都市郊县闲置农地多功能开发适宜性评价及实证研究
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摘要
改革开放以来,持续不断的人口向城市和工业集中区域转移造成了各地农村土地闲置现象日趋严重。农地作为稀缺的资源要素,其闲置不仅不能产生经济价值,而且还造成了多种价值的流失。虽然各级政府不断出台各种关于“三农”问题的扶持政策、优惠补贴和技术投入,但是对遏制农村土地的闲置收效甚微,更严峻的现实是当前各级政府普遍关注自身利益的诉求,没有或者不敢真正公布农村土地的闲置数量,造成各地农村土地的闲置现象日趋严峻,人地矛盾冲突加剧。进入后金融危机时代,面对开始回流农村的资本、人才和信息,相关的学术研究几乎没有成功开发闲置农地的研究供借鉴,而且当前中国特色的家庭联产承包责任制和特殊的二元城乡结构体制对闲置农地的开发造成诸多障碍,导致许多地方对闲置农地的不合理开发,不仅造成土地资源的破坏和对农民权益的侵犯,而且带来诸多的社会矛盾和法律问题。在鼓励资本下乡与开展美丽乡村建设的背景下,对闲置农地的多功能开发不仅能保障农民的权益,增加农民收入,促进农村的发展,而且能引导资本、人才和信息合理进入乡村,激活农村经济,使之成为解决城乡共同发展问题一种行之有效的思路。
本文选取福州近郊的闽侯县为研究案例区,通过理论分析和实证研究,围绕都市近郊县闲置农地的多功能开发评价、开发效益和开发模式开展系统的论述,主要的研究结论如下：
首先,当前各地农村土地闲置现状严峻,并且有不断恶化的趋势；农民收入的变化,涉农财政支出的多少,农补贴的增减,自然灾害的发生频率和城乡居民收入差距的加大都会影响农村土地的闲置。
其次,农地的闲置会造成多方面的价值流失。主要包括闲置农地造成的资源浪费,理论地租的无法实现,农村的社会保障和稳定价值的流失,乡村生态文明的消逝,因此,必须从多功能开发的视角建立其保护理论体系。
第三,闽侯县农地闲置造成的价值流失具有较高的开发潜力。闽侯县位于福州的郊区,其地理区位具有较强的优势,周边区域的社会与经济条件也相对成熟,具有强大的农业多功能开发需求,同时区域的农业技术优势与现行的土地管理制度对也是闽侯县农业多功能的一个明显优势,主要的闲置因素来源于农地的数量、质量和适宜性的限制,但是对该县闲置农地多功能开发的整体格局无明显影响。
第四,闲置农地的多功能开发带来巨大的经济效益和社会福利。选取白沙湾休闲农场闲置农地的开发带来的效益增长为典型分析案例,以农场现场调查的问卷和访谈获取的资料为依据,通过TCM(旅游成本分析法)进行分析估算闲置农地多功能开发的效益发现,单纯的闲置没有收益,简单的土地出租的效益约7800元/公顷,进行农业多功能开发后,直接收益为16.7万元/公顷,单位用地净效应增21.4倍,同时还有潜在的更高支付意愿为22.197万元/公顷。根据2012年的利率估算可得其农业多功能开发综合效益为22197万元,单位土地的多功能开发效益为739.9万元/公顷。
第五,从国际的研究经验来分析,日本和加拿大的闲置农地开发的经验以及美国棕色地块整理与开发的做法可以为闽侯闲置农地的开发提供相关的借鉴。当前国内关于闲置农地开发的主要模式有家庭农场开发模式,土地股份合作模式,龙头企业运作模式,土地信托模式等。根据闽侯的实际情况,可以重点借鉴土地信托模式和家庭农场发展模式。
第六,针对前文的研究,主要可以从闲置农地开发的市场引导支持体系、政府政策支持体系和技术支持体系三个层面来构建闽侯闲置农地开发的支持体系,通过合理引导经济要素通过符合社会发展趋势与法律要求的形式进入闲置农地的开发领域,同时政府可以搭建相关的平台和提供相应的技术保障对闲置农地进行开发和保护。
With the development of industrialization and urbanization, the land idle phenomenon becomes more and more serious in some rural areas, especially in the long-distance city township.As a scarce resource, its idle can not only create economic value, but also caused the deterioration of cultural and social value loss. Although the government has put a variety of support policy to develp "agriculture issues, rural development issues and peasants issues", such as money and technology supports, it is still useless to prevent rural land idle been expanded. What's more, because the central government wants the local governments to protrect the farmland using in every year, but the current governments generally pay more attention to their own interests. Therefore, they will not promulgate how many lands idle in their area. Facing the capital, personnel and information flowing back into the rural areas, the academic research related to these issues are almost no reference. Meanwhile, the current China characteristics of the household contract responsibility system and the special urban and rural structure of idle land have many obstacles to use Idle land in rural areas. So it has many unreasonable development of idle land in many places. Obviously, it not only caused the destruction of land resources and the rights and interests of farmers, but also brings a lot of social problems and legal issues. In order to deal with these serious problems for idle farmland, the government is beginning to encourage the capital to the countryside and to carry out the beautiful rural construction. The multi-functional development of idle land can not only protect the interests of farmers, increase the income of farmers, rural development, but also can guide the capital, talent and information into the countryside, activate rural economy, solve the common development of urban and rural areas development.
