基于小波域隐马尔科夫树的影像地图版权保护方法的研究
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摘要
随着信息时代的到来,电子地图被广泛应用于各个领域。电子地图给我们带来方便的同时也带来了许多问题,比如地图的非法传播,地图的版权保护。数字水印作为一种重要的版权保护方法,已经被广泛的应用于多种数字产品的版权保护。本文提出了一种适用于影像地图的水印方法,该算法以二值位图图像作为水印信息,以地图作为水印载体。
本文主要研究了水印技术在影像地图的版权保护中的应用,提出了基于小波域隐马尔科夫树的盲水印算法。该算法首先利用影像地图的地理属性对影像地图进行网格划分,选取重要的地图分块进行小波变换。然后根据小波系数的特点,利用隐马尔科夫模型对小波系数进行分析,提取重要的小波系数。最后采用本文提出的步长量化算法对小波系数进行扰动。本文通过分析了现有模型应用于水印算法的不足之处,提出了对隐马尔科夫模型的改进方法。通过在原步长量化算法的基础上加入了容错机制,对步长量化算法进行了较大改进。
本文提出的水印算法有效的利用了影像地图的特点,对原有算法进行了改进。仿真实验结果表明,本算法具有较好的透明性,较高的鲁棒性,能有效抵抗噪声、压缩、剪切等攻击。
With the advent of the information age, digital map has been widely used in various fields. Digital map has brought us convenience but also there are many problems need to be solved. For example, illegal distribution of maps, map copyright protection. As an important method for copyright protection, digital watermarking has been widely used in copyright protection for many digital products. A kind of watermarking algorithm is proposed for remote sensing image. The binary bitmap is used as the watermark information, and the map is used as the watermark carrier.
We mainly researched watermark technology application for map copyright protection in this paper. We proposed a blind watermarking algorithm for Remote Sensing Image based on wavelet domain and Hidden Markov Tree in this paper. Firstly, this algorithm makes use of the geographical attributes of the map to cut the map into small blocks. Then, we selected the important blocks and uses wavelet transform on the blocks. After that, we make use of Hidden Markov Model to analysis the wavelet coefficients and extract important coefficients according to the characteristics of wavelet coefficients. Finally, we make use of the proposed quantization algorithm to modify wavelet coefficients. We proposed improvement of the Hidden Markov Model by analyses of the inadequacies of existing models. We improved the quantization algorithm by adding the fault tolerance based on the original quantization algorithm.
The algorithm, which was improved based on the Original algorithm, makes good use of the characteristics of the remote sensing image. Simulation experiments results show that this algorithm has good transparency and strong robustness. It can effectively resist attacks like noise, compression, clipping and so on.
本文主要研究了水印技术在影像地图的版权保护中的应用,提出了基于小波域隐马尔科夫树的盲水印算法。该算法首先利用影像地图的地理属性对影像地图进行网格划分,选取重要的地图分块进行小波变换。然后根据小波系数的特点,利用隐马尔科夫模型对小波系数进行分析,提取重要的小波系数。最后采用本文提出的步长量化算法对小波系数进行扰动。本文通过分析了现有模型应用于水印算法的不足之处,提出了对隐马尔科夫模型的改进方法。通过在原步长量化算法的基础上加入了容错机制,对步长量化算法进行了较大改进。
本文提出的水印算法有效的利用了影像地图的特点,对原有算法进行了改进。仿真实验结果表明,本算法具有较好的透明性,较高的鲁棒性,能有效抵抗噪声、压缩、剪切等攻击。
With the advent of the information age, digital map has been widely used in various fields. Digital map has brought us convenience but also there are many problems need to be solved. For example, illegal distribution of maps, map copyright protection. As an important method for copyright protection, digital watermarking has been widely used in copyright protection for many digital products. A kind of watermarking algorithm is proposed for remote sensing image. The binary bitmap is used as the watermark information, and the map is used as the watermark carrier.
We mainly researched watermark technology application for map copyright protection in this paper. We proposed a blind watermarking algorithm for Remote Sensing Image based on wavelet domain and Hidden Markov Tree in this paper. Firstly, this algorithm makes use of the geographical attributes of the map to cut the map into small blocks. Then, we selected the important blocks and uses wavelet transform on the blocks. After that, we make use of Hidden Markov Model to analysis the wavelet coefficients and extract important coefficients according to the characteristics of wavelet coefficients. Finally, we make use of the proposed quantization algorithm to modify wavelet coefficients. We proposed improvement of the Hidden Markov Model by analyses of the inadequacies of existing models. We improved the quantization algorithm by adding the fault tolerance based on the original quantization algorithm.
