跑步训练中基于认知策略而产生的主观努力感觉的比较研究
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摘要
有研究表明在运动过程中所采用的认知策略不同对比赛表现以及运动员自身体验有很重要的影响。本研究试图了解体育教育专业大三学生(n=53, 21-24岁)在不同强度下的短期跑步运动过程中所采用的认知策略与主观努力感觉之间的关系。本研究中被试都具有一定的田径专项训练经验,或在先前所受的教育中经历过田径方面的课程。
本研究的被试是武汉体育学院体育教育专业的学生53名(M=21.50, SD=0.880)。其中大一、大二、大三各6名,共18名进行预实验,剩下的35名进行正式实验,每人均进行小、中、大三组强度的实验。在预实验中主试通过跑台和遥测心率表对大、中、小强度三个的跑速进行设定和监控。在正式实验中,主试对被试分别施于大、中、小三个强度的干预。同时考虑到长期的体育锻炼经验对认知策略的采用有影响,因此对被试的训练经验进行了考察。
结果发现,正式实验当中,小强度时,第一分钟内使用内部分离策略与外部分离策略的被试的RPE有显著差异(sig=.037,a=.05);在小强度第四分钟,使用各种策略之间的RPE有显著差异(sig=0.030)。主要差异表现在内部联结和外部分离两种策略之间(sig=0.017);中强度的第三分钟,内部分离和外部分离之间(sig=0.012)以及外部分离和外部联结策略之间的RPE有显著差异(sig=0.01)。在中强度第四分钟时,内部联结和外部分离之间(sig=0.036)以及外部分离和外部联结之间的RPE值有显著差异(sig=0.015)。在大强度第二分钟,内部分离和内部联结策略之间RPE有显著差异(sig=0.02),同样,外部联结和内部联结之间的RPE(sig=0.04)也具有显著性差异。在大强度第三分钟时,主要在内部分离和外部分离这两种分离策略之间(sig=0.042)以及外部分离和外部联结策略之间的RPE有显著差异(sig=0.009)。整个过程中心率变化均无显著性差异。从这点来说本研究的第二项假设无法成立。
本研究的一个前提假设是被试在低强度时倾向使用外部分离策略,而在高强度时倾向使用内部联结策略。实验后的结果部分验证了这个假设,与以往的研究结论一致。由于本研究实验任务的特点,此研究结论符合先前Masters和Lambert(1989)对马拉松运动员在比赛中报告“联结”的策略为主的研究结论。
在被试应激应对方式风格与认知策略的运用方面,35名被试认知策略的得分与其在《中国运动员应激应对量表》中的四个维度的得分分别进行相关之后,发现注意认知策略的采用与其应激应对方式的运用有一定相关。这个与假设没有呈现一致性,但是可以发现一定的趋势,能够从某些程度上验证最后一条假设。
This study identified subjects' preferred cognitive strategies and examined the effects of a complementary cognitive strategy. Changes in cognitive strategies can improve performances and lessen perceived fatigue during distance activities。The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of associative and dissociative intervention strategies upon perceived exertion in 3 levels of physical load for senior PE student.
53 college students (M=21.50, SD=0.880) were recruited from Physical Education department at Wuhan Institute of Physical Education. One of the 18 was arranged for pilot study. The other was in the experiment. The purpose of pilot study was to set the varying doses of the intensity through treadmill and Cardiotachometer. The results of the intensity was lower intensity 7km/h. moderate intensity 12km/h. high intensity 18km/h .In experiment, we have the participants follow the three intensity and also survey the years of training , because chronic training has positive impacts on cognitive performance.
Interventions applied were derived from Stevinson and Biddle’s (1999) two dimensional coping strategy model. Therefore, the model yields four coping strategy types: internal association, external association, internal dissociation, and external dissociation.
The result discovered, when low-intensity, in the first minute , the RPE yielded significant differences between the associative and dissociative strategy(sig=.037, a=.05); In the fourth minute, low-intensity , RPE between each kind of strategy yielded significant differences (sig=0.030). The main difference displays on the internal association and external dissociation (sig=0.017); The third minute of Medium-intensity, RPE between internal and external dissociation yielded significant differences (sig=0.012),as well as it, RPE has the significant differences between external dissociation and external association (sig=0.01). In the fourth minute, the RPE which is between internal association and external dissociation (sig=0.036) , and between external dissociation and external yielded significant differences (sig=0.015). In the second minute of high-intensity, the RPE between internal dissociation and internal association yielded significant differences (sig=0.02), in the sameway, between external association and internal association ,the RPE(sig=0.04) also has the significance difference. In the third minute of high-intensity, the mainly significant differences was laid on the two kinds of dissociation (sig=0.042),besides, between external dissociation and external association strategy,the RPE yielded significant differences (sig=0.009). In the entire process the heart rates were not have the significance difference. From this this research ,the second and the third supposition was unable to establish.
