中国共产党对富农定位问题研究
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摘要
土地问题是中国革命的核心问题,在这个过程中,对中国社会各阶级的认识和划分也影响了这个基本问题的解决,尤其是对富农的定位是中国革命中的重点之一。富农在近代中国的农村中有着特殊的地位与影响力,富农问题贯彻于中国革命的始终,对富农定位的认识及变化,影响着党的土地政策执行的效果甚至成败,中国共产党对富农阶层的划分和定位经历了一个摸索、完善的阶段,从开始的认识模糊到后来的逐步清楚,终于制定并实行了比较正确的富农定位政策,为团结和影响尽可能多的人参加革命起了积极的作用。
中国共产党在不同的革命阶段对富农的定位有各自不同的特点,在土地革命期间,中国共产党对富农的定位主要受到共产国际和苏联的影响,犯了左倾的错误,把富农定位为阶级敌人,但也积累了一些正确的经验与方法。中国共产党在抗日战争及解放战争时期对富农的定位,基本摆脱了苏联和国产国际的影响,从国情出发,把富农定位为农村的资产阶级,进行减租减息,实行与富农的联合。新中国建立后对富农的定位由最初的保存变为逐渐限制,苏联模式对毛泽东的社会主义建设思想产生了巨大影响,富农定位逐步开始变化,又把富农视为敌对阶级,开始对富农进行政治上的孤立,和经济上的限制,最后通过实现农业合作化消灭了富农。
本文将中国共产党对富农定位的探索过程与马克思主义中国化的历程结合起来考察,并回顾了改革开放以来农村私有经济的发展与变化,研究党的富农定位的演变的历程及原因、背景,有助于加深我们对党的土地政策的认识,希望对今天的农村工作有一些借鉴意义。
Rich-farmer-positioning is important part of Chinese Revolution. Land is Central issue of Chinese Revolution, the analysis of Chinese class is related to solve this issue. Therefore, rich farmer-positioning is important point of solve Chinese land issue. The rich-farmers have special place in Chinese society, and it existed in the Chinese revolution. Rich-farmer-positioning is crucial for practice of land policy. Chinese Communist Party to positioning the rich farmer class is a gradual process. We have vague recognition for rich-farmer-positioning firstly. But we gradually obtain clear idea about rich-farmer-positioning. The rich-farmer-positioning showed their positive role in mobilizing more people to join Revolution.
The Chinese Communist Party made different rich-farmer-positioning in different stage of Chinese revolution.In Agrarian Revolutionary War, Soviet Union and Communist International greatly influence rich-farmer-positioning of Chinese Communist Party, left line position rich farmer as class enemy, During the Anti-Japanese aggression war and liberation war, the Chinese Communist Party changes its rich-farmer-positioning. Chinese Communist Party position rich farmer as the bourgeoisie of village, they are to reducing the rent and rate of rich-farmer’s land. Preserving rich-farmer economy to promoting the victory of the Chinese revolution.
At the early days of establishment of The People’s Republic of China. Chinese Communist Party regards rich-farmer as the bourgeoisie to restore economy. But Soviet Union model influenced the socialist thought of Mao Zedong, Chinese Communist Party began to restrict and isolated rich-farmer, at last rich-farmer was abolished entirely by agricultural cooperation. In the process. Leaders of Chinese Communist Party improve their theory to guide theich-farmer- positioning.
The thesis combines Sinicization of Marxism with development of rich-farmer-positioning and study the background of rich-farmer- positioning. At last, the dissertation retrospects course of private economy in rural area since reform. The study on rich-farmer-positioning is conducive for today policy-making of rural area.