The algorithm, which was improved based on the Original algorithm, makes good use of the characteristics of the remote sensing image. Simulation experiments results show that this algorithm has good transparency and strong robustness. It can effectively resist attacks like noise, compression, clipping and so on.
引文
[1]Cox et al. Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia[R]. Princeton, NJ: NEC Research Institute,1995.
[2]Cox et al. Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Images[C]. Audio and Video, in IEEE Int Conference On Image Processing,1996,3:243-246,
[3]Solachidis V, Pitas L. Circularly Symmetric Watermark Embedding In 2-D DFT Domain[C].ICASSP, Phoenix, Arizona, USA,1999:3469-3472.
[4]Deepa Kundur. Multiresolution Digital Watermarking:Algorithm and Implication for Multimedia Signals. PhD Dissertation, University of Toronto, Canada,1999
[5]Tsekeridou S, Pitas I. Wavelet-based Self-Similar Watermarking for Still Images[C]. International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS'OO), Geneva, Switzerland, 2000:220-223.
[6]Chen Tao, Wang Jingchun. Image Watermarking Method Using Integer-to-Integer Wavelet Transforms [J]清华大学学报(英文版),2002,7(5)：508-512.
[7]Hua Si, Chang-Tsun Li. Fragile watermarking scheme based on the block-wise dependence in the wavelet domain[C]MM&Sec, Magdeburg, Germany,2004:17-31.
[8]罗竞毅.基于小波变换的盲水印算法研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2007.
[9]王勋,夏君,鲍虎军.一种互补的栅格数字地图水印算法[J].浙江大学学报,2006,40(6)：1056-1060.
[10]胡英,陈辉,房世波.数字水印技术在遥感图像版权保护中应用[J].计算机仿真,2005,22(3)：200-202.
[11]M Barni, F Bartolini, V Cappellini, E Magli, G Olmo. Watermarking-based protection of remote sensing images:requirements and possible solutions[C]. SPIE,2001:191-202.
[12]张春田,苏育挺等.多媒体数字水印技术[J].通信学报,2000,21(9)：46-52.
[13]Siyue Chen, Henry Leung. Chaotic spread spectrum watermarking for remote sensing images [J]. SPIE,2004,13(01):220-230.
[14]田震,张晓娟.数字水印及鲁棒性研究[J].测绘学院学报,2004,21(1)：54-60.
[15]王向阳,杨红颖,邻俊.基于内容的离散余弦变换域自适应遥感图像数字水印算法[J].测绘学报,34(4)：324—330,2005.
[16]胡英,陈辉.数字水印技术在遥感图像版权保护中应用[J].计算机仿真,2005,22(3)：200-202.
[17]M S Crouse, R G Baraniuk. Contextual Hidden Markov Models for Wavelet Domain Signal Processing [C]. Signals Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA,1997:24-33.
[18]M S Crouse, R G Baraniuk. Simplified Wavelet-domain Hidden Markov models using contexts[C].In Proc.31st Asilomar Conf, Pacific Grove, CA,1997:104-111.
[19]H Choi, Romberg J, Baraniuk R, Kingsbury NG. Hidden Markov Tree Modeling of Complex Wavelet Transform[C]. ICASSP, Istanbul,2000:133-136.
[20]彭玲.基于小波域隐马尔科夫树模型的遥感图像纹理分类研究[D].北京：中国科学院,2005.
[21]Kyungsuk Pyun, Johan Lim, Robert M. A Robust Hidden Markov Gauss Mixture Vector Quantizer for a Noisy Source [C]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2009,18(7): 130-136.
[22]L Rabiner. A Tutorial on Hidden Markov Model and Selected Application in Speech Recognition [J]. Proc, IEEE,1989:257-285.
[23]M Unser. Multiresolution Feature Extraction and Selection for Texture segmentation[J].Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1999,21(4):17-23.
[24]章春娥,裘正定.二维各向同性不可分小波变换特性分析[J].北京交通大学学报,2006,30(5)：24-27.
[25]杨晓艺.小波分析与隐马尔可夫模型在图像处理中的应用[D].开封：河南大学,2003.
[26]De Wouwer G V, Scheunders P, Dyck D V. Statistical texture characterization from wavelet representations[J].IEEE Transaction on Image Processing,1999,8(5):592-598.