本研究的被试是武汉体育学院体育教育专业的学生53名(M=21.50, SD=0.880)。其中大一、大二、大三各6名,共18名进行预实验,剩下的35名进行正式实验,每人均进行小、中、大三组强度的实验。在预实验中主试通过跑台和遥测心率表对大、中、小强度三个的跑速进行设定和监控。在正式实验中,主试对被试分别施于大、中、小三个强度的干预。同时考虑到长期的体育锻炼经验对认知策略的采用有影响,因此对被试的训练经验进行了考察。
结果发现,正式实验当中,小强度时,第一分钟内使用内部分离策略与外部分离策略的被试的RPE有显著差异(sig=.037,a=.05);在小强度第四分钟,使用各种策略之间的RPE有显著差异(sig=0.030)。主要差异表现在内部联结和外部分离两种策略之间(sig=0.017);中强度的第三分钟,内部分离和外部分离之间(sig=0.012)以及外部分离和外部联结策略之间的RPE有显著差异(sig=0.01)。在中强度第四分钟时,内部联结和外部分离之间(sig=0.036)以及外部分离和外部联结之间的RPE值有显著差异(sig=0.015)。在大强度第二分钟,内部分离和内部联结策略之间RPE有显著差异(sig=0.02),同样,外部联结和内部联结之间的RPE(sig=0.04)也具有显著性差异。在大强度第三分钟时,主要在内部分离和外部分离这两种分离策略之间(sig=0.042)以及外部分离和外部联结策略之间的RPE有显著差异(sig=0.009)。整个过程中心率变化均无显著性差异。从这点来说本研究的第二项假设无法成立。
本研究的一个前提假设是被试在低强度时倾向使用外部分离策略,而在高强度时倾向使用内部联结策略。实验后的结果部分验证了这个假设,与以往的研究结论一致。由于本研究实验任务的特点,此研究结论符合先前Masters和Lambert(1989)对马拉松运动员在比赛中报告“联结”的策略为主的研究结论。
在被试应激应对方式风格与认知策略的运用方面,35名被试认知策略的得分与其在《中国运动员应激应对量表》中的四个维度的得分分别进行相关之后,发现注意认知策略的采用与其应激应对方式的运用有一定相关。这个与假设没有呈现一致性,但是可以发现一定的趋势,能够从某些程度上验证最后一条假设。
This study identified subjects' preferred cognitive strategies and examined the effects of a complementary cognitive strategy. Changes in cognitive strategies can improve performances and lessen perceived fatigue during distance activities。The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of associative and dissociative intervention strategies upon perceived exertion in 3 levels of physical load for senior PE student.
53 college students (M=21.50, SD=0.880) were recruited from Physical Education department at Wuhan Institute of Physical Education. One of the 18 was arranged for pilot study. The other was in the experiment. The purpose of pilot study was to set the varying doses of the intensity through treadmill and Cardiotachometer. The results of the intensity was lower intensity 7km/h. moderate intensity 12km/h. high intensity 18km/h .In experiment, we have the participants follow the three intensity and also survey the years of training , because chronic training has positive impacts on cognitive performance.
Interventions applied were derived from Stevinson and Biddle’s (1999) two dimensional coping strategy model. Therefore, the model yields four coping strategy types: internal association, external association, internal dissociation, and external dissociation.
The result discovered, when low-intensity, in the first minute , the RPE yielded significant differences between the associative and dissociative strategy(sig=.037, a=.05); In the fourth minute, low-intensity , RPE between each kind of strategy yielded significant differences (sig=0.030). The main difference displays on the internal association and external dissociation (sig=0.017); The third minute of Medium-intensity, RPE between internal and external dissociation yielded significant differences (sig=0.012),as well as it, RPE has the significant differences between external dissociation and external association (sig=0.01). In the fourth minute, the RPE which is between internal association and external dissociation (sig=0.036) , and between external dissociation and external yielded significant differences (sig=0.015). In the second minute of high-intensity, the RPE between internal dissociation and internal association yielded significant differences (sig=0.02), in the sameway, between external association and internal association ,the RPE(sig=0.04) also has the significance difference. In the third minute of high-intensity, the mainly significant differences was laid on the two kinds of dissociation (sig=0.042),besides, between external dissociation and external association strategy,the RPE yielded significant differences (sig=0.009). In the entire process the heart rates were not have the significance difference. From this this research ,the second and the third supposition was unable to establish.
