生产安全未遂事件管理研究
摘要
当前我国生产安全形势严峻,重特大事故多发,究其背后的原因,在事故发生前都有过事故先兆或存在事故隐患。根据海因里希1：29：300法则,企业要想控制“1”的发生,必须防止生产中“300”的出现,即控制生产中的未遂事件。
本文针对当前生产安全未遂事件说法不一、定义混乱的局面,首先对未遂事件进行了定义,明确了未遂事件的范围、特征及分类方法；并以相关管理理论为依据,阐述未遂事件管理的重要性及可行性；对在调研、访谈、文献查阅和讨论等过程中获得的信息加以整理,分析我国企业未遂事件管理现状、存在的主要困难和问题,并结合中石油、中石化等国有大型企业、部分高危行业和外资企业未遂事件竹理的做法及经验,对解决这些困难和问题提出建议。此外,本研究还结合企业实际研究制定一套企业生产安全未遂事件管理办法,希望能对企业开展此项管理活动提供参考。
生产安全未遂事件的管理包括三个方面内容。即收集未遂事件的信息；从人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态、环境因素和管理缺陷入手分析未遂事件的出现原因；进而制定和采取相应的防范措施。在未遂事件的收集过程中,.要建立畅通的信息沟通系统,及时反馈,并实行激励机制、免责报告制度等方式促进员工及时、准确、全面的上报未遂事件,在未遂事件的处理过程中要按照事故处理过程来对待。最后将有代表性的未遂事件拿到车间、全厂甚至整个集团共享,使全体员工了解控制未遂事件的发生与企业实现安全生产的重要关联性,不断提高预防未遂事件发生的知识和实际能力。
At present the situation of our nation's work safety is very grim, the serious and major accident is so high. After investigation found that it has hidden dangers or accident aura before the accident. According to the Heinrich Rule 1:29:300, If we want to control "1" happen, we must prevent the "300" appearance, Namely, we must control near miss.
In view of the current situation of mess defined about the near miss, At first we define the near miss, specify the scope, characteristic and classification method; According to the relevant management theory, expound the importance of the near miss management and the feasibility. We get the information in the processes of investigation, interview and literature review and discussion, and arrange, analyze our country enterprise management status, the main difficulties and problem of the near miss, Also combined with safety management experience of the China Petrochemical Corporation, Sinopec and other large state-owned enterprises and partial high-risk industries and foreign-capital enterprises and proposes the suggestion. Besides, according to enterprise's status, this research draft a set of enterprise work safety management measures, attempted to provide the reference for enterprise management activities.
The management of work safety near miss including three aspects. At First we need to collect the near miss informations, analyse the cause of the event from the insecure elements of human beings and the insecure status of objects and environmental factors and management deficiency, and take effective measures. During the period of collection, we must build the unimpeded information communication system and feedback timely, and implement incentive mechanism and the disclaimer report to promote the employees to report the near miss timely and accurately. Also we need to treat the near miss just like the accident. At last we take the representative events to share in the workshop, plant or even whole group, to make all the employees understand the importance of safety, and avoid such events.
本文针对当前生产安全未遂事件说法不一、定义混乱的局面,首先对未遂事件进行了定义,明确了未遂事件的范围、特征及分类方法；并以相关管理理论为依据,阐述未遂事件管理的重要性及可行性；对在调研、访谈、文献查阅和讨论等过程中获得的信息加以整理,分析我国企业未遂事件管理现状、存在的主要困难和问题,并结合中石油、中石化等国有大型企业、部分高危行业和外资企业未遂事件竹理的做法及经验,对解决这些困难和问题提出建议。此外,本研究还结合企业实际研究制定一套企业生产安全未遂事件管理办法,希望能对企业开展此项管理活动提供参考。
生产安全未遂事件的管理包括三个方面内容。即收集未遂事件的信息；从人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态、环境因素和管理缺陷入手分析未遂事件的出现原因；进而制定和采取相应的防范措施。在未遂事件的收集过程中,.要建立畅通的信息沟通系统,及时反馈,并实行激励机制、免责报告制度等方式促进员工及时、准确、全面的上报未遂事件,在未遂事件的处理过程中要按照事故处理过程来对待。最后将有代表性的未遂事件拿到车间、全厂甚至整个集团共享,使全体员工了解控制未遂事件的发生与企业实现安全生产的重要关联性,不断提高预防未遂事件发生的知识和实际能力。
At present the situation of our nation's work safety is very grim, the serious and major accident is so high. After investigation found that it has hidden dangers or accident aura before the accident. According to the Heinrich Rule 1:29:300, If we want to control "1" happen, we must prevent the "300" appearance, Namely, we must control near miss.