[27]Guoliang Fan and Xiang-Gen Xia.Improved Hidden Markov Models in the Wavelet-Domain. Signal Processing,2001,49(1):115-120.
[28]A P Dempster, N M Laird, D B Rubin. Maximum likelihood from incomplete data
Via the EM algorithm [J]. J R Stat,1997,9:1-38.
[29][Yinghua Lu, Yuru Wang, Jun Kong and Longkui Jiang. A Novel Automated Hand-based Personal Identification [J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2006,4040: 404-414.
[30]吕英华.信息隐藏相关方法及应用的研究[D].长春：吉林大学.2007.
[31]Xia-mu Niu, Zhe-ming Lu and Sheng-he Sun. Digital Watermarking of Still Images with Gray-Level Digital Watermarks[J]. IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics,2000, 46(1):137-145.
[32]朱静静,曾平,谢琨.针对栅格地图的快速鲁棒盲水印算法[J].计算机工程,2008,34(1)： 167-169.
[33]胡云,伍宏涛,张涵钰.大容量索引图像水印方案的设计与实现[J].北京邮电大学学报,2005,28(1)：6-29.
[34]侯志强,韩崇昭,王朝英.一种快速匹配算法在遥感图像中的应用[J].光电工程,2004,31(4)：54-56.
[35]胡志钢.数字图象水印算法研究[D].西安：西安电子科技大学,2002.
[36]Guoliang Fan, Xiang-Gen Xia. Wavelet-based statistical image processing using Hidden Markov Tree model [C]. Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, NJ, USA,2000:51-58.
[37]Kamran Hameed, Adeel Mumtaz, S A M Gilani. Digital Image Watermarking in the Wavelet Transform Domain [J]. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology,2006: 86-89.
[38]薛小潭.数字水印算法研究及在图像中的应用[D].福州：福州大学,2002.
[39]Sanghyun Joo, Youngho Suh, Jaeho Shin, Hisakazu Kikuchi. A New Robust Watermarking Embedding into Wavelet DC Components [J].ETRI Journal,2002,24(5): 401-404.
[40]J R Kim, Y S Moon. A Robust Wavelet-Based Digital Watermarking Using Level-Adaptive Thresholding [J]. ICIP,1999,2:226-230.
[41]Jieh-Ming Shieh, Der-Chyuan Lou, Ming-Chang Chang. A semi-blind digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition [J]. Computer Standards & Interfaces,2006,28(4):428-440.
[42]王勋.图像与图形数字水印技术研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[43]伯晓晨,沈林成,常文森.一种新的盲图像水印检测算法.计算机学报[J],2001,24(12)：1279-1285.
[44]伯晓晨,沈林成,常文森.基于局部平稳高斯模型的小波变换域盲图像水印检测.国防科技大学学报[J],2001,23(6)：114-118.
[45]于艳敏.基于变换域的数字水印技术分析与应用[D].济南：山东大学,2009
[46]陈青,苏祥芳,王延平.采用小波变换的鲁棒隐形水印算法.通信学报,2001,22(7)： 62-66.
[47]Suhad Hajjara, Moussa Abdallah, Amjad Hudaib. Digital Image Watermarking Using Localized Biorthogonal Wavelets. European Journal of Scientific Research,2009,26(4): 594-608.
[48]王沛,余松煜,袁晓兵.基于小波变换的图像自适应盲水印算法[J].光学精密工程,2002,(03)：14-21.
[49]Zhao Yuehua, Cai Guixian, Du Yunhai. An image watermark algorithm based on discrete cosine transform block classifying[C].ACM Int. Conf,2004:234-235.
[50]张玉双.数字水印及其在静止图像中的应用[D].西安：西安电子科技大学,2002.
[51]Oriol Guitart Pla, Eugene T Lin, Edward J Delp. A Wavelet Watermarking Algorithm Based on a Tree Structure[C]. SPIE,2004,5306:571-580.
[52]虹瑕.基于人眼视觉特性的图像水印技术研究[D].南京：南京理工大学,2002.
[53]章毓晋.图像处理和分析[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1999.
[54]傅朝霞.DCT域明文水印及盲水印的研究[D].天津：天津工业大学,2002.
[55]高尚伟.数字水印技术的研究和应用[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学,2002.
[56]Luo Ting, Hong Fan.Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima-Based Robust Digital Image Watermarking in Wavelet Domain.西南交通大学学报(英文版),2009,17(1)：1-8.
[57]曾高荣.数字水印的鲁棒性评测建模和算法研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,2010.