引文
[1]Rejeski,W.J.,&Kenney,E.(1987).Distracting attentional focus from fatigue:Does task complexity make a difference? Journal of Sport Psychology,9,779-783.
[2]Tenebaum,G.(2001).A social-cognitive persperctive of perceived exertion and exertion tolerance.In R.N.Singer,H.Hausenblas,&C.Janelle(Eds.),Handbook of sport psychology (pp.810-820).New York,NY:Wiley.
[3]Morgan,W.P.,&Pollock,M.L.,(1977).Psychologic characterization of the elite distance runner.Annual of the New York Academy of Sciences,301,382-403.
[4]Masters,K.S.,&Lambert,M.J.(1989).The relation between cognitive coping strategies reasons for running, injury,and performance of marathon runners.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,11,161-170.
[5]Weinberg,R.S.(1985).Reationship between self-efficacy and cognitive strategies in enhancing performance.International Journal of Sport Psychology,17,280-292.
[6]Gill,D.L.,&Strom,T.E.,(1985).The effect of attentional focus on performance of an endurance task. International Journal of Sport Psychology,16,217-223.
[7]Spink,K.S.&Longhurst,K.(1986).Cognitive strategies and swimming performance:An exploratory study.Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,18,9-13
[8]Silva,J.M.,&Appelbaum,M.I.(1989).Association-dissociation patterns of United States Olympic Marathon Trial contestants.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 185-192.
[9]Schomer,H.H.(1986).Mental strategies and the perception of effort of marathon ruuners.International Journals of Sport Psychology,17,41-59.
[10]Tammen,V.V.(1996).Elite middle and long distance runners associative/dissociative coping.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,8,1-8
[11]Connolly,C.T.&Janelle,C.M.(2003) Attentioanl strategies in rowing:performance, Perceived exertion, and gender considerations. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15:195-212.
[12]Saintsing,D.E.,Richman,C,L.,&Bergey,D.B.(1988).Effects of three cognitive strategies on long-distance running.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,26,34-36.
[13]Pennebaker,J.W.,&Lightner,J.M.(1980).Competiton of internal and external information in an exercise setting.Journal of Personlity and Social Psychology,9,66-73.
[14]Fillingim,R.B.,&Fine,M.A.(1986).The effects of internal versus external information processing on symptom perception in an exercising setting.Health Psychology,5,115-123.
[15]Johnson,J.H.,&Siegel,D.S.(1992).Effects of association and dissociation on effort perception.Journal of Sprot Behavior,15,119-129.
[16]Wrisberg,C.A.,Franks,B.D.,Birdwell,M.W.,&High,D.M.(1988).Physiological and psychological responses to exercise with an induced attentional focus.Perceptual and Motor Skill,66,603-616.
[17]Harte,J.L.,&Eifert,G.H.,(1995) The effect of running ,environment,and attentional focus on thletes ’ catecholamine and cortisol levels andmood.Psychophysiology,32,49-54
[18]Schomer,H.H.(1987).Mental Strategy training programme for marathon runners. International Journal of Sport Psychology,18,133-151.
[19]McCaul,K.D.,&Malott,J.M.(1984).Distraction and coping with pain.Psychological Bulletin,95,516-533.
[20]Masters,K.S.,&Ogles,B.M.(1998)Associative and Dissociative Cognitive stretegies in exercise and running:20years later,What do we know? The Sport Psychologist, 12, 253-270.
[21]Stevinson,C.D.,&Biddle,S.J.H.(1998).Cognitive orientations in marathon running and“hitting the wall.”British Journal of Sports Medicine,32,229-235.
[22]钟伯光,姒刚彦,李庆珠,刘皓.“中国运动员应激应对量表”的编制及检验[J].中国运动医学杂志,2004 年 7 月第 23 卷第 4 期,356-362.
[23]Yoo J. Factorial validity of the coping scale for Korean athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 2000,31: 391-404.
