我国老人居住空间环境问题研究
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摘要
我国老龄化情况日趋严重,解决我国众多老年人的养老居住问题,是我们目前必须面临的重要现实问题。由于我国经济水平较低,人口基数大,人口老龄化速度过快以及住房情况紧张等因素,使我国老年人真正实现“老有所居”、“老有所养”的目标,需要进一步规划和设计老年人的居住生活环境。
受我国民族传统观念的影响,与子女居住和生活的观念依然是许多老年人的愿望,家庭养老仍是我国目前主要的养老方式,而且将会长期存在。我国绝大多数老年人的养老基地是在长期居住的小区区域,他们的衣、食、住、用、行等都与居住区域的室内外环境息息相关,但目前我国绝大多数的老年人居住的区域跟不上人口老龄化的发展状况。由于社会和家庭结构的巨大变化,年轻人工作忙碌而紧张,有的子女移居海外,有的子女在外地工作,很难有更多的时间和精力照顾老人,“空巢”家庭也日益增多。因此,研究老年居住空间环境具有普遍性的意义,是社会化发展的必然要求。
本文以老人居住空间环境作为研究对象,通过对国内外老年人居住生活情况进行细致分析调研后,找出当前老人居住空间环境所存在的问题,进行深入的研究,结合老年人的生理、心理和行为特征,从老年人体工程学、环境行为学、城市规划、室内外设计等多领域的相关理论方法入手,根据我国老龄化的现有状态,从国情出发,通过相关设计和技术手段,进一步发展和完善老年居住空间环境,提高老年人的生活质量,发扬我国敬老、爱老的优良传统。
Our country aging situation is day by day serious, solves our country numerous senior citizen's retirement housing problems, is important realistic question which we must face at present. Because our country our country economic level is low, the population base is big, the aging of populations speed is excessively quickly as well as housing situation anxious and so on factors, causes our country senior citizens realize truly“always have occupy”“there is always support”the goal to need the further plan and to design senior citizen's housing living conditions.
Our country's national tradition idea's influence, with the children housing and the life idea was still many old person's desires, the family retirement was still the present our country main retirement way, moreover association president time existence. Our country overwhelming majority senior citizen's retirement base is occupies the plot region in the long-term housing. Their clothes, the food, live, with, the line and the residential district indoor outer ring boundary are closely linked, but the present our country overwhelming majority's senior citizen lives the region cannot follow the aging of populations the development condition. As a result of social and family structure's immense changes, the young people work bustle about, but anxious, some children migrate the overseas, some children in the outside areas work, are very difficult to have more time and the energy look after old person,“the spatial nest”the family also day by day increases. Therefore, the research old age habitable area environment has the universal significance, is the socialized development request inevitably.
This article the habitable area environment takes the object of study by old person, through occupies the living conditions line of careful analysis investigation and study after the domestic and foreign senior citizens, discovers the question which current old person the habitable area environment exists to conduct the thorough research, unifies senior citizen's physiology, psychological and the behavior characteristic minute, from the old age human body engineering, the environment behavior study, the urban planning, the indoor peripheral device counts and so on multi-domains the correlation theories method to obtain, according to our country aging's existing condition, embarks from the national condition, through the related design and the technological means that further develops and the consummation old age habitable area environment, improves senior citizen's quality of life, develops our country to revere elders, to love the old fine tradition.
受我国民族传统观念的影响,与子女居住和生活的观念依然是许多老年人的愿望,家庭养老仍是我国目前主要的养老方式,而且将会长期存在。我国绝大多数老年人的养老基地是在长期居住的小区区域,他们的衣、食、住、用、行等都与居住区域的室内外环境息息相关,但目前我国绝大多数的老年人居住的区域跟不上人口老龄化的发展状况。由于社会和家庭结构的巨大变化,年轻人工作忙碌而紧张,有的子女移居海外,有的子女在外地工作,很难有更多的时间和精力照顾老人,“空巢”家庭也日益增多。因此,研究老年居住空间环境具有普遍性的意义,是社会化发展的必然要求。
本文以老人居住空间环境作为研究对象,通过对国内外老年人居住生活情况进行细致分析调研后,找出当前老人居住空间环境所存在的问题,进行深入的研究,结合老年人的生理、心理和行为特征,从老年人体工程学、环境行为学、城市规划、室内外设计等多领域的相关理论方法入手,根据我国老龄化的现有状态,从国情出发,通过相关设计和技术手段,进一步发展和完善老年居住空间环境,提高老年人的生活质量,发扬我国敬老、爱老的优良传统。
Our country aging situation is day by day serious, solves our country numerous senior citizen's retirement housing problems, is important realistic question which we must face at present. Because our country our country economic level is low, the population base is big, the aging of populations speed is excessively quickly as well as housing situation anxious and so on factors, causes our country senior citizens realize truly“always have occupy”“there is always support”the goal to need the further plan and to design senior citizen's housing living conditions.