This paper selects the Minhou (a county in Fuzhou) as a case study area. The research of multi-functional development for the idle farmland was finished and the main research contents are as follows:
First, rural land idle situation analysis. Taking Minhou County as a case study area, this part analyses how many idle farmland in Minhou and why these land were idle.
Second, the loss of idle farmland value evaluation by multifunctional agriculture theory. It mainly includes the idle land cause waste of resources, and the economic value, social value, and cultural value loss. Taking Minhou as the empirical case, this part analized the key facts that inpact farmland idle.
Third, suitability evaluation and pattern analysis of idle land multifunctional development. The mainly purpose of this part is to evaluate the ptotential value of idle farmland by the analysis of multi-functional agriculture theory. The paper takes Baisha Town, Hong Wei Town, Zhu Qi Town and Yang Li Town as the empirical analysis region. The suitability evaluation is containing agro-tourism development location, traffic condiction, and resource and market conditions. Finally, the paper summarizes the different styles which can develop agro-tourism for idle land.
Fourth, the benefit of multi-functional agriculture development for idle farmland. In view of this, this part selects Bai Sha Wan Farmland as the case study. It developed idle land by multi-functional way. According to survey of200valid questionnaires and interviews to obtain data, the paper estimated the multifunctional development idle agricultural benefit by the TCM (travel cost method) therey. The study found:idleland created no income; simple land rent efficiency is about7800yuan per ha. For the development of multifunctional agriculture, it has direct income for167000yuan per ha., wchich increased21.4times imcomes. At the same time, there are potentially higher willingness to pay for221970yuan per ha.. According to current interest rates, it can estimate that the multi functionality of agriculture comprehensive development benefit is221970000yuan for Bai Sha Wan Farmland, so the multifunctional development benefit unit of land is7399000yuan per ha.. Therefore, the development of multifunctional idle land not only improves farmland efficiency but also brings huge social welfare. Multi-functionanl development of idle land is an effective way to explore in the current legal and economic development trend.
Fifth, exploration the modle of multi-functional development for idle land both in China and overseas. It Mainly discusses the existing and possible practice of idle land development model:as the differences between the government guidance mode, the village collective led model, enterprise operation mode, cooperation mode, land trust mode mode and advantages. Meanwhile, the paper discussed the idle land development in Japan, America and Canada.
Sixth, how to built the multi-functional agriculture development for idle farmland by market guidance support system, government policy support system and technological system. It mainly includes the guide rational economic factors through the trend of social development and legal requirements in the form of development, the government in policy formulation related to build investment platform and the technology support system.
本文选取福州近郊的闽侯县为研究案例区,通过理论分析和实证研究,围绕都市近郊县闲置农地的多功能开发评价、开发效益和开发模式开展系统的论述,主要的研究结论如下：
首先,当前各地农村土地闲置现状严峻,并且有不断恶化的趋势；农民收入的变化,涉农财政支出的多少,农补贴的增减,自然灾害的发生频率和城乡居民收入差距的加大都会影响农村土地的闲置。
其次,农地的闲置会造成多方面的价值流失。主要包括闲置农地造成的资源浪费,理论地租的无法实现,农村的社会保障和稳定价值的流失,乡村生态文明的消逝,因此,必须从多功能开发的视角建立其保护理论体系。
第三,闽侯县农地闲置造成的价值流失具有较高的开发潜力。闽侯县位于福州的郊区,其地理区位具有较强的优势,周边区域的社会与经济条件也相对成熟,具有强大的农业多功能开发需求,同时区域的农业技术优势与现行的土地管理制度对也是闽侯县农业多功能的一个明显优势,主要的闲置因素来源于农地的数量、质量和适宜性的限制,但是对该县闲置农地多功能开发的整体格局无明显影响。
第四,闲置农地的多功能开发带来巨大的经济效益和社会福利。选取白沙湾休闲农场闲置农地的开发带来的效益增长为典型分析案例,以农场现场调查的问卷和访谈获取的资料为依据,通过TCM(旅游成本分析法)进行分析估算闲置农地多功能开发的效益发现,单纯的闲置没有收益,简单的土地出租的效益约7800元/公顷,进行农业多功能开发后,直接收益为16.7万元/公顷,单位用地净效应增21.4倍,同时还有潜在的更高支付意愿为22.197万元/公顷。根据2012年的利率估算可得其农业多功能开发综合效益为22197万元,单位土地的多功能开发效益为739.9万元/公顷。
第五,从国际的研究经验来分析,日本和加拿大的闲置农地开发的经验以及美国棕色地块整理与开发的做法可以为闽侯闲置农地的开发提供相关的借鉴。当前国内关于闲置农地开发的主要模式有家庭农场开发模式,土地股份合作模式,龙头企业运作模式,土地信托模式等。根据闽侯的实际情况,可以重点借鉴土地信托模式和家庭农场发展模式。
第六,针对前文的研究,主要可以从闲置农地开发的市场引导支持体系、政府政策支持体系和技术支持体系三个层面来构建闽侯闲置农地开发的支持体系,通过合理引导经济要素通过符合社会发展趋势与法律要求的形式进入闲置农地的开发领域,同时政府可以搭建相关的平台和提供相应的技术保障对闲置农地进行开发和保护。