中国共产党在不同的革命阶段对富农的定位有各自不同的特点,在土地革命期间,中国共产党对富农的定位主要受到共产国际和苏联的影响,犯了左倾的错误,把富农定位为阶级敌人,但也积累了一些正确的经验与方法。中国共产党在抗日战争及解放战争时期对富农的定位,基本摆脱了苏联和国产国际的影响,从国情出发,把富农定位为农村的资产阶级,进行减租减息,实行与富农的联合。新中国建立后对富农的定位由最初的保存变为逐渐限制,苏联模式对毛泽东的社会主义建设思想产生了巨大影响,富农定位逐步开始变化,又把富农视为敌对阶级,开始对富农进行政治上的孤立,和经济上的限制,最后通过实现农业合作化消灭了富农。
本文将中国共产党对富农定位的探索过程与马克思主义中国化的历程结合起来考察,并回顾了改革开放以来农村私有经济的发展与变化,研究党的富农定位的演变的历程及原因、背景,有助于加深我们对党的土地政策的认识,希望对今天的农村工作有一些借鉴意义。
Rich-farmer-positioning is important part of Chinese Revolution. Land is Central issue of Chinese Revolution, the analysis of Chinese class is related to solve this issue. Therefore, rich farmer-positioning is important point of solve Chinese land issue. The rich-farmers have special place in Chinese society, and it existed in the Chinese revolution. Rich-farmer-positioning is crucial for practice of land policy. Chinese Communist Party to positioning the rich farmer class is a gradual process. We have vague recognition for rich-farmer-positioning firstly. But we gradually obtain clear idea about rich-farmer-positioning. The rich-farmer-positioning showed their positive role in mobilizing more people to join Revolution.
The Chinese Communist Party made different rich-farmer-positioning in different stage of Chinese revolution.In Agrarian Revolutionary War, Soviet Union and Communist International greatly influence rich-farmer-positioning of Chinese Communist Party, left line position rich farmer as class enemy, During the Anti-Japanese aggression war and liberation war, the Chinese Communist Party changes its rich-farmer-positioning. Chinese Communist Party position rich farmer as the bourgeoisie of village, they are to reducing the rent and rate of rich-farmer’s land. Preserving rich-farmer economy to promoting the victory of the Chinese revolution.
At the early days of establishment of The People’s Republic of China. Chinese Communist Party regards rich-farmer as the bourgeoisie to restore economy. But Soviet Union model influenced the socialist thought of Mao Zedong, Chinese Communist Party began to restrict and isolated rich-farmer, at last rich-farmer was abolished entirely by agricultural cooperation. In the process. Leaders of Chinese Communist Party improve their theory to guide theich-farmer- positioning.
The thesis combines Sinicization of Marxism with development of rich-farmer-positioning and study the background of rich-farmer- positioning. At last, the dissertation retrospects course of private economy in rural area since reform. The study on rich-farmer-positioning is conducive for today policy-making of rural area.
引文
1毛泽东.毛泽东选集(第一卷).北京:人民出版社,1991:3-5
2中共中央文献研究室.毛泽东哲学批注集.北京:中央文献出版社,1988:69-104
3中共中央文献研究室.毛泽东农村调查文集.北京:人民出版社,1982:20-30
4中共中央文献研究室.毛泽东年谱(上卷).北京:中央文献出版社,2002:495-496
5中共中央文献研究室.刘少奇论新中国建设.北京:中央文献出版社,1993:152-155
6周恩来.周恩来选集(上卷).北京:人民出版社,1980:29-43
7邓子恢.邓子恢文集.北京:人民出版社,1996:6-28
8陈云.陈云文选(第一卷).北京:人民出版社,1984:349-350
9张闻天.张闻天选集.北京:人民出版社,1985:168-169
10任弼时.任弼时选集.北京:人民出版社,1987:414-437