In view of the current situation of mess defined about the near miss, At first we define the near miss, specify the scope, characteristic and classification method; According to the relevant management theory, expound the importance of the near miss management and the feasibility. We get the information in the processes of investigation, interview and literature review and discussion, and arrange, analyze our country enterprise management status, the main difficulties and problem of the near miss, Also combined with safety management experience of the China Petrochemical Corporation, Sinopec and other large state-owned enterprises and partial high-risk industries and foreign-capital enterprises and proposes the suggestion. Besides, according to enterprise's status, this research draft a set of enterprise work safety management measures, attempted to provide the reference for enterprise management activities.
The management of work safety near miss including three aspects. At First we need to collect the near miss informations, analyse the cause of the event from the insecure elements of human beings and the insecure status of objects and environmental factors and management deficiency, and take effective measures. During the period of collection, we must build the unimpeded information communication system and feedback timely, and implement incentive mechanism and the disclaimer report to promote the employees to report the near miss timely and accurately. Also we need to treat the near miss just like the accident. At last we take the representative events to share in the workshop, plant or even whole group, to make all the employees understand the importance of safety, and avoid such events.
引文
[1]张振华.重视未遂事件管理持续改进安全管理工作[J].安全、健康和环境,2007,7(7)
[2]王大可.“生命至上”更需日常坚守[N].人民日报,2010.4.12
[3]Biases in incident reporting databases:an empirical study in the chemical process industry Tjerk van der Schaaf, Lisette Kanse.Safety Science,42(2004)57-61
[4]Charsley P. Hazard and risk as sessment, Dnv Loss Control Management,1999.4: 5-10
[5]胡云,孙广慧,闵春新.应重视未遂事故的统计管理[J].安全与健康(上半月版)2003,(8)
[6]王伟.以科学的方式提高安全管理水平[J].郑州铁路职业技术学院学报,2004,(04)
[7]庄汝峰.基于安全文化建设的石化企业未遂事件管理研究[D].[硕士学位论文]青岛：青岛科技大学,2010.6.8
[8]张景钢.安全科学发展的三个阶段[J].电力安全技术,2006.10(8)
[9]罗云编著.现代企业安全管理,北京：化学工业出版社,2002.1-8
[10]陈荣峰.要防止未遂事故重复发生[J].工业安全与环保,1991(4)
[11]杨现军,张素玲.发现和消除未遂事件保障装置安全生产——洛阳分公司2006年未遂事件、事故隐患统计分析[J].安全、健康和环境,2007,7(7)
[12]Schaaf T.W.Vander, Near miss Reporting in the chemical chemical process inindustr y, Microelectron Reliab,1995.35(9-10):1233-1243
[13]Wright,Advanced Aviation Safety and Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation Course,Joint Air Traffic Services,2003.8:23-26
[14]James R.Phimister,Ulku Oktem,etc.,Near-Miss incident management in the chemical process industry,Risk Analysis,2003.23 (3):445-460
[15]张晓Near Miss管理分析及其在某公司的管理研究,[学位论文]北京：中国地质大学(北京),2007
[16]U.RITWIK,Risk-based approach to near miss,KUWAIT hydrocarbon processing,20 02.10:14-16
[17]Santos Reyes,Alan N.Beard,Assessing safety management systems,Journal of Loss Prevention in Process Industries,2002.15:77-95
