虚拟环境下仿生机器人的情感研究
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摘要
随着网络技术和计算机图形学的不断发展,3D游戏已经越来越受到广大青少年的喜爱,各种各样的游戏层出不穷,如“魔兽世界”、“孤岛惊魂”等。然而,目前我国的网络游戏市场却基本上为国外产品所占领,而且国内大部分游戏中的角色情感单一、表达简单,往往都是通过故事情节来吸引玩家,大大降低了游戏的品质。因此,丰富游戏中不同角色的情感表达,使之变得灵活多样,从而使游戏更具有娱乐性,成为一个很有意义的研究课题。
本文首先分析了丰富的情感对于人工智能游戏的存在与发展的必要性和重要性,进而对DirectX开发包和有限状态技术这两项情感系统所涉及的关键技术进行了细致的阐述。接着,给出了三维场景的设计与实现,以及虚拟环境的情感系统中3D模型和有限状态技术的应用与实现。对于有限状态技术,本文具体提出了4个方面的应用:利用有限状态机设计单个情感模块;利用非确定性理论将不同的情感表达的功能模块进行组合来实现情感表达的多样性;利用概率状态机来模拟事件发生的不确定性,从而增强游戏的娱乐价值;利用层次状态机来模拟创建有限状态的情感。对于其中的任何一种应用,本文都给出了具体的设计思想和优势所在。
非确定性有限状态理论在游戏中的应用是本文的重心所在,该理论的应用为游戏中仿生机器人情感的表达提供了一种随机组合机制,这样使得仿生机器人的情感呈现出了不确定性特点。基于有限状态机自身的特点,设计出来的情感系统,不仅具有仿生机器人自主感知的特点,而且还具备仿生机器人的情感表达方式多样的优点,具有很好的开发前景。本文最后对系统进行了总结,并提出了展望以及需要进一步研究的问题。
With the rapid development of network and computer graphics, 3D games have gained more and more favor from younger. Many kinds of Games emerge in endlessly, such as "The World of Animat","Ghost in isolated island" and so on. While now, our country's network game market is occupied by the products of foreign country on the whole, and most role of a majority of games in our country, whose sensibility are so singleness and their expression are so simplely. Most of them attract people by story scenario, which depress the quality of games. So, inriching emotion expression of different kinds of role in games and making them become more agility and multiplicity have been a meaningful research task.
Firstly, this paper analysis the necessary and importance of emotion in the existance and development of Agent Intelligence games, then giving a deeply discription on DirextX development package and finite-state technique which are the two key technology involved in emotion system. And the following, paper presents the application and realization of game scene, 3D mudel and finite-state technique in emotion system of visual environment. Thereinto, the design and realization of finite-state technique involved four main aspection: The design of single module by finite-state machine, Combining different modules by nondeterministic finite-state theory in order to realize the diversity of emotion expression, simulating the uncertainty of event by probability finite-state automaton in order to increase amusement of games, simulating the creation of finite-state emotion by hierarchical finite-state automaton. With any application just mentioned above, papar gives its design idea and advantage.
The application of nondeterministic finite-state theory in games is the core of this paper, its application presents a way of combinition randomly for the emotional expression of animate, so the emotional expression of animate shows uncertainty. Based on the characteristic of finite-state automaton, the emotion system just created, which animat in can apperceive around by itself, and express more diversity. At last, Paper gives a summurization for this system, expectation and the issues which should be study more are also put forward.
本文首先分析了丰富的情感对于人工智能游戏的存在与发展的必要性和重要性,进而对DirectX开发包和有限状态技术这两项情感系统所涉及的关键技术进行了细致的阐述。接着,给出了三维场景的设计与实现,以及虚拟环境的情感系统中3D模型和有限状态技术的应用与实现。对于有限状态技术,本文具体提出了4个方面的应用:利用有限状态机设计单个情感模块;利用非确定性理论将不同的情感表达的功能模块进行组合来实现情感表达的多样性;利用概率状态机来模拟事件发生的不确定性,从而增强游戏的娱乐价值;利用层次状态机来模拟创建有限状态的情感。对于其中的任何一种应用,本文都给出了具体的设计思想和优势所在。
非确定性有限状态理论在游戏中的应用是本文的重心所在,该理论的应用为游戏中仿生机器人情感的表达提供了一种随机组合机制,这样使得仿生机器人的情感呈现出了不确定性特点。基于有限状态机自身的特点,设计出来的情感系统,不仅具有仿生机器人自主感知的特点,而且还具备仿生机器人的情感表达方式多样的优点,具有很好的开发前景。本文最后对系统进行了总结,并提出了展望以及需要进一步研究的问题。
With the rapid development of network and computer graphics, 3D games have gained more and more favor from younger. Many kinds of Games emerge in endlessly, such as "The World of Animat","Ghost in isolated island" and so on. While now, our country's network game market is occupied by the products of foreign country on the whole, and most role of a majority of games in our country, whose sensibility are so singleness and their expression are so simplely. Most of them attract people by story scenario, which depress the quality of games. So, inriching emotion expression of different kinds of role in games and making them become more agility and multiplicity have been a meaningful research task.
