be large production, high rate of covering and better using of the land at the first stage but the trees are becoming closing, the production and quality begin to decrease and benefit worsens in 2 or 3 years if the nectarine trees are grown in the narrow spacing of 0.8m×1m,or 0.9m×1.2m. There will be a low production and low rate of covering but the production will be stable with good quality in 3 years and the trees are becoming closing in 3 or 4years if the nectarine trees are grown in 1m×1.5m, 1m×2m,and 1.2m×1.5m.
引文
张士良等. 设施农业在我国农业现代化建设中的作用. 农业现代化研究,2001(5):21~22
沈元月等. 果树保护地栽培进展与展望. 莱阳农学院学报,1997,14(4):269~272
李宪利,高东升. 桃树塑料大棚栽培技术. 山东农业科学,1995(6):24~6
李宪利,高东升,夏宁. 果树设施栽培原理与技术研究. 山东农业大学学报,1996,27(2):227~232
鸭田福也[日本]. 果实日本,1987(7):18~21
王志强等. 桃油桃设施栽培研究现状与展望. 果树科学,1998,15(4):340~346
孟新法,王坤范,陈端生. 果树设施栽培. 中国林业出版社,1996年3月
王中英,王世,吕晓燕. 果树的设施栽培,世界农业,1997(2):6-8
刘中昌,王永志. 桃保护地栽培的棚式结构,品种及密度. 烟台果树,1997(2):6-8
高东升,李宪利,耿莉. 国外果树设施栽培的现状. 世界农业,1997(1):30-32
高东升,李宪利,张泽华. 果树大棚温室栽培技术. 金盾出版社,1999(6)
廉华,马光恕,李成春. 不织布在蔬菜栽培上的应用. 北方园艺,2001(2):45
李宪利,高东升,史作安. 桃树塑料大棚高效栽培的尝试. 落叶果树,1996(4):26-28
刘华堂. 适宜保护地栽培的果树品种资源. 落叶果树,1998(1):9-10
滕人贵. 大樱桃大棚栽培技术. 农业科技能讯,1994(12):15
黄复瑞. 温洲蜜桔设施栽培试验初报. 上海农业学报,1989,5(4):51-60
吴顺法. 设施栽培对桃生长结果的研究. 浙江农业大学学报,2001(4):55-56
王跃进,杨晓盆. 日本果树设施生产现状. 中国果树,2001(4):55-56
杨春玲,孙威,姜戈等. 紫光膜在保护地果树生产上的应用效果的研究. 北方果树,2001(3):3-5
柴全席,宁素智. 大棚果树环境因子的合理调控. 山西果树,2001(3):28-30
滨池文雄. 桃树塑料大棚栽培技术. 今日农业,1987,31(4):128-134
罗俊杰. 节能日光温室微灌技术与设备. 甘肃农业科技,2001(8):46~47
王力荣,胡霓云. 桃品种的低温需求量. 果树科学,1992,9(1):39-42
高东升,束怀瑞,李宪利. 几种适宜设施栽培果树需冷量研究. 园艺学报,2001,28(4):283-289
高东升,夏宁. 休眠桃枝条中碳水化合物的含量变化和外源生长调节剂对破除休眠的效应. 植物生理学通报,1999,35(1):10-12
吴顺法,胡经龄,施泽彬. 设施栽培对桃生长结果效应的研究. 浙江农业科学,1993(3):116-118
王力荣,朱更瑞,左覃元. 桃保护地栽培的关键技术. 果树科学,1997,14(2):137-138
姜卫兵,车浩章,汪良驹等. 落叶果树需元素量及其机理研究进展. 果树学报,2003,20(5):364-368
尹新路,代永玲,果树保护地栽培的CO2施肥. 烟台果树,2003(3):9-10
沈元月,郭家选,贾克功,桃品种自然休眠结束期及需要含量,莱阳农学院学报,1998,15(1):6-9
王力荣,胡霓云. 桃品种的低温需求量. 果树科学,1992;9(1):39-42
王菌荣,朱更瑞,左覃元,桃的低温需求量及其与保护地栽培的关系,北方果树,1996;(3):10-11
杨天仪,李世诚,蒋爱丽等. 葡萄品种需冷量及打破休眠研究. 果树学报,2001,18(6):321-324
张运涛,鲜除落叶果树休眠的方法. 世界农业,1997,(4):28-29
张俊民,庞发虎,杜俊杰. 破除果树休眠的人工方法,山西果树,2002(1):32-33
王菌荣,朱更瑞,左覃元. 桃需冷量遗传特性的研究. 果树科学,1996,13(4):237-240
高东升,束怀瑞,李宪利等. 桃自然休眠过程中外源激素对花芽碳水化合物的调控效应. 果树学报,2002,19(2):104-107
马光瑞,张春芳,刘新明. 桃高温大棚促成栽培技术. 烟台果树,1995,(3):36-37
刘中昌,王永志. 桃保护地栽培的棚式结构,品种及密度. 烟台果树,1997,(2):6-8
范文福. 保护地新品种葡萄栽培. 北方园艺,1998,(1):35~36
王其仑. 中国樱桃简易塑料大棚保护地栽培技术研究. 中国果树,1994:3-6
刘嘉芳. 果实可溶性固形物含量与含糖的差值分析. 落叶果树,2002(6):6-8
胡桂娟,金锡风,张玉英等. 山东主要果品营养成分的测定与研讨. 山东农业科学,1986(5)
胡桂娟,刘嘉芳. 果树营养成分测定法,泰安市新闻出版局,1997
王力荣,朱更瑞等.短低温桃和油桃育种进展,果树科学,2000,17(1):57-62
李晓东,于燕. 二氧化碳废料在蔬菜保护地中应用研究,北方园艺,1997,(4):1-6
张其德. 大气CO2浓度升高对光合作用的影响,植物通报,1992,9(10):18-23
施定期. 增施CO2生理效应的初步研究. 植物生理学通报,1983(3):30-33
王志强,何方,牛良等. CO2施肥对大棚油桃光合作用及产量品质的影响. 果树学报,2001,18(2):75-79
冯教严. 设施桃提质增效的途径和措施,河北果树,2003(2):20-21
曲共福. 日光温室桃树栽培存在的问题及解决途径. 北方园艺,2002(1):1-10
卢伟红. 保定设施桃栽培存在的问题及解决措施. 河北果树,2003(1):24-25