[24]Gauvin L & Russel SJ. (1993). Sport-specific and culturally adapted measures in sport and exercise psychology research: Issues and strategies. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphey, L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp.891-900). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
[25]Aldwin CM. Stress coping and development. New York: Guilford, 1994.
[26]Phillips MR & Pearson V.(1996) Coping in Chinese Communities: The need for a new research agends.In M.H.Bond(Ed.), The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press (China) Ltd, 1996. 429-456.
[27]Anshel MH, Williams LRT & K. Cross- cultura and gender differences on coping style in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1997,28, 141-156.
[28]姒刚彦,钟伯光,李庆珠,等. 香港精英运动员的压力管理:访谈研究. 香港康体发展局 2002年度基金课题研究报告(未发表).
[29]Baumeister,R.F.,Muraven,M.,&Tice,D.M.(2000).Ego depletion. A resourse model of volition, self- regulation, and controlled processing. Social Cognition,18,130-150.
[30]Couture,R.T.,Jerome,W.,Tihanyi,J.(1999).Can associative and dissociative strategies affect the swimming performance of recreational swimmers? The Sport Psychologist,13,334-343.
[31]Endler NS & Parker JDA. Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990, 58: 844-854.
[32]Hutchinson,J.C.,Tenenbaum,C.(2007) Attetion focus during physical effort: the mediating role of task intensity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,8,233-245.
[33]Morgan,W.P.,(2001).Psychological factors associated with distance running and the marathon.In D.T.Pedoe(Ed.),Marathon medicine(pp.292-310).London:The Royal Society of Medicine Press Limited.
[34]Okwumabua,T.M.(1985).Psychological and physical contributions to marathon performance:An ecplratory investigation.Journal of Sport Behavior,8,163-171
[35]Scott,L.M.,Scott,D.,Bedic,S.P.&Dowd,J.(1998).The effect of associative and dissociative strategies on rowing ergometer performance..
[36]Stevinson,C.D.,&Biddle,S.J.H.(1999).Cognitive strategies in running:A response to Masters and Ogles(1998).The Sport Psychologist,13,235-236
[37]St Clair Gibson,A.,Lambert,M.I.,&Noakes,T.D.(2001).Neural control of force output during maximal and submaximal exercise.Sports Medicine,31,637-650.
[38]王 甦,王安圣.认知心理学[M].北京大学出版社.1992 年.
[39]姚家新.竞赛心理咨询与心理训练[M].人民体育出版社.1995 年.
[40]杨博民.心理实验纲要[M].北京大学出版社.1989 年.
[41]朱 滢.实验心理学[M].北京大学出版社.2000 年.
[2]Tenebaum,G.(2001).A social-cognitive persperctive of perceived exertion and exertion tolerance.In R.N.Singer,H.Hausenblas,&C.Janelle(Eds.),Handbook of sport psychology (pp.810-820).New York,NY:Wiley.
[3]Morgan,W.P.,&Pollock,M.L.,(1977).Psychologic characterization of the elite distance runner.Annual of the New York Academy of Sciences,301,382-403.
[4]Masters,K.S.,&Lambert,M.J.(1989).The relation between cognitive coping strategies reasons for running, injury,and performance of marathon runners.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,11,161-170.
[5]Weinberg,R.S.(1985).Reationship between self-efficacy and cognitive strategies in enhancing performance.International Journal of Sport Psychology,17,280-292.
[6]Gill,D.L.,&Strom,T.E.,(1985).The effect of attentional focus on performance of an endurance task. International Journal of Sport Psychology,16,217-223.
[7]Spink,K.S.&Longhurst,K.(1986).Cognitive strategies and swimming performance:An exploratory study.Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,18,9-13
[8]Silva,J.M.,&Appelbaum,M.I.(1989).Association-dissociation patterns of United States Olympic Marathon Trial contestants.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 185-192.
[9]Schomer,H.H.(1986).Mental strategies and the perception of effort of marathon ruuners.International Journals of Sport Psychology,17,41-59.
[10]Tammen,V.V.(1996).Elite middle and long distance runners associative/dissociative coping.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,8,1-8
[11]Connolly,C.T.&Janelle,C.M.(2003) Attentioanl strategies in rowing:performance, Perceived exertion, and gender considerations. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15:195-212.
[12]Saintsing,D.E.,Richman,C,L.,&Bergey,D.B.(1988).Effects of three cognitive strategies on long-distance running.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,26,34-36.