[58]骆婷.鲁棒图像数字水印算法和数字水印协议研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学,2010.
[59]Qiudong Sun, Yunfeng Xue, Jiancun Zuo. A Novel Watermarking Algorithm Based on DWT Sub-band Encoding for Multi-Format Sources [A]. Proceedings of 2010 2nd International Conference on Intellectual Technology in Industrial Practice,2010,2.
[60]Liu Jun. An Improved Watermarking Detect Algorithm for Color Image in Spatial Domain[A]. Proceedings of 2008 International Seminar on Future BioMedical Information Engineering,2008.
[61]许慧.基于小波包变换的数字水印技术[D].长沙.湖南大学,2008.
[62]Yueh-Hong Chen, Hsiang-Cheh Huang. A new shot-based video watermarking [A].2010 International Symposium on Computer, Communication, Control and Automation Proceedings (Volume 2),2010
[2]Cox et al. Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Images[C]. Audio and Video, in IEEE Int Conference On Image Processing,1996,3:243-246,
[3]Solachidis V, Pitas L. Circularly Symmetric Watermark Embedding In 2-D DFT Domain[C].ICASSP, Phoenix, Arizona, USA,1999:3469-3472.
[4]Deepa Kundur. Multiresolution Digital Watermarking:Algorithm and Implication for Multimedia Signals. PhD Dissertation, University of Toronto, Canada,1999
[5]Tsekeridou S, Pitas I. Wavelet-based Self-Similar Watermarking for Still Images[C]. International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS'OO), Geneva, Switzerland, 2000:220-223.
[6]Chen Tao, Wang Jingchun. Image Watermarking Method Using Integer-to-Integer Wavelet Transforms [J]清华大学学报(英文版),2002,7(5)：508-512.
[7]Hua Si, Chang-Tsun Li. Fragile watermarking scheme based on the block-wise dependence in the wavelet domain[C]MM&Sec, Magdeburg, Germany,2004:17-31.
[8]罗竞毅.基于小波变换的盲水印算法研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2007.
[9]王勋,夏君,鲍虎军.一种互补的栅格数字地图水印算法[J].浙江大学学报,2006,40(6)：1056-1060.
[10]胡英,陈辉,房世波.数字水印技术在遥感图像版权保护中应用[J].计算机仿真,2005,22(3)：200-202.
[11]M Barni, F Bartolini, V Cappellini, E Magli, G Olmo. Watermarking-based protection of remote sensing images:requirements and possible solutions[C]. SPIE,2001:191-202.
[12]张春田,苏育挺等.多媒体数字水印技术[J].通信学报,2000,21(9)：46-52.
[13]Siyue Chen, Henry Leung. Chaotic spread spectrum watermarking for remote sensing images [J]. SPIE,2004,13(01):220-230.
[14]田震,张晓娟.数字水印及鲁棒性研究[J].测绘学院学报,2004,21(1)：54-60.
[15]王向阳,杨红颖,邻俊.基于内容的离散余弦变换域自适应遥感图像数字水印算法[J].测绘学报,34(4)：324—330,2005.
[16]胡英,陈辉.数字水印技术在遥感图像版权保护中应用[J].计算机仿真,2005,22(3)：200-202.
[17]M S Crouse, R G Baraniuk. Contextual Hidden Markov Models for Wavelet Domain Signal Processing [C]. Signals Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA,1997:24-33.
[18]M S Crouse, R G Baraniuk. Simplified Wavelet-domain Hidden Markov models using contexts[C].In Proc.31st Asilomar Conf, Pacific Grove, CA,1997:104-111.
[19]H Choi, Romberg J, Baraniuk R, Kingsbury NG. Hidden Markov Tree Modeling of Complex Wavelet Transform[C]. ICASSP, Istanbul,2000:133-136.
[20]彭玲.基于小波域隐马尔科夫树模型的遥感图像纹理分类研究[D].北京：中国科学院,2005.
[21]Kyungsuk Pyun, Johan Lim, Robert M. A Robust Hidden Markov Gauss Mixture Vector Quantizer for a Noisy Source [C]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2009,18(7): 130-136.
[22]L Rabiner. A Tutorial on Hidden Markov Model and Selected Application in Speech Recognition [J]. Proc, IEEE,1989:257-285.
[23]M Unser. Multiresolution Feature Extraction and Selection for Texture segmentation[J].Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1999,21(4):17-23.
[24]章春娥,裘正定.二维各向同性不可分小波变换特性分析[J].北京交通大学学报,2006,30(5)：24-27.
