砀山县葛集镇设施油桃栽培技术调查研究
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摘要
果树设施栽培改变了传统的果树栽培制度,调节了鲜果的供应,丰富了市场,产生了良好的社会效益和经济效益。
    宿州市位于安徽省北部,地处黄淮海经济开发区,果树资源丰富,栽培历史悠久,是安徽省水果主产区之一。近年来,宿州市油桃设施栽培发展迅速,建成了以砀山县葛集镇为中心的全省最大的设施油桃生产基地。由于油桃设施栽培理论和技术研究薄弱,未形成一套规范化的栽培管理技术方案,阻碍了生产的进一步发展。为此,2001-2003年对砀山县葛集镇油桃设施栽培基地做了较为深入系统的技术调查,并对曙光、华光、中油4号等油桃的品质表现、栽培密度,做了分析比较,对二氧化碳施肥和授粉方式做了初步探讨,以期为该市油桃设施栽培提供依据。
    调查研究获得以下结果。
    1.曙光和中油4号是砀山县油桃设施栽培的适宜品种,表现在果实着色好,品质佳,风味优,无裂果,无果锈,耐贮运,商品价值高,值得生产上进一步推广利用。
    2.砀山县设施油桃的适宜栽植密度为1m×2m,其早期产量和产值高而稳定,树体通风透光较好,棚内操作便利。
    3.增施CO2气肥,显著提高了设施油桃的叶片光合速率。施肥后比对照提高了21.8%,增强了营养物质的合成,促进果树丰产优质。
    4.花期放蜂,是设施油桃良好的授粉方式,比人工授粉座果率提高7.3%,产量增加8.9%。提高了单果重,可溶性固形物含量,且降低了畸形果率。
    5.砀山县葛集镇设施油桃栽培的成功经验是发展速率快,生产规模大,品种适宜,密植栽培,管理科学。存在的问题是,疏花疏果不严格,果品质量较差,采后管理粗放,栽培管理技术需要进一步提高。
Protected cultivation of fruit tree changes the traditional system of fruit tree cultivation, produces good social and economic benefit, regulates the supply of fresh fruits and enriches the market. The city of Suzhou is located in the northern part of Anhui province and in the Huang Huai Hai economic Developing area.
    In the recent years, with rapid development of nectarine’s cultivation, this city has already set up the largest production bases around Geji town, Dangshan country. However, it still lacks qualified basic theories and technological research about the protected cultivate. At present, there has not been a whole series of technological plan worthwhile introducing in the city and in addition, the nectarine are tasteless and low quality, which prevents the production from further developing.
    The writer made a detailed technological investigation into the protected cultivation of nectarine at the base in Geji, Dangshan from 2001 to 2003. He made analysis on the quality, density of cultivation and the ways of pollination of several protected cultivation varieties such as Shuguang, Huaguang Zhongyou4、5. And at the same time, he also made a preliminary research into the need of chilling requirement in order to provide scientific basis for the development of the protected cultivation of nectarine in the city.
    The results of the investigation show.
    There exist many problems in the aspects of management and technology, though the Protected cultivation of nectarine has made very good social and economic benefit. The lack of ability to estimate the need of chilling requirement accurately and to heating the green house in unproved period leads to do not sprouting on time or sprouting incompletely, abnormal flower organs and seriously failing to fruit at least. In the worst case, it leads to low yield or even no yield. Other problems are controlling the temperature inappropriately and inadequate management in the period of bloom, which cause a lot of fallen flowers small fruits and low quality.
    The results of the research show.
    The standard of the chill requirement should be 0-7.2℃. The writer calculated the need of chill requirement of Shuguang and Huaguang respectively: 650-700h for Shuguang and 600-650h for Huaguang. And the time to cover plastic films is from January 10th to Janurary 20th in Dangshan.
    The writer compared the qualities of Zhongyou4, 5, Shuguang and Huaguang Shuguang and Zhongyou4,5,are more suitable to be grown in Dangshan. Among them.
    The pollination by bees are proved to be the best way to increase the fruit production and Improve the quality through comparative experiments on the ways of pollination
    
    
    influencing the fruit and quality of Shuguang.
    Comparing the Protected cultivation density among several kinds of nectarine, the writer found: There will be large production, high rate of covering and better using of the land at the first stage but the trees are becoming closing, the production and quality begin to decrease and benefit worsens in 2 or 3 years if the nectarine trees are grown in the narrow spacing of 0.8m×1m,or 0.9m×1.2m. There will be a low production and low rate of covering but the production will be stable with good quality in 3 years and the trees are becoming closing in 3 or 4years if the nectarine trees are grown in 1m×1.5m, 1m×2m,and 1.2m×1.5m.
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