Firstly, this paper analysis the necessary and importance of emotion in the existance and development of Agent Intelligence games, then giving a deeply discription on DirextX development package and finite-state technique which are the two key technology involved in emotion system. And the following, paper presents the application and realization of game scene, 3D mudel and finite-state technique in emotion system of visual environment. Thereinto, the design and realization of finite-state technique involved four main aspection: The design of single module by finite-state machine, Combining different modules by nondeterministic finite-state theory in order to realize the diversity of emotion expression, simulating the uncertainty of event by probability finite-state automaton in order to increase amusement of games, simulating the creation of finite-state emotion by hierarchical finite-state automaton. With any application just mentioned above, papar gives its design idea and advantage.
The application of nondeterministic finite-state theory in games is the core of this paper, its application presents a way of combinition randomly for the emotional expression of animate, so the emotional expression of animate shows uncertainty. Based on the characteristic of finite-state automaton, the emotion system just created, which animat in can apperceive around by itself, and express more diversity. At last, Paper gives a summurization for this system, expectation and the issues which should be study more are also put forward.
引文
[1]何鸢.数字角色动画关键技术研究和实现.浙江:浙江大学硕士学位论文.2006
[2]吉爱红,戴振东,周来水.仿生机器人的研究进展.机器人.2005,27(3):284-288
[3]宋亦旭,贾培发.人工情感及其应用.控制理论与应用.2004,21(2):315-320
[4]薛为民,王志良.虚拟人情感交互技术的研究.计算机工程.2005,31(10):150-152
[5]王志良.人工情感与人工心理.智能系统学报.2006,1(1):38-43
[6]Yukihiro Koda,Ichi Kanaya,Kosuke Sato.Modeling Real Objects for Kansei-based Shape Retrieval.International Journal of Automation and Computing.2007,4(1):14-17
[7]郭丽娟.浅谈情感计算.福建电脑.2006,(2):39-40
[8]王国江,王志良,杨国亮.人工情感研究综述.计算机应用研究.2006,7-11
[9]马希荣,刘琳,桑婧.基于情感计算的e-Learning系统建模.计算机科学.2005,32(8):131-133
[10]N.Badler,Animation2000++,IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.2000,20(1);28-29
[11]王兆其.虚拟人合成研究综述.中国科学院研究生院学报.2000,17(2):89-98.
[12]D.Thalmann,Human Modeling and Animation.Eurographics'93 State-of-the-Art Reports.1993
[13]Bapu,S.Evans,pp.Kitka,M.Koma,J.McDaniel.User's Guide for Combiman Programs.1980
[14]E.C.Kingsley,N.A.Schofield,K.Case.SAMMIE-A Computer Aid for Man-Machine Modeling,Computer Graphics.1981,15(3):163-169
[15]黄向阳,尹怡欣,曾广平等.一个基于情感的自主非玩家角色模型.计算机工程.2006,32(19):31-33
[16]David Freeman.Creating Emotion in Games.北京:北京希望电子出版社.2005
[17]Alex J.Champandard.人工智能游戏开发--创造具有学习和反应能力的角色.北京:北京希望电子出版社.2004
[18]史晶晶.虚拟环境下虚拟人感知模型的研究.天津:天津理工大学硕士毕业论文.2007
[19]岳璐璐,岳毅.三维实时漫游系统技术研究.微机发展工程.2004,14(10):88-90
[20]谢明.基于DirectX9.0的3D游戏设计.四川:四川大学工程硕士学位论文.2004
[21]江峰.3D游戏引擎研究与实现.浙江:浙江大学硕士学位论文.2005
[22]李东魁.基于可编程硬件的骨骼蒙皮动画的设计与实现.四川:电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006