With the development of industrialization and urbanization, the land idle phenomenon becomes more and more serious in some rural areas, especially in the long-distance city township.As a scarce resource, its idle can not only create economic value, but also caused the deterioration of cultural and social value loss. Although the government has put a variety of support policy to develp "agriculture issues, rural development issues and peasants issues", such as money and technology supports, it is still useless to prevent rural land idle been expanded. What's more, because the central government wants the local governments to protrect the farmland using in every year, but the current governments generally pay more attention to their own interests. Therefore, they will not promulgate how many lands idle in their area. Facing the capital, personnel and information flowing back into the rural areas, the academic research related to these issues are almost no reference. Meanwhile, the current China characteristics of the household contract responsibility system and the special urban and rural structure of idle land have many obstacles to use Idle land in rural areas. So it has many unreasonable development of idle land in many places. Obviously, it not only caused the destruction of land resources and the rights and interests of farmers, but also brings a lot of social problems and legal issues. In order to deal with these serious problems for idle farmland, the government is beginning to encourage the capital to the countryside and to carry out the beautiful rural construction. The multi-functional development of idle land can not only protect the interests of farmers, increase the income of farmers, rural development, but also can guide the capital, talent and information into the countryside, activate rural economy, solve the common development of urban and rural areas development.
This paper selects the Minhou (a county in Fuzhou) as a case study area. The research of multi-functional development for the idle farmland was finished and the main research contents are as follows:
First, rural land idle situation analysis. Taking Minhou County as a case study area, this part analyses how many idle farmland in Minhou and why these land were idle.
Second, the loss of idle farmland value evaluation by multifunctional agriculture theory. It mainly includes the idle land cause waste of resources, and the economic value, social value, and cultural value loss. Taking Minhou as the empirical case, this part analized the key facts that inpact farmland idle.
Third, suitability evaluation and pattern analysis of idle land multifunctional development. The mainly purpose of this part is to evaluate the ptotential value of idle farmland by the analysis of multi-functional agriculture theory. The paper takes Baisha Town, Hong Wei Town, Zhu Qi Town and Yang Li Town as the empirical analysis region. The suitability evaluation is containing agro-tourism development location, traffic condiction, and resource and market conditions. Finally, the paper summarizes the different styles which can develop agro-tourism for idle land.
Fourth, the benefit of multi-functional agriculture development for idle farmland. In view of this, this part selects Bai Sha Wan Farmland as the case study. It developed idle land by multi-functional way. According to survey of200valid questionnaires and interviews to obtain data, the paper estimated the multifunctional development idle agricultural benefit by the TCM (travel cost method) therey. The study found:idleland created no income; simple land rent efficiency is about7800yuan per ha. For the development of multifunctional agriculture, it has direct income for167000yuan per ha., wchich increased21.4times imcomes. At the same time, there are potentially higher willingness to pay for221970yuan per ha.. According to current interest rates, it can estimate that the multi functionality of agriculture comprehensive development benefit is221970000yuan for Bai Sha Wan Farmland, so the multifunctional development benefit unit of land is7399000yuan per ha.. Therefore, the development of multifunctional idle land not only improves farmland efficiency but also brings huge social welfare. Multi-functionanl development of idle land is an effective way to explore in the current legal and economic development trend.
Fifth, exploration the modle of multi-functional development for idle land both in China and overseas. It Mainly discusses the existing and possible practice of idle land development model:as the differences between the government guidance mode, the village collective led model, enterprise operation mode, cooperation mode, land trust mode mode and advantages. Meanwhile, the paper discussed the idle land development in Japan, America and Canada.
Sixth, how to built the multi-functional agriculture development for idle farmland by market guidance support system, government policy support system and technological system. It mainly includes the guide rational economic factors through the trend of social development and legal requirements in the form of development, the government in policy formulation related to build investment platform and the technology support system.
引文
(?) 2013年9月,农行沙县支行为福建沙县夏茂镇益鑫农业专业合作社发放了60万元贷款,这是福建省首笔农村土地信托流转贷款。2013-12-17王永珍、翁敏：农民日报-中国农业新闻网http://www.farmer.com.cn/jjpd/hzs/201312/t20131217_924104.htm
(?) 中华人民共和国财政部.福建财政新闻联播.2012年福州市县级财政收入上新台阶http://www.mof.gov.cn/xinwenlianbo/fujiancaizhengxinxilianbo/201301/t20130111_727776.html
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