声呐波束形成鲁棒性及算法研究
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摘要
为了提高声呐基阵系统在复杂多变水声环境中和强干扰背景下对目标信号的检测和参数估计性能，本文根据波束形成技术的最新发展趋势，结合实际的应用环境，分别针对波束形成器在抗基阵模型误差的鲁棒性和抗运动强干扰的鲁棒性两方面，进行了深入系统的理论和实验研究，本文的主要研究内容包括：
1.针对标准Capon波束形成算法对基阵模型误差敏感的缺点，提出了一种基于双因子对角加载的自适应波束形成算法。该算法融合了线性回归模型中的岭估计思想和协方差矩阵修正法中的广义线性组合估计思想，不需要用户指定参数，能够根据阵列接收数据自动确定对角加载因子，因此可以避免因参数设置不当而导致算法性能的下降。数值仿真实验结果验证了新算法的有效性和抗基阵模型误差的鲁棒性。
2.针对现有的一些矢量阵自适应波束形成鲁棒性提升算法只是将标量阵中的算法做了简单移植、以至性能难以达到最优的缺点，提出了一种基于双重范数约束的矢量阵波束形成算法。矢量水听器中的声压传感器和振速传感器在信息拾取方面有着完全不同的物理机理，具有不同的响应模式和噪声特性，对基阵模型误差的敏感程度亦不一致。因此新算法充分考虑了矢量水听器的特点，区别对待声压分量和振速分量，分别给予不同的范数约束值，以便做到按需分配鲁棒性大小。数值仿真实验结果表明，该算法在抗基阵模型误差中的通道幅相误差、阵元位置误差、阵元姿态误差、波束指向误差以及协方差矩阵误差等方面都表现出较强的鲁棒性。
3.针对常规宽带自适应波束形成算法只能在干扰方向上形成窄零陷，对运动强干扰抑制能力有限的缺点，提出了三种具有拓展零陷的宽带波束形成算法，即基于Mailloux思想的宽带波束形成算法、基于Zatman思想的宽带波束形成算法以及基于Chebyshev准则的宽带波束形成算法。前两种算法能够自适应地在干扰方向左右附近生成拓展零陷，后一种算法则需要预先已知干扰的大致方位，才能在该方位左右附近设计拓展零陷，不过利用后一种方法设计出的波束图具有恒定的主瓣宽度，可以避免宽带信号通过波束形成系统后波形出现失真。数值仿真实验结果验证了三种新算法的有效性和抗运动强干扰的鲁棒性。
4.针对利用聚焦波束形成测量声图时运动强干扰源的存在会影响弱目标源检测和定位的问题，提出了一种基于矩阵预滤波的聚焦波束形成算法。该算法利用了远场平面波中带阻矩阵滤波器的设计思想，可在扫面范围内设置多个阻带区，能够抑制这些区域内的运动强干扰。数值仿真实验对比分析了常规聚焦波束形成算法、MVDR聚焦波束形成算法、零点约束权聚焦波束形成算法和新算法之间的性能，结果显示新算法在抗运动强相干干扰方面有着更强的鲁棒性。
The detection and estimation performance of a sonar array system would degrade whenit works in formidable acoustic conditions or there exist strong interferences. To improve theperformace, theoretical and experimental researches on the robustness of beamformers arecarried out according to the latest trends of beamforming technique and the practical acousticsituations. The robustness mentioned in this dissertion is for the array model errors and themoving strong interferences. The key contributions are:
1. For standard Capon beamforming algorithm is sensitive to array model errors, a novelapproach of adptive beamforming based on double factors diagonal loading technology isproposed. This approach combines the idea of ridge estimation in linear regression model andthe idea of general linear combination in covariance matrix estimation, needs no parameterspecified by users, and automatically computes the diagonal loading factors according to thedata received by the array. Numerical simulation results show effectiveness of the proposedapproach and its robustness against the array model errors.
2. Lots of robust adaptivie beamforming algorithms have been designed for the arrays ofomnidirectional sensors. Some of them are migrated straightforwardly to the application ofvector-sensor array but only result in suboptimal performance. To resolve this problem, avector-sensor array adaptive beamforming approach based on double norm constraints ispresented. Vector sensor consists of omnidirectional sensor and particle motion sensor whichhave different response and noise characteristics and are inconsistent in sensitivity to arraymodel errors. According to characteristics of vector sensor, the proposed approach specifiesdifferent values of norm constraint for pressure component and particle velocity component tomeet their own need of robustness. It is can be seen from the numerical simulation results thatthe new approach show its robustness against channel amplitude and phase errors, sensorposition error, sensor attitude errors, beam pointing error and covariance matrix error.
3. For conventional broadband adaptive beamforming algorithms can only provide sharpnulls in the direction of interferences and are lack of robustness against moving stronginterferences, three broadband beamforming approaches with broad nulls are proposed,namely Mailloux-based approach, Zatman-based approach and Chebyshev-criteron-basedapproach. Unlike the first two approaches that can produce adaptively broad nulls arounddirections of interferences, the third approach needs to know approximate directions ofinterferences. But the beam pattern designed with the third approach has a constant width of main lobe which can avoid the distortion of signals after beamforming. Numerical simulationresults show the effectiveness of these three new approaches and their robustness againstmoving strong interferences.
4. Influenced by moving strong interferences, the measurement precision of weak targetsources would decrease in underwater image measurement. A novel approach of near fieldfocused beamforming is proposed. This approach is based on matrix spatial prefilteringtechnology. By using the idea of designing stop-band matrix filter in plane-wave condition,this new approach can set multiple stop-band regions in the scanning area to suppress themoving strong interferences. Comparison of conventional focused beamforming, MVDRfocused beamforming, null-weight focused beamforming and the new approach throughnumerical simulation shows the superior robustness of the new approach against movingstrong coherent interferences.