[23]Jim Adams.DirectX高级动画制作.四川:重庆大学出版社.2005
[24]吴文国,金小冈,冯结青.三角形渐变动画.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2005,17(7):1615-1619
[25]李睿.具有情感的自主化虚拟人关键技术研究.天津:天津理工大学硕士毕业论 文.2007
[26]刘明.基于模糊逻辑与人工情感的智能控制策略系统.浙江大学硕士毕业论文.2004
[27]许井泉,梅涛.基于有限状态机的宠物机器人行为建模.机电一体化.2006,(6):29-31
[28]徐小良,汪乐宇,周泓.有限状态机的一种实现框架.工程设计学报.2003,10(5):251-255
[29]李凌鹏,孙文.有限状态机在防空作战仿真中的应用.电光与控制.2005,5(12):76-78
[30]朱志伟.基于有限状态机的体育视频比赛类型识别.吉林:吉林大学硕士学位论文.2006
[31]傅钦翠.基于FSM的电力远动规约设计.电力自动化设备.2006,2(26):62-64
[32]Jia Baozhu,Ren Guang,Xiu Zhihong.Fuzzy switching controller for multiple model.Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence(Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science),3613,PART I,Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery:Second International Conference,FSKD 2005.Proceedings.2005:1011-1014
[33]Grantner Janos,Patyra Marek J.Synthesis and analysis of fuzzy logic finite state machine models.IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems.1994,(1):205-210
[34]El-Maleh Aiman,Sait Sadiq M,Khan Faisal Nawaz.Finite state machine state assignment for area and power minimization.Proceedings-IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,ISCAS 2006:2006 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,Proceedings.2006:5303-5306
[35]Rouvellou Isabelle.Hart George W.Inference of a probabilistic finite state machine from its output.IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man and Cybernetics.1995,25(3):424-437
[36]胯少冬,王志良,王莉.基于马尔可夫链的情感计算建模方法.计算机工程.2005,31(5):17-19
[37]Liu Hong,Yin Xia,Wu Jianping.Automatic test generation based on hierarchical finite state machines.Qinghua Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Tsinghua University.2003,43(7):993-996
[38]Alur Rajeev,Yannakakis Mihalis.Model Checking of Hierarchical State Machines.ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems.2001,23(3):273-303
[39]任庆东,赵明辉,李龙.场景模型的建立及快速显示.大庆石油学院学报.2002,26(2):56-59
[40]张威.三维地形模型动态建模研究.中国人民解放军信息工程大学硕士毕业论文.2005
[41]陈健松,徐从富,潘云鹤.基于地形的三维场景绘制方法.计算机工程与应用.2006:31-33
[42]李荣辉.三维建模技术在虚拟现实中应用研究.吉林:大庆石油学院硕士毕业论文.2007
[43]王德才,杨关胜,孙玉萍.精通DirextX 3D图形与动画程序设计.人民邮电出版社.2007
[44]朱晟仁,黄瑞光.有限状态机在动画角色行为中的建模应用.计算机技术与发展.2007,6(17):130-132
[45]刘明.具有情感的智能虚拟主体研究.甘肃:兰州理工大学硕士毕业论文.2004
[46]罗文波,陈幼平,艾武.基于多智能体的供应链管理系统角色建模与设计.计算机工程与应用.2003,(19):227-229
[47]苏绍勇,陈继明,潘金贵.虚拟环境中行为建模技术研究.计算机科学.2007,34(2):270-273
[2]吉爱红,戴振东,周来水.仿生机器人的研究进展.机器人.2005,27(3):284-288
[3]宋亦旭,贾培发.人工情感及其应用.控制理论与应用.2004,21(2):315-320
[4]薛为民,王志良.虚拟人情感交互技术的研究.计算机工程.2005,31(10):150-152
[5]王志良.人工情感与人工心理.智能系统学报.2006,1(1):38-43
[6]Yukihiro Koda,Ichi Kanaya,Kosuke Sato.Modeling Real Objects for Kansei-based Shape Retrieval.International Journal of Automation and Computing.2007,4(1):14-17
[7]郭丽娟.浅谈情感计算.福建电脑.2006,(2):39-40
[8]王国江,王志良,杨国亮.人工情感研究综述.计算机应用研究.2006,7-11
[9]马希荣,刘琳,桑婧.基于情感计算的e-Learning系统建模.计算机科学.2005,32(8):131-133
[10]N.Badler,Animation2000++,IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.2000,20(1);28-29
[11]王兆其.虚拟人合成研究综述.中国科学院研究生院学报.2000,17(2):89-98.