[13]Pennebaker,J.W.,&Lightner,J.M.(1980).Competiton of internal and external information in an exercise setting.Journal of Personlity and Social Psychology,9,66-73.
[14]Fillingim,R.B.,&Fine,M.A.(1986).The effects of internal versus external information processing on symptom perception in an exercising setting.Health Psychology,5,115-123.
[15]Johnson,J.H.,&Siegel,D.S.(1992).Effects of association and dissociation on effort perception.Journal of Sprot Behavior,15,119-129.
[16]Wrisberg,C.A.,Franks,B.D.,Birdwell,M.W.,&High,D.M.(1988).Physiological and psychological responses to exercise with an induced attentional focus.Perceptual and Motor Skill,66,603-616.
[17]Harte,J.L.,&Eifert,G.H.,(1995) The effect of running ,environment,and attentional focus on thletes ’ catecholamine and cortisol levels andmood.Psychophysiology,32,49-54
[18]Schomer,H.H.(1987).Mental Strategy training programme for marathon runners. International Journal of Sport Psychology,18,133-151.
[19]McCaul,K.D.,&Malott,J.M.(1984).Distraction and coping with pain.Psychological Bulletin,95,516-533.
[20]Masters,K.S.,&Ogles,B.M.(1998)Associative and Dissociative Cognitive stretegies in exercise and running:20years later,What do we know? The Sport Psychologist, 12, 253-270.
[21]Stevinson,C.D.,&Biddle,S.J.H.(1998).Cognitive orientations in marathon running and“hitting the wall.”British Journal of Sports Medicine,32,229-235.
[22]钟伯光,姒刚彦,李庆珠,刘皓.“中国运动员应激应对量表”的编制及检验[J].中国运动医学杂志,2004 年 7 月第 23 卷第 4 期,356-362.
[23]Yoo J. Factorial validity of the coping scale for Korean athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 2000,31: 391-404.
[24]Gauvin L & Russel SJ. (1993). Sport-specific and culturally adapted measures in sport and exercise psychology research: Issues and strategies. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphey, L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp.891-900). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
[25]Aldwin CM. Stress coping and development. New York: Guilford, 1994.
[26]Phillips MR & Pearson V.(1996) Coping in Chinese Communities: The need for a new research agends.In M.H.Bond(Ed.), The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press (China) Ltd, 1996. 429-456.
[27]Anshel MH, Williams LRT & K. Cross- cultura and gender differences on coping style in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1997,28, 141-156.
[28]姒刚彦,钟伯光,李庆珠,等. 香港精英运动员的压力管理:访谈研究. 香港康体发展局 2002年度基金课题研究报告(未发表).
[29]Baumeister,R.F.,Muraven,M.,&Tice,D.M.(2000).Ego depletion. A resourse model of volition, self- regulation, and controlled processing. Social Cognition,18,130-150.
[30]Couture,R.T.,Jerome,W.,Tihanyi,J.(1999).Can associative and dissociative strategies affect the swimming performance of recreational swimmers? The Sport Psychologist,13,334-343.
[31]Endler NS & Parker JDA. Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990, 58: 844-854.
[32]Hutchinson,J.C.,Tenenbaum,C.(2007) Attetion focus during physical effort: the mediating role of task intensity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,8,233-245.
[33]Morgan,W.P.,(2001).Psychological factors associated with distance running and the marathon.In D.T.Pedoe(Ed.),Marathon medicine(pp.292-310).London:The Royal Society of Medicine Press Limited.
[34]Okwumabua,T.M.(1985).Psychological and physical contributions to marathon performance:An ecplratory investigation.Journal of Sport Behavior,8,163-171
[35]Scott,L.M.,Scott,D.,Bedic,S.P.&Dowd,J.(1998).The effect of associative and dissociative strategies on rowing ergometer performance..
[36]Stevinson,C.D.,&Biddle,S.J.H.(1999).Cognitive strategies in running:A response to Masters and Ogles(1998).The Sport Psychologist,13,235-236
[37]St Clair Gibson,A.,Lambert,M.I.,&Noakes,T.D.(2001).Neural control of force output during maximal and submaximal exercise.Sports Medicine,31,637-650.
[38]王 甦,王安圣.认知心理学[M].北京大学出版社.1992 年.
[39]姚家新.竞赛心理咨询与心理训练[M].人民体育出版社.1995 年.
[40]杨博民.心理实验纲要[M].北京大学出版社.1989 年.
[41]朱 滢.实验心理学[M].北京大学出版社.2000 年.