1.针对标准Capon波束形成算法对基阵模型误差敏感的缺点，提出了一种基于双因子对角加载的自适应波束形成算法。该算法融合了线性回归模型中的岭估计思想和协方差矩阵修正法中的广义线性组合估计思想，不需要用户指定参数，能够根据阵列接收数据自动确定对角加载因子，因此可以避免因参数设置不当而导致算法性能的下降。数值仿真实验结果验证了新算法的有效性和抗基阵模型误差的鲁棒性。
2.针对现有的一些矢量阵自适应波束形成鲁棒性提升算法只是将标量阵中的算法做了简单移植、以至性能难以达到最优的缺点，提出了一种基于双重范数约束的矢量阵波束形成算法。矢量水听器中的声压传感器和振速传感器在信息拾取方面有着完全不同的物理机理，具有不同的响应模式和噪声特性，对基阵模型误差的敏感程度亦不一致。因此新算法充分考虑了矢量水听器的特点，区别对待声压分量和振速分量，分别给予不同的范数约束值，以便做到按需分配鲁棒性大小。数值仿真实验结果表明，该算法在抗基阵模型误差中的通道幅相误差、阵元位置误差、阵元姿态误差、波束指向误差以及协方差矩阵误差等方面都表现出较强的鲁棒性。
3.针对常规宽带自适应波束形成算法只能在干扰方向上形成窄零陷，对运动强干扰抑制能力有限的缺点，提出了三种具有拓展零陷的宽带波束形成算法，即基于Mailloux思想的宽带波束形成算法、基于Zatman思想的宽带波束形成算法以及基于Chebyshev准则的宽带波束形成算法。前两种算法能够自适应地在干扰方向左右附近生成拓展零陷，后一种算法则需要预先已知干扰的大致方位，才能在该方位左右附近设计拓展零陷，不过利用后一种方法设计出的波束图具有恒定的主瓣宽度，可以避免宽带信号通过波束形成系统后波形出现失真。数值仿真实验结果验证了三种新算法的有效性和抗运动强干扰的鲁棒性。
4.针对利用聚焦波束形成测量声图时运动强干扰源的存在会影响弱目标源检测和定位的问题，提出了一种基于矩阵预滤波的聚焦波束形成算法。该算法利用了远场平面波中带阻矩阵滤波器的设计思想，可在扫面范围内设置多个阻带区，能够抑制这些区域内的运动强干扰。数值仿真实验对比分析了常规聚焦波束形成算法、MVDR聚焦波束形成算法、零点约束权聚焦波束形成算法和新算法之间的性能，结果显示新算法在抗运动强相干干扰方面有着更强的鲁棒性。
The detection and estimation performance of a sonar array system would degrade whenit works in formidable acoustic conditions or there exist strong interferences. To improve theperformace, theoretical and experimental researches on the robustness of beamformers arecarried out according to the latest trends of beamforming technique and the practical acousticsituations. The robustness mentioned in this dissertion is for the array model errors and themoving strong interferences. The key contributions are:
1. For standard Capon beamforming algorithm is sensitive to array model errors, a novelapproach of adptive beamforming based on double factors diagonal loading technology isproposed. This approach combines the idea of ridge estimation in linear regression model andthe idea of general linear combination in covariance matrix estimation, needs no parameterspecified by users, and automatically computes the diagonal loading factors according to thedata received by the array. Numerical simulation results show effectiveness of the proposedapproach and its robustness against the array model errors.
2. Lots of robust adaptivie beamforming algorithms have been designed for the arrays ofomnidirectional sensors. Some of them are migrated straightforwardly to the application ofvector-sensor array but only result in suboptimal performance. To resolve this problem, avector-sensor array adaptive beamforming approach based on double norm constraints ispresented. Vector sensor consists of omnidirectional sensor and particle motion sensor whichhave different response and noise characteristics and are inconsistent in sensitivity to arraymodel errors. According to characteristics of vector sensor, the proposed approach specifiesdifferent values of norm constraint for pressure component and particle velocity component tomeet their own need of robustness. It is can be seen from the numerical simulation results thatthe new approach show its robustness against channel amplitude and phase errors, sensorposition error, sensor attitude errors, beam pointing error and covariance matrix error.
3. For conventional broadband adaptive beamforming algorithms can only provide sharpnulls in the direction of interferences and are lack of robustness against moving stronginterferences, three broadband beamforming approaches with broad nulls are proposed,namely Mailloux-based approach, Zatman-based approach and Chebyshev-criteron-basedapproach. Unlike the first two approaches that can produce adaptively broad nulls arounddirections of interferences, the third approach needs to know approximate directions ofinterferences. But the beam pattern designed with the third approach has a constant width of main lobe which can avoid the distortion of signals after beamforming. Numerical simulationresults show the effectiveness of these three new approaches and their robustness againstmoving strong interferences.
4. Influenced by moving strong interferences, the measurement precision of weak targetsources would decrease in underwater image measurement. A novel approach of near fieldfocused beamforming is proposed. This approach is based on matrix spatial prefilteringtechnology. By using the idea of designing stop-band matrix filter in plane-wave condition,this new approach can set multiple stop-band regions in the scanning area to suppress themoving strong interferences. Comparison of conventional focused beamforming, MVDRfocused beamforming, null-weight focused beamforming and the new approach throughnumerical simulation shows the superior robustness of the new approach against movingstrong coherent interferences.
引文
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