[12]D.Thalmann,Human Modeling and Animation.Eurographics'93 State-of-the-Art Reports.1993
[13]Bapu,S.Evans,pp.Kitka,M.Koma,J.McDaniel.User's Guide for Combiman Programs.1980
[14]E.C.Kingsley,N.A.Schofield,K.Case.SAMMIE-A Computer Aid for Man-Machine Modeling,Computer Graphics.1981,15(3):163-169
[15]黄向阳,尹怡欣,曾广平等.一个基于情感的自主非玩家角色模型.计算机工程.2006,32(19):31-33
[16]David Freeman.Creating Emotion in Games.北京:北京希望电子出版社.2005
[17]Alex J.Champandard.人工智能游戏开发--创造具有学习和反应能力的角色.北京:北京希望电子出版社.2004
[18]史晶晶.虚拟环境下虚拟人感知模型的研究.天津:天津理工大学硕士毕业论文.2007
[19]岳璐璐,岳毅.三维实时漫游系统技术研究.微机发展工程.2004,14(10):88-90
[20]谢明.基于DirectX9.0的3D游戏设计.四川:四川大学工程硕士学位论文.2004
[21]江峰.3D游戏引擎研究与实现.浙江:浙江大学硕士学位论文.2005
[22]李东魁.基于可编程硬件的骨骼蒙皮动画的设计与实现.四川:电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006
[23]Jim Adams.DirectX高级动画制作.四川:重庆大学出版社.2005
[24]吴文国,金小冈,冯结青.三角形渐变动画.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2005,17(7):1615-1619
[25]李睿.具有情感的自主化虚拟人关键技术研究.天津:天津理工大学硕士毕业论 文.2007
[26]刘明.基于模糊逻辑与人工情感的智能控制策略系统.浙江大学硕士毕业论文.2004
[27]许井泉,梅涛.基于有限状态机的宠物机器人行为建模.机电一体化.2006,(6):29-31
[28]徐小良,汪乐宇,周泓.有限状态机的一种实现框架.工程设计学报.2003,10(5):251-255
[29]李凌鹏,孙文.有限状态机在防空作战仿真中的应用.电光与控制.2005,5(12):76-78
[30]朱志伟.基于有限状态机的体育视频比赛类型识别.吉林:吉林大学硕士学位论文.2006
[31]傅钦翠.基于FSM的电力远动规约设计.电力自动化设备.2006,2(26):62-64
[32]Jia Baozhu,Ren Guang,Xiu Zhihong.Fuzzy switching controller for multiple model.Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence(Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science),3613,PART I,Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery:Second International Conference,FSKD 2005.Proceedings.2005:1011-1014
[33]Grantner Janos,Patyra Marek J.Synthesis and analysis of fuzzy logic finite state machine models.IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems.1994,(1):205-210
[34]El-Maleh Aiman,Sait Sadiq M,Khan Faisal Nawaz.Finite state machine state assignment for area and power minimization.Proceedings-IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,ISCAS 2006:2006 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,Proceedings.2006:5303-5306
[35]Rouvellou Isabelle.Hart George W.Inference of a probabilistic finite state machine from its output.IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man and Cybernetics.1995,25(3):424-437
[36]胯少冬,王志良,王莉.基于马尔可夫链的情感计算建模方法.计算机工程.2005,31(5):17-19
[37]Liu Hong,Yin Xia,Wu Jianping.Automatic test generation based on hierarchical finite state machines.Qinghua Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Tsinghua University.2003,43(7):993-996
[38]Alur Rajeev,Yannakakis Mihalis.Model Checking of Hierarchical State Machines.ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems.2001,23(3):273-303
[39]任庆东,赵明辉,李龙.场景模型的建立及快速显示.大庆石油学院学报.2002,26(2):56-59
[40]张威.三维地形模型动态建模研究.中国人民解放军信息工程大学硕士毕业论文.2005
[41]陈健松,徐从富,潘云鹤.基于地形的三维场景绘制方法.计算机工程与应用.2006:31-33
[42]李荣辉.三维建模技术在虚拟现实中应用研究.吉林:大庆石油学院硕士毕业论文.2007
[43]王德才,杨关胜,孙玉萍.精通DirextX 3D图形与动画程序设计.人民邮电出版社.2007
[44]朱晟仁,黄瑞光.有限状态机在动画角色行为中的建模应用.计算机技术与发展.2007,6(17):130-132
[45]刘明.具有情感的智能虚拟主体研究.甘肃:兰州理工大学硕士毕业论文.2004
[46]罗文波,陈幼平,艾武.基于多智能体的供应链管理系统角色建模与设计.计算机工程与应用.2003,(19):227-229
[47]苏绍勇,陈继明,潘金贵.虚拟环境中行为建模技术研究.计算机科学.2007,34(2):270-273