Our country's national tradition idea's influence, with the children housing and the life idea was still many old person's desires, the family retirement was still the present our country main retirement way, moreover association president time existence. Our country overwhelming majority senior citizen's retirement base is occupies the plot region in the long-term housing. Their clothes, the food, live, with, the line and the residential district indoor outer ring boundary are closely linked, but the present our country overwhelming majority's senior citizen lives the region cannot follow the aging of populations the development condition. As a result of social and family structure's immense changes, the young people work bustle about, but anxious, some children migrate the overseas, some children in the outside areas work, are very difficult to have more time and the energy look after old person,“the spatial nest”the family also day by day increases. Therefore, the research old age habitable area environment has the universal significance, is the socialized development request inevitably.
This article the habitable area environment takes the object of study by old person, through occupies the living conditions line of careful analysis investigation and study after the domestic and foreign senior citizens, discovers the question which current old person the habitable area environment exists to conduct the thorough research, unifies senior citizen's physiology, psychological and the behavior characteristic minute, from the old age human body engineering, the environment behavior study, the urban planning, the indoor peripheral device counts and so on multi-domains the correlation theories method to obtain, according to our country aging's existing condition, embarks from the national condition, through the related design and the technological means that further develops and the consummation old age habitable area environment, improves senior citizen's quality of life, develops our country to revere elders, to love the old fine tradition.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国2009年国民经济和社会发展统计公报
[2]李彦林主编.养老院老人的心理护理.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社.2000.8 P8
[3]住房和城乡建设部标准定额司.无障碍建设指南.中国建筑工业出版社.2010.3 P19
[4] KOJIOMINO, HIROAKI SHIROTO, AYANO SAITO. Dimensiona l Factors Influencing on Seat Spaciousness Feeling[ J]. Qr of R tr,i 2002, 43( 2): 72-76.P20
[5]亓育岱主编.老人建筑设计图说.山东:山东科学技术出版社2004.01.P21
[6]李彦林主编.养老院老人的心理护理.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社.2000.8
[1]亓育岱主编.老人建筑设计图说.山东:山东科学技术出版社2004.01
[2]谭长亮编著.居住空间设计.上海:上海人民美术出版社.2008.2