11中共中央马克思列宁恩格斯斯大林著作编译局编译.列宁全集.(第四十一卷).北京:人民出版社,1986:20-22
12中国土地改革史料选编.北京:国防大学出版社,1988:683
13顾龙生.毛泽东经济年谱.北京:中共中央党校出版社,1993:20-80
14中央档案馆.中共中央文件选集(第十四册).北京:中央党校出版社,1987:238-239
15成汉昌.中国土地制度与土地改革——20世纪前半期.北京:中国档案出版社,1994:29-34
16蒋伯英.邓子恢与中国农村变革.福州:福建人民出版社,2004:259-270
17赵效民.中国革命根据地经济史.(1927-1937).广州:广东人民出版社,1983:65-91
18何东.中国共产党土地改革史.北京:中国国际广播出版社,1993:229-231
19董志凯.解放战争时期的土地改革.北京:北京大学出版社,1987:48-117
20张永泉,赵泉均.中国土地改革史.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1985:169-295
21罗平汉.土地改革运动史.福州:福建人民出版社,2005:140-222
22 (日)内山雅生.二十世纪华北农村社会经济研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001:38-40
23 (美)杜赞奇.文化、权力与国家——1900—1942年的华北农村.南京:江苏人民出版社,1996:149
24 (美)黄宗智.华北的小农经济与社会变迁.北京:中华书局,1986:22-86
25李尔重.东北地主富农研究.哈尔滨:东北书店,1947:9-53
26叶扬兵.中国农业合作化运动研究.北京:知识产权出版社,2006:177-198
27张红宇.中国农村的土地制度变迁.北京:中国农业出版社,2002:40-45
28周利生.中国早期马克思主义者对富农问题的论述.江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008, (4):92-94
29秦宏毅.四个阶段的中国共产党富农政策.求索,2005, (1):185-187
30罗平汉.五四指示及其不彻底性再评价.求索,2005, (5):172-175
31杜金涛.建国初期党内关于农业合作化问题的争论.中共四川省委党校学报,2009, (1):46-51
32张瑞敏.毛泽东对中国富农阶层的认识及策略思想的演变.中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2005,(3):80-84
33卢敏.试论建国初期刘少奇处理富农问题的策略思想.福建党史学刊,2009, (2):41-43
34苏少之.革命根据地新富农问题研究.近代史研究,2004, (1):129-160
35尤国珍.新中国成立初期中共保存富农经济政策再解析.毛泽东思想研究,2009, (1):41-45
36江红英.新民主主义理论框架内外的富农与富农经济.中共党史研究,2005, (5):49-55
37杜会平.土地革命时期中国共产党的富农政策.哈尔滨学院学报,2008, (6):38-41
38霍春青.土地革命时期中国共产党对富农的认识及政策浅析.科教文汇,2009, (2):246-248
39扶建军.中国共产党富农划分标准的改变.许昌学院学报,2007, (4):99-101
40张冠军.解放战争时期党的土地革命政策的历史演进.石家庄学院学报,2009,(3):42-45
41 Bruce L Reynolds. Two Models of Agricultural Development: A Context for Current Chinese Policy. The China Quarterly, Volume 76, 1978, (12): 842-872
42 Carl Riskin. China's Rural Industries: Self-reliant Systems or Independent Kingdoms?The China Quarterly, Volume 73, 1978, (3): 77-98
43 Hugh Seton-Watson.The Russian and Chinese Revolutions.The China Quarterly, Volume 2, 1960, (6): 43-46
44 Benton Gregor. Mao Zedong and the Chinese Revolution: Marxism, Politics and Culture. London: Routledge, 2008:449
45 Hou chi-ming. Economic Dualism:The case of china 1840-1937.Joural of Economic History 1963, (3):277-297
46 Lian jiang Li. Kevin J. O’brien. Protest Leadership in Rural China The China Quarterly.Volume 193. The China Quarterly. 2008, (3):1-23
47 James P. Harrison. The Li Li-san Line and the CCP in 1930. The China Quarterly, Volume 24, 1965, (12): 176-179
48 Zhou Yingying, Han Hua and Stevan Harrell. From Labour to Capital: Intra-Village Inequality in Rural China, 1988–2006. The China Quarterly, Volume 195,2008, (7): 515-534
49 Brown Jeremy. Pickowicz Paul. Dilemmas of Victory:The Early Years of the People’s Republic of China, Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 2008:222-229
50 Cheng Chu-Yuan.The People's Communes. Hong Kong: Union Press, 1959:120-129
2中共中央文献研究室.毛泽东哲学批注集.北京:中央文献出版社,1988:69-104
3中共中央文献研究室.毛泽东农村调查文集.北京:人民出版社,1982:20-30
4中共中央文献研究室.毛泽东年谱(上卷).北京:中央文献出版社,2002:495-496
5中共中央文献研究室.刘少奇论新中国建设.北京:中央文献出版社,1993:152-155