[25]杨晓艺.小波分析与隐马尔可夫模型在图像处理中的应用[D].开封：河南大学,2003.
[26]De Wouwer G V, Scheunders P, Dyck D V. Statistical texture characterization from wavelet representations[J].IEEE Transaction on Image Processing,1999,8(5):592-598.
[27]Guoliang Fan and Xiang-Gen Xia.Improved Hidden Markov Models in the Wavelet-Domain. Signal Processing,2001,49(1):115-120.
[28]A P Dempster, N M Laird, D B Rubin. Maximum likelihood from incomplete data
Via the EM algorithm [J]. J R Stat,1997,9:1-38.
[29][Yinghua Lu, Yuru Wang, Jun Kong and Longkui Jiang. A Novel Automated Hand-based Personal Identification [J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2006,4040: 404-414.
[30]吕英华.信息隐藏相关方法及应用的研究[D].长春：吉林大学.2007.
[31]Xia-mu Niu, Zhe-ming Lu and Sheng-he Sun. Digital Watermarking of Still Images with Gray-Level Digital Watermarks[J]. IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics,2000, 46(1):137-145.
[32]朱静静,曾平,谢琨.针对栅格地图的快速鲁棒盲水印算法[J].计算机工程,2008,34(1)： 167-169.
[33]胡云,伍宏涛,张涵钰.大容量索引图像水印方案的设计与实现[J].北京邮电大学学报,2005,28(1)：6-29.
[34]侯志强,韩崇昭,王朝英.一种快速匹配算法在遥感图像中的应用[J].光电工程,2004,31(4)：54-56.
[35]胡志钢.数字图象水印算法研究[D].西安：西安电子科技大学,2002.
[36]Guoliang Fan, Xiang-Gen Xia. Wavelet-based statistical image processing using Hidden Markov Tree model [C]. Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, NJ, USA,2000:51-58.
[37]Kamran Hameed, Adeel Mumtaz, S A M Gilani. Digital Image Watermarking in the Wavelet Transform Domain [J]. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology,2006: 86-89.
[38]薛小潭.数字水印算法研究及在图像中的应用[D].福州：福州大学,2002.
[39]Sanghyun Joo, Youngho Suh, Jaeho Shin, Hisakazu Kikuchi. A New Robust Watermarking Embedding into Wavelet DC Components [J].ETRI Journal,2002,24(5): 401-404.
[40]J R Kim, Y S Moon. A Robust Wavelet-Based Digital Watermarking Using Level-Adaptive Thresholding [J]. ICIP,1999,2:226-230.
[41]Jieh-Ming Shieh, Der-Chyuan Lou, Ming-Chang Chang. A semi-blind digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition [J]. Computer Standards & Interfaces,2006,28(4):428-440.
[42]王勋.图像与图形数字水印技术研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[43]伯晓晨,沈林成,常文森.一种新的盲图像水印检测算法.计算机学报[J],2001,24(12)：1279-1285.
[44]伯晓晨,沈林成,常文森.基于局部平稳高斯模型的小波变换域盲图像水印检测.国防科技大学学报[J],2001,23(6)：114-118.
[45]于艳敏.基于变换域的数字水印技术分析与应用[D].济南：山东大学,2009
[46]陈青,苏祥芳,王延平.采用小波变换的鲁棒隐形水印算法.通信学报,2001,22(7)： 62-66.
[47]Suhad Hajjara, Moussa Abdallah, Amjad Hudaib. Digital Image Watermarking Using Localized Biorthogonal Wavelets. European Journal of Scientific Research,2009,26(4): 594-608.
[48]王沛,余松煜,袁晓兵.基于小波变换的图像自适应盲水印算法[J].光学精密工程,2002,(03)：14-21.
[49]Zhao Yuehua, Cai Guixian, Du Yunhai. An image watermark algorithm based on discrete cosine transform block classifying[C].ACM Int. Conf,2004:234-235.
[50]张玉双.数字水印及其在静止图像中的应用[D].西安：西安电子科技大学,2002.
[51]Oriol Guitart Pla, Eugene T Lin, Edward J Delp. A Wavelet Watermarking Algorithm Based on a Tree Structure[C]. SPIE,2004,5306:571-580.
[52]虹瑕.基于人眼视觉特性的图像水印技术研究[D].南京：南京理工大学,2002.
[53]章毓晋.图像处理和分析[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1999.
[54]傅朝霞.DCT域明文水印及盲水印的研究[D].天津：天津工业大学,2002.
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