[18]汪元辉.安全系统工程[M].天津大学出版社,2003.8
[19]金龙哲,宋存义.安全科学原理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.7
[20]Simon Jones,Christian Kirchsteiger,Willy Bjerke,The importance of near miss reporint to further improve safety performance,Jounal of loss prevention in the process industries,1999.12:59-67
[21]秦凤竹.美国化工行业未遂事件管理(上)[J].安全、健康和环境,2007,7(7)
[22]王魁.企业安全生产事故隐患的分类分级与认定.中州煤炭,2010,(10)
[23]胡云,孙广慧,闵春新.应重视未遂事故的统计与管理[J].职业安全,2003.2：65
[24]袁大祥,严四海.事故的突变论[J],中国安全科学学报,2003.10(3)：5-7
[25]赵承河.”未遂事故”——一个权威的错误用法[J].现代职业安全,2008,(4)
[26]Linda B.Wright,GA Utrecht,etc.,The use of near miss information in the railway industry:a case study in the Netherlands,ACM International Conference Proceeding Series,Chania,Greece,2005.132:51-56
[27]职业健康安全管理体系,2007.7
[28]Alexander Muermann,Ulku Oktem,The near miss management of operational risk,The Journal of Risk Finance,2002.4 (1):25-26
[29]钟茂华,温丽敏,刘铁民.关于危险源分类与分级探讨,中国安全科学学报,2003.13(6)：18-20
[30]张晓华,张岩,姜学艳.未遂事件管理[J].安全、健康和环境,2007,7(10)：9-10
[31]万木生,陈国华,张晖.安全经济统计学[M].华南理工大学出版社,2008.3
[32]重视未遂事故处理.中国安全生产报,2005
[33]朱建军.对未遂事故的分析与管理[J].煤炭工程,2005(11)：83—84
[34]杨肠.开展未遂事件分级管理提高现场安全可靠性[J].安全、健康和环境,2008,8(2)
[35]杨志华,陈勇.未遂事件分级管理的应用实践,安全、健康和环境,2009.9.10
[36]马建国.浅谈”免责报告制度”对未遂事故管理的补充完善作用[J].宁夏电力,2009,(z1)
[37]栗继祖.安全心理学[M].中国劳动社会保障出版社,2007.8
[38]庄汝峰,张晓华,牟善军,张军.从安全文化角度探讨不安全行为的控制措施[J],安全、健康和环境
[39]毛海峰,郭晓宏,王勇毅.现代安全管理理论与实务[M],北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社,2008
[40]The Institute of Management&Administration,Disaster prevention:How to learn from near misses,Anonymous Contractor's Business Management,2000.10
[41]黄奇峰.认真做好事故统计分析上报工作.地质勘探安全,1999(1)
[42]Davies,J.B.,Wright,L.,Courtney,E.,and Reid H.,Confidential incident reporting on the UK railways:The'CIRAS'System,Cognition,Technology,and Work,2000.2:117-125
[43]Tjerk van der Schaaf,Lisette Kanse,Biases in incident reporting databases:an empirical study in the chemical process industry,Safety Science,2004(42):57-67
[44]胡建华.开展未遂事故报告之我见[J].石油库与加油站,2007,16(3)：12-13
[45]人员伤害及未遂事件报告管理规定.塔里木油田,2007.1
[46]陈增良,胡建华.以人为本共享改善——浙江石油公司有效实施未遂事件管理报告制度[J].安全、健康和环境,2010,10(8)
[47]秦凤竹.美国化工行业未遂事件管理(下)[J].安全、健康和环境,2007,7(10)
[48]马晓亮.从险肇事故谈安全防范措施[J].石油化工安全环保技术,2008,24(4)
[49]Disaster prevention:How to learn from near misses Anonymous. Contractor's Business Management Report,ABI/INFORM Trade&Industry Published monthly by the Institute of Management & Administration.Inc,Oct,2000,10
[2]王大可.“生命至上”更需日常坚守[N].人民日报,2010.4.12
[3]Biases in incident reporting databases:an empirical study in the chemical process industry Tjerk van der Schaaf, Lisette Kanse.Safety Science,42(2004)57-61
[4]Charsley P. Hazard and risk as sessment, Dnv Loss Control Management,1999.4: 5-10
[5]胡云,孙广慧,闵春新.应重视未遂事故的统计管理[J].安全与健康(上半月版)2003,(8)
[6]王伟.以科学的方式提高安全管理水平[J].郑州铁路职业技术学院学报,2004,(04)
[7]庄汝峰.基于安全文化建设的石化企业未遂事件管理研究[D].[硕士学位论文]青岛：青岛科技大学,2010.6.8
[8]张景钢.安全科学发展的三个阶段[J].电力安全技术,2006.10(8)
[9]罗云编著.现代企业安全管理,北京：化学工业出版社,2002.1-8
[10]陈荣峰.要防止未遂事故重复发生[J].工业安全与环保,1991(4)
[11]杨现军,张素玲.发现和消除未遂事件保障装置安全生产——洛阳分公司2006年未遂事件、事故隐患统计分析[J].安全、健康和环境,2007,7(7)