[3]阿尔文·R·蒂利主编.人体工程学图解——设计中的人体因素.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1998.6
[4]丁玉兰著.人机工程学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社2005年1月1日
[5]何新闻编著.室内设计材料的表现与应用.湖南:湖南科学技术出版社.2004.8
[6]美国建筑师学会编.老年公寓和养老院设计指南.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2004.5
[7]李彦林主编.养老院老人的心理护理.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社.2000.8
[8]高钰、孙耀龙、李新天主编.居住空间室内设计速查手册.北京:机械工业出版社.2009.8
[9]建筑世界株式会社编.设计大典:居住空间.南海公司出版社.2003.1
[10]同济大学刘盛璜编著.人体工程学与室内设计.中国建筑工业出版社.2006.8
[11]重庆大学朱昌廉主编.住宅建筑设计原理.中国建筑工业出版社.2005.1
[12]住房和城乡建设部标准定额司.无障碍建设指南.中国建筑工业出版社.2010.3
[13]路红、姜书明著.和谐人居—中国城镇小康住宅发展的理想目标.中国建筑工业出版社.2007.9
[14]李道增主编.《环境行为学概论》,北京,清华大学出版社,1999
[15] [美]N.R.霍曼、H.A.基亚克:《社会老年学——多学科展望》,冯韵文、屠敏珠译,北京,社会科学文献出版社,1992
[16] P.赛尔比、M.谢克特主编:《老龄化的2000年——对社会的挑战》,新蔚,黄育馥译,上海,三联书店,1987
[17] [英]乔安娜.柯佩丝蒂克:《家庭照明的选择与利用》,刘清彦译,北京,中国轻工业出版社,2000
[18] S.A.康兹、魏润柏:《人与室内环境》,北京,中国建筑工业出版社,1985
[19]沈克宁、马震平编:《人居相依——怎样设计我们的居住环境》,上海科技教育出版社,2000
[20] [日]长谷川和夫、霜山德尔主编:《老年心理学》,黑龙江人民出版社,1985
[21]胡仁禄、马光:《老年居住环境设计》,江苏,东南大学出版社,1995
[22] L.H.肖丁尼斯基:《声音.人.建筑》,林达悃、李崇理译,北京,中国建筑工业出版社,1985
[2]李彦林主编.养老院老人的心理护理.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社.2000.8 P8
[3]住房和城乡建设部标准定额司.无障碍建设指南.中国建筑工业出版社.2010.3 P19
[4] KOJIOMINO, HIROAKI SHIROTO, AYANO SAITO. Dimensiona l Factors Influencing on Seat Spaciousness Feeling[ J]. Qr of R tr,i 2002, 43( 2): 72-76.P20
[5]亓育岱主编.老人建筑设计图说.山东:山东科学技术出版社2004.01.P21
[6]李彦林主编.养老院老人的心理护理.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社.2000.8
[1]亓育岱主编.老人建筑设计图说.山东:山东科学技术出版社2004.01
[2]谭长亮编著.居住空间设计.上海:上海人民美术出版社.2008.2
[3]阿尔文·R·蒂利主编.人体工程学图解——设计中的人体因素.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1998.6
[4]丁玉兰著.人机工程学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社2005年1月1日
[5]何新闻编著.室内设计材料的表现与应用.湖南:湖南科学技术出版社.2004.8
[6]美国建筑师学会编.老年公寓和养老院设计指南.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2004.5
[7]李彦林主编.养老院老人的心理护理.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社.2000.8
[8]高钰、孙耀龙、李新天主编.居住空间室内设计速查手册.北京:机械工业出版社.2009.8
[9]建筑世界株式会社编.设计大典:居住空间.南海公司出版社.2003.1
[10]同济大学刘盛璜编著.人体工程学与室内设计.中国建筑工业出版社.2006.8
[11]重庆大学朱昌廉主编.住宅建筑设计原理.中国建筑工业出版社.2005.1
[12]住房和城乡建设部标准定额司.无障碍建设指南.中国建筑工业出版社.2010.3
[13]路红、姜书明著.和谐人居—中国城镇小康住宅发展的理想目标.中国建筑工业出版社.2007.9
[14]李道增主编.《环境行为学概论》,北京,清华大学出版社,1999
[15] [美]N.R.霍曼、H.A.基亚克:《社会老年学——多学科展望》,冯韵文、屠敏珠译,北京,社会科学文献出版社,1992
[16] P.赛尔比、M.谢克特主编:《老龄化的2000年——对社会的挑战》,新蔚,黄育馥译,上海,三联书店,1987
[17] [英]乔安娜.柯佩丝蒂克:《家庭照明的选择与利用》,刘清彦译,北京,中国轻工业出版社,2000
[18] S.A.康兹、魏润柏:《人与室内环境》,北京,中国建筑工业出版社,1985
[19]沈克宁、马震平编:《人居相依——怎样设计我们的居住环境》,上海科技教育出版社,2000
[20] [日]长谷川和夫、霜山德尔主编:《老年心理学》,黑龙江人民出版社,1985
[21]胡仁禄、马光:《老年居住环境设计》,江苏,东南大学出版社,1995
[22] L.H.肖丁尼斯基:《声音.人.建筑》,林达悃、李崇理译,北京,中国建筑工业出版社,1985