6周恩来.周恩来选集(上卷).北京:人民出版社,1980:29-43
7邓子恢.邓子恢文集.北京:人民出版社,1996:6-28
8陈云.陈云文选(第一卷).北京:人民出版社,1984:349-350
9张闻天.张闻天选集.北京:人民出版社,1985:168-169
10任弼时.任弼时选集.北京:人民出版社,1987:414-437
11中共中央马克思列宁恩格斯斯大林著作编译局编译.列宁全集.(第四十一卷).北京:人民出版社,1986:20-22
12中国土地改革史料选编.北京:国防大学出版社,1988:683
13顾龙生.毛泽东经济年谱.北京:中共中央党校出版社,1993:20-80
14中央档案馆.中共中央文件选集(第十四册).北京:中央党校出版社,1987:238-239
15成汉昌.中国土地制度与土地改革——20世纪前半期.北京:中国档案出版社,1994:29-34
16蒋伯英.邓子恢与中国农村变革.福州:福建人民出版社,2004:259-270
17赵效民.中国革命根据地经济史.(1927-1937).广州:广东人民出版社,1983:65-91
18何东.中国共产党土地改革史.北京:中国国际广播出版社,1993:229-231
19董志凯.解放战争时期的土地改革.北京:北京大学出版社,1987:48-117
20张永泉,赵泉均.中国土地改革史.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1985:169-295
21罗平汉.土地改革运动史.福州:福建人民出版社,2005:140-222
22 (日)内山雅生.二十世纪华北农村社会经济研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001:38-40
23 (美)杜赞奇.文化、权力与国家——1900—1942年的华北农村.南京:江苏人民出版社,1996:149
24 (美)黄宗智.华北的小农经济与社会变迁.北京:中华书局,1986:22-86
25李尔重.东北地主富农研究.哈尔滨:东北书店,1947:9-53
26叶扬兵.中国农业合作化运动研究.北京:知识产权出版社,2006:177-198
27张红宇.中国农村的土地制度变迁.北京:中国农业出版社,2002:40-45
28周利生.中国早期马克思主义者对富农问题的论述.江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008, (4):92-94
29秦宏毅.四个阶段的中国共产党富农政策.求索,2005, (1):185-187
30罗平汉.五四指示及其不彻底性再评价.求索,2005, (5):172-175
31杜金涛.建国初期党内关于农业合作化问题的争论.中共四川省委党校学报,2009, (1):46-51
32张瑞敏.毛泽东对中国富农阶层的认识及策略思想的演变.中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2005,(3):80-84
33卢敏.试论建国初期刘少奇处理富农问题的策略思想.福建党史学刊,2009, (2):41-43
34苏少之.革命根据地新富农问题研究.近代史研究,2004, (1):129-160
35尤国珍.新中国成立初期中共保存富农经济政策再解析.毛泽东思想研究,2009, (1):41-45
36江红英.新民主主义理论框架内外的富农与富农经济.中共党史研究,2005, (5):49-55
37杜会平.土地革命时期中国共产党的富农政策.哈尔滨学院学报,2008, (6):38-41
38霍春青.土地革命时期中国共产党对富农的认识及政策浅析.科教文汇,2009, (2):246-248
39扶建军.中国共产党富农划分标准的改变.许昌学院学报,2007, (4):99-101
40张冠军.解放战争时期党的土地革命政策的历史演进.石家庄学院学报,2009,(3):42-45
41 Bruce L Reynolds. Two Models of Agricultural Development: A Context for Current Chinese Policy. The China Quarterly, Volume 76, 1978, (12): 842-872
42 Carl Riskin. China's Rural Industries: Self-reliant Systems or Independent Kingdoms?The China Quarterly, Volume 73, 1978, (3): 77-98
43 Hugh Seton-Watson.The Russian and Chinese Revolutions.The China Quarterly, Volume 2, 1960, (6): 43-46
44 Benton Gregor. Mao Zedong and the Chinese Revolution: Marxism, Politics and Culture. London: Routledge, 2008:449
45 Hou chi-ming. Economic Dualism:The case of china 1840-1937.Joural of Economic History 1963, (3):277-297
46 Lian jiang Li. Kevin J. O’brien. Protest Leadership in Rural China The China Quarterly.Volume 193. The China Quarterly. 2008, (3):1-23
47 James P. Harrison. The Li Li-san Line and the CCP in 1930. The China Quarterly, Volume 24, 1965, (12): 176-179
48 Zhou Yingying, Han Hua and Stevan Harrell. From Labour to Capital: Intra-Village Inequality in Rural China, 1988–2006. The China Quarterly, Volume 195,2008, (7): 515-534
49 Brown Jeremy. Pickowicz Paul. Dilemmas of Victory:The Early Years of the People’s Republic of China, Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 2008:222-229
50 Cheng Chu-Yuan.The People's Communes. Hong Kong: Union Press, 1959:120-129