补充苹果酸对花样游泳运动员做功能力和脑电的影响
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摘要
苹果酸既是三羧酸循环的中间代谢产物，同时又是苹果酸—天冬氨酸穿梭的组成部分，它可以从底物和调节两方面促进机体的能量代谢，提高供能能力，缓解运动疲劳。运动时线粒体中较高的苹果酸水平与维持良好的运动状况有着密切的联系，国内外的研究表明，苹果酸可以提高运动员的无氧阈，增强机体做功能力，同时可以改善心肌的供能，对缓解中枢疲劳和促进身体机能恢复有一定的作用。本实验观察短期连续服用前后，补充苹果酸对花样游泳运动员的做功能力及脑电指标的影响，为运动员和健康人体的服用提供科学依据。
本实验的受试者为从事专项训练3～4年的北京市花样游泳队队员12名，分为两组。实验组补充苹果酸钙，对照组补充钙，每天分2次补充。营养补充共进行12天，在此期间受试者进行正常训练。在服用期开始前和服用期结束后进行机能评定。机能评定分为两部分：(1)有氧、无氧做功能力的评定，以无氧总功率、疲劳指数、心率变化值和血乳酸变化值为评定指标；(2)逐级递增负荷实验前后脑电图的变化情况。以运动前后脑电功率谱变化值和α指数变化值为评定指标。
实验结果显示：(1)补充苹果酸可降低逐级递增负荷实验中的心率反应，加速运动后心率和乳酸恢复；(2)补充苹果酸可降低无氧运动后的即刻心率；(3)补充苹果酸可降低逐级递增负荷实验后C3的δ波谱值增加幅度以及O1和T4的α指数的下降幅度。
综合以上结果，补充苹果酸可以提高运动员的做功能力，对于缓解长时间运动引起的中枢疲劳和促进身体机能的恢复有一定作用。
Malic Acid (MA) is a key metabolite of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and also a part of the malatc-aspartate shuttle. It can accelerate the energy metabolism of organism, improve ihe ability of energy supply, relieve sports fatigue in substratum and adjustment. There is a close relationship between the heavier concentration of MA in mitochondria and maintaining performance during exercise. Present researches indicate that supplying malate can improve athletes' anaerobic threshold (AT) , performance ability and energy supply in myocardial, relieve central fatigue, accelerate recovery. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of supplying MA on the performance ability and EEG of synchronized swimmers, and to provide the scientific basis for the application of MA.
12 synchronized swimmers from Beijing team were divided to two groups, experimental group and control group. Experimental group was supplied with calcium ma'.ate, while control group supplied with calcium (2 administrations daily) . They had undertaken normal training during 12 days of supplement. The organism assessment has been done before and after the supplying, which was divided into two parts: (1) to evaluate the performance ability under the aerobic and hypoxic condition, by means of total power, fatigue index, the value of heart rate and blood lactate variety; (2) to access the changes of EEG before and after increasing progressively exercise, by means of the variety of EEG power spectrum and a exponent.
The results showed that the supplement of MA can: (1) reduce the responce of heart rate during increasing progressively exercise, accelerate recovery of heart rate and blood lactate after exercise; (2) decrease instant heart rate after exercise under hypoxic condition; (3) slow down the increase of 8 spectra power in C3 and the fall of a exponent in O1 and T4.
The results indicate that: supplement of MA can improve the performance ability, relieve central fatigue during prolonged exercise and facilitate body recovery.
本实验的受试者为从事专项训练3～4年的北京市花样游泳队队员12名，分为两组。实验组补充苹果酸钙，对照组补充钙，每天分2次补充。营养补充共进行12天，在此期间受试者进行正常训练。在服用期开始前和服用期结束后进行机能评定。机能评定分为两部分：(1)有氧、无氧做功能力的评定，以无氧总功率、疲劳指数、心率变化值和血乳酸变化值为评定指标；(2)逐级递增负荷实验前后脑电图的变化情况。以运动前后脑电功率谱变化值和α指数变化值为评定指标。
实验结果显示：(1)补充苹果酸可降低逐级递增负荷实验中的心率反应，加速运动后心率和乳酸恢复；(2)补充苹果酸可降低无氧运动后的即刻心率；(3)补充苹果酸可降低逐级递增负荷实验后C3的δ波谱值增加幅度以及O1和T4的α指数的下降幅度。
综合以上结果，补充苹果酸可以提高运动员的做功能力，对于缓解长时间运动引起的中枢疲劳和促进身体机能的恢复有一定作用。
Malic Acid (MA) is a key metabolite of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and also a part of the malatc-aspartate shuttle. It can accelerate the energy metabolism of organism, improve ihe ability of energy supply, relieve sports fatigue in substratum and adjustment. There is a close relationship between the heavier concentration of MA in mitochondria and maintaining performance during exercise. Present researches indicate that supplying malate can improve athletes' anaerobic threshold (AT) , performance ability and energy supply in myocardial, relieve central fatigue, accelerate recovery. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of supplying MA on the performance ability and EEG of synchronized swimmers, and to provide the scientific basis for the application of MA.
12 synchronized swimmers from Beijing team were divided to two groups, experimental group and control group. Experimental group was supplied with calcium ma'.ate, while control group supplied with calcium (2 administrations daily) . They had undertaken normal training during 12 days of supplement. The organism assessment has been done before and after the supplying, which was divided into two parts: (1) to evaluate the performance ability under the aerobic and hypoxic condition, by means of total power, fatigue index, the value of heart rate and blood lactate variety; (2) to access the changes of EEG before and after increasing progressively exercise, by means of the variety of EEG power spectrum and a exponent.
The results showed that the supplement of MA can: (1) reduce the responce of heart rate during increasing progressively exercise, accelerate recovery of heart rate and blood lactate after exercise; (2) decrease instant heart rate after exercise under hypoxic condition; (3) slow down the increase of 8 spectra power in C3 and the fall of a exponent in O1 and T4.
The results indicate that: supplement of MA can improve the performance ability, relieve central fatigue during prolonged exercise and facilitate body recovery.
引文
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[2] 张菊梅，吴清平，周小燕等．L-苹果酸的生理功能及应用前景．微生物学通报．1997：24(2)：116～117
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[4] Guy E et al. Management of Fibromyalgia. J of Nutrition Medicine. 1992: 3: 49～59
[5] Charlene H, Ralf O, P. Rosen et al. Evidence for Succinate production by Reduction of Fumarate during Hypoxia in isolated Adult Rat Heart Cells. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1987:259(2): 527～535
[6] 顾天爵主编．生物化学．第四版．北京：人民卫生出版社．1998
[7] Martin J. Gibala, Dave A. MacLean, Terry E. Graham et al. Anaplcrotic processes in human skeletal muscle during brief dynamic exercise. Journal of physiology. 1997:502(3): 703～713
[8] Martin J. Gibala, Mark A. Tarnopolsky, Terry E. Graham. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in human muscle at rest and during prolonged cycling. American Journal of Physiology (Endocrinology Metabolism).1997:272 (2): E239～E243
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