董国平.桃大棚早熟丰产栽培技术. 金盾出版社,1999
樊圣华,曹恒房,李勃,山东省果树保护地栽培中应用的核果类品种评价. 落叶果树,2002(5):26-29
赵学常. 山东泰安地区确定设施栽培果树扣棚升温时间的方法. 落叶果树,2002(6):38
宋颖,史作安,高东升. 鲁西南地区果树需冷量的研究. 落叶果树,2002(6):1-3
LaLatta F.Piante dafrutto in colture protetta. Ltalia Agricola, 1976, 113(1):37-42
LoretiF. Pisani PL. Peach and nectarine training system in high-density planting. New trends in Italy. Acta Horticulturae, 1992,322:37-42
Giaco melli GA, Tingkc. Fang W. wavelength spectitic transmission of polyethylene film greenhouse glazing plasticulture, 1991, 91:17-22
Chen C. Lin Hs, chang LR, growing peaches under shelter in Taiwan, proceeding, of a symposium. On the practial aspects of some economically important fruit trees in Taiwan, 1994 (33):199-222
Loreti F, Pisani PL. peach and nectarine training system in high density planting , New trends in Italy, Acta Horticultureae, 1992, 1322:107-108
Bellini E, cimato A, Mariotti p.pescheto-prato di nettarine autoradicate in coltura protetta, sette anni di osservazioni informatore Agrario, 1985 49:35-40
Leuty SJ, Miles NW, peaches under plastic-will in pay? Compact Fruit ,tree, 1983, 16(5):38-41
Bellini E. Falqui D, Musso O.Proteeted peach culture in sicily, six years of research on training system and pruning method Acta. Hortculturae, 1992,315:49-60
Radajewska B. Zaworska A. Effect of peach tree training and pruning on their growth and yield in the greenhouse during the first years after planting. Folia Horticulturae, 1995,7(1):59-65
Caruso T, Marco LD, Givannini D, Trials on training system for greenhouse cultivated trees, Acalta Thorticulturae; 1989, 243:345-352
Morgas H, Mika A, Lysj, peach tree cultivation in plastic runnels, Journal of Fruit and ornamental plant Research, 1995,3(3):143-152
George AP, Nissen KG, Rassmussent, Effects of postharvest topping autumn cincturlng and paclobutrazol on growth yield, and fruit quality of the low chilling nectrarine cv, sundowner in subtropical Austrila, Aus J Exp Agri, 1993,33(3):353-362
Radajewska B. Effect of summer pruning and root prubing of two peach cultivars growh in plastic turnels on their growth reduction and yield. Folia Horticulturae 1995, 7(1):59-67
Cho-Doohyun. Kim-Jinsoo. Yoon-Jae Tak et al. Effects ofrain shelter and reflecting mulching on fruit quality and disease infection. In peach. Journal of Agricultural Science. Horticulture 1995, 37(2):456-460
Carusso T. Giovannini D. Osservezini preliminary Sul. Comportamento. Bio-agronomico di Quattro cultivar. di pesco evnque. Di.nectarine. forzate. Colture protette. 1989:18(10):93-98
Idso SB, Kimball BA. Effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis and growth of sour orange trees. Plant Physiol, 1992, 99(1):341-343
Peet MM, Huber SC, Patterson DT. Acclimation to high CO2 in monoecious cucumber, II carbon exchange rate, enzyme activity and starch and nutrient con cen trations. Plant Physiol, 1986, 80(1):63-67