[12]Schaaf T.W.Vander, Near miss Reporting in the chemical chemical process inindustr y, Microelectron Reliab,1995.35(9-10):1233-1243
[13]Wright,Advanced Aviation Safety and Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation Course,Joint Air Traffic Services,2003.8:23-26
[14]James R.Phimister,Ulku Oktem,etc.,Near-Miss incident management in the chemical process industry,Risk Analysis,2003.23 (3):445-460
[15]张晓Near Miss管理分析及其在某公司的管理研究,[学位论文]北京：中国地质大学(北京),2007
[16]U.RITWIK,Risk-based approach to near miss,KUWAIT hydrocarbon processing,20 02.10:14-16
[17]Santos Reyes,Alan N.Beard,Assessing safety management systems,Journal of Loss Prevention in Process Industries,2002.15:77-95
[18]汪元辉.安全系统工程[M].天津大学出版社,2003.8
[19]金龙哲,宋存义.安全科学原理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.7
[20]Simon Jones,Christian Kirchsteiger,Willy Bjerke,The importance of near miss reporint to further improve safety performance,Jounal of loss prevention in the process industries,1999.12:59-67
[21]秦凤竹.美国化工行业未遂事件管理(上)[J].安全、健康和环境,2007,7(7)
[22]王魁.企业安全生产事故隐患的分类分级与认定.中州煤炭,2010,(10)
[23]胡云,孙广慧,闵春新.应重视未遂事故的统计与管理[J].职业安全,2003.2：65
[24]袁大祥,严四海.事故的突变论[J],中国安全科学学报,2003.10(3)：5-7
[25]赵承河.”未遂事故”——一个权威的错误用法[J].现代职业安全,2008,(4)
[26]Linda B.Wright,GA Utrecht,etc.,The use of near miss information in the railway industry:a case study in the Netherlands,ACM International Conference Proceeding Series,Chania,Greece,2005.132:51-56
[27]职业健康安全管理体系,2007.7
[28]Alexander Muermann,Ulku Oktem,The near miss management of operational risk,The Journal of Risk Finance,2002.4 (1):25-26
[29]钟茂华,温丽敏,刘铁民.关于危险源分类与分级探讨,中国安全科学学报,2003.13(6)：18-20
[30]张晓华,张岩,姜学艳.未遂事件管理[J].安全、健康和环境,2007,7(10)：9-10
[31]万木生,陈国华,张晖.安全经济统计学[M].华南理工大学出版社,2008.3
[32]重视未遂事故处理.中国安全生产报,2005
[33]朱建军.对未遂事故的分析与管理[J].煤炭工程,2005(11)：83—84
[34]杨肠.开展未遂事件分级管理提高现场安全可靠性[J].安全、健康和环境,2008,8(2)
[35]杨志华,陈勇.未遂事件分级管理的应用实践,安全、健康和环境,2009.9.10
[36]马建国.浅谈”免责报告制度”对未遂事故管理的补充完善作用[J].宁夏电力,2009,(z1)
[37]栗继祖.安全心理学[M].中国劳动社会保障出版社,2007.8
[38]庄汝峰,张晓华,牟善军,张军.从安全文化角度探讨不安全行为的控制措施[J],安全、健康和环境
[39]毛海峰,郭晓宏,王勇毅.现代安全管理理论与实务[M],北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社,2008
[40]The Institute of Management&Administration,Disaster prevention:How to learn from near misses,Anonymous Contractor's Business Management,2000.10
[41]黄奇峰.认真做好事故统计分析上报工作.地质勘探安全,1999(1)
[42]Davies,J.B.,Wright,L.,Courtney,E.,and Reid H.,Confidential incident reporting on the UK railways:The'CIRAS'System,Cognition,Technology,and Work,2000.2:117-125
[43]Tjerk van der Schaaf,Lisette Kanse,Biases in incident reporting databases:an empirical study in the chemical process industry,Safety Science,2004(42):57-67
[44]胡建华.开展未遂事故报告之我见[J].石油库与加油站,2007,16(3)：12-13
[45]人员伤害及未遂事件报告管理规定.塔里木油田,2007.1
[46]陈增良,胡建华.以人为本共享改善——浙江石油公司有效实施未遂事件管理报告制度[J].安全、健康和环境,2010,10(8)
[47]秦凤竹.美国化工行业未遂事件管理(下)[J].安全、健康和环境,2007,7(10)
[48]马晓亮.从险肇事故谈安全防范措施[J].石油化工安全环保技术,2008,24(4)
[49]Disaster prevention:How to learn from near misses Anonymous. Contractor's Business Management Report,ABI/INFORM Trade&Industry Published monthly by the Institute of Management & Administration.Inc,Oct,2000,10