论我国民事缺席判决制度的完善
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摘要
随着我国社会主义市场经济建设的发展和改革开放的深入，人口流动加速、纠纷种类的数量剧增、民事诉讼案件急剧增加，对司法的效率和成本都提出了更高的要求。之所以设立缺席判决制度，从民事诉讼原理上讲在于避免诉讼过分迟延、维护诉讼效率、避免造成过高的诉讼成本，从而促进民事纠纷的解决和推动民事活动的繁荣。本文以科学发展观为统领，坚持以人为本的理念，考察了民事缺席审判的概念及其历史演变，对其进行了法理分析，认为缺席判决制度是维护诉讼效率并最终实现程序和实体正义的保障。分析了两种主要的缺席判决模式并对其作了价值评估，考察了西方发达国家和我国台湾地区的缺席判决制度，总结了它们的优势。文章分析了我国现行缺席判决制度的特征、缺陷及其原因，指出职权主义浓厚、立法粗糙和法官行为保守是我国缺席判决制度的基本原因。基于上述分析并结合我国社会发展的实际需要，本文从民事诉讼理念和立法技术上提出完善民事缺席判决制度的建议，认为：首先应当转变民事诉讼理念，确立当事人平等的诉讼原则；其次要确立以一方辩论主义为主、缺席判决主义为辅的制度；第三要完善和细化民事诉讼立法，明确缺席的含义，规范适用缺席判决的法律要件。此外，文章还讨论了缺席判决制度的救济方式，认为应当对缺席判决的上诉理由、再审条件等作科学限制。
People move from here to there frequently, dispute at various styles increased andcivil litigation emerged more and more, according with the context of socialism marketeconomy and reforming and opening. From civil procedure principle, establi shing defaultjudgment is to avoid too much retardation of litigation and maintain efficiency of justice,avoid too high litigation cost, therefore enhance solving of civil dispute and facilitateeconomic communications. This paper insists the scientific developing view and opinionof taking citizen first, discusses definition and its developing history of civil defaultjudgment, analyzes it with jurisprudence, notes that default judgment could guaranteelitigation efficiency and then realize procedural and substantial justice. And then analyzestwo main kind of default judgment and makes a value evaluating, discusses defaultjudgment in Taiwan, China and western developed countries, summarizes theiradvantages. This paper analyzes default judgment in China, weaknesses and theircausations, lists three basic reasons: thick denseness of authority, imperfect legislationand conservational idea of judges. Based on the above analysis and China’s real needs,this paper puts forward recommendations to perfect civil default judgment from theperspectives of civil procedure principle and legislation technique, notes that at first shallchange traditional idea and stick to the principle of“equal parties”, secondly establishesnew system that mainly guided by the one-party adversary system and partially guided bythe default judgment system; thirdly shall perfect civil procedure, justify definition ofabsent, regulate legal conditions of applying default judgment. Further more, this paperdiscusses remedies of default judgment, notes that shall put limiting on appeals and retrialabout cased that default judged.
People move from here to there frequently, dispute at various styles increased andcivil litigation emerged more and more, according with the context of socialism marketeconomy and reforming and opening. From civil procedure principle, establi shing defaultjudgment is to avoid too much retardation of litigation and maintain efficiency of justice,avoid too high litigation cost, therefore enhance solving of civil dispute and facilitateeconomic communications. This paper insists the scientific developing view and opinionof taking citizen first, discusses definition and its developing history of civil defaultjudgment, analyzes it with jurisprudence, notes that default judgment could guaranteelitigation efficiency and then realize procedural and substantial justice. And then analyzestwo main kind of default judgment and makes a value evaluating, discusses defaultjudgment in Taiwan, China and western developed countries, summarizes theiradvantages. This paper analyzes default judgment in China, weaknesses and theircausations, lists three basic reasons: thick denseness of authority, imperfect legislationand conservational idea of judges. Based on the above analysis and China’s real needs,this paper puts forward recommendations to perfect civil default judgment from theperspectives of civil procedure principle and legislation technique, notes that at first shallchange traditional idea and stick to the principle of“equal parties”, secondly establishesnew system that mainly guided by the one-party adversary system and partially guided bythe default judgment system; thirdly shall perfect civil procedure, justify definition ofabsent, regulate legal conditions of applying default judgment. Further more, this paperdiscusses remedies of default judgment, notes that shall put limiting on appeals and retrialabout cased that default judged.
引文
1刘琳.两种缺席判决模式的价值取向——兼谈我国缺席判决制度的完善.甘肃政法学院学报. 2008(1): 133
2胡亚球.民事诉讼制度的理论基础.厦门：厦门大学出版社，2009
3杨建华著.大陆民事诉讼法比较与评析.台北：三民书局.增订版. 1994. 121
4江伟主编.民事诉讼法学原理.北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999. 317
5《最高人民法院关于适用（中华人民共和国民事诉讼法）若干问题的意见》第157、158、162条。
6一方辩论主义模式下，法院视缺席方当事人提供的证据材料和答辩状等诉讼资料为辩论防御，而我国最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》第47条规定未经质证的证据不能作为认定案件事实的依据。在当事人缺席情况下，自然无法进行充分的质证。
7 [日]谷口安平.程序的正义与诉讼.王亚新，刘荣军译.北京：中国政法大学出版社，1996. 52
8朱立龙.论我国缺席判决制度的检讨与重构.法律适用，2007(8): 41
9陈瑞华.走向综合性程序价值理论.中国社会科学，1996，(6)
10陈桂明.程序理念和程序规则.北京：中国法治出版社，1999，2
11张弓.我国缺席判决制度之检讨与重构.人民司法，2001(6)：39
12唐长国，朝艳.民事诉讼参与与实务.北京：清华大学出版社，2008，231
13易萍.缺席的不同情形与缺席审判程序的完善. http://www.civillaw.com.cn/Article/default.asp?id=35201 .访问时间：2009-03-27
14刘琳.两种缺席判决模式的价值取向——兼谈我国缺席判决制度的完善.甘肃政法学院学报，2008（1）
15罗火生.完善我国缺席判决制度之探讨. http://www.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=122600
16张弓.审判实务我国缺席判决制度之检讨和重构.法官论坛》精选集2001年
17参见廖中洪.事缺席裁判制度比较研究.蒙古社会科学(汉文版)，2007(3)：24
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2胡亚球.民事诉讼制度的理论基础.厦门：厦门大学出版社，2009
3杨建华著.大陆民事诉讼法比较与评析.台北：三民书局.增订版. 1994. 121
4江伟主编.民事诉讼法学原理.北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999. 317
5《最高人民法院关于适用（中华人民共和国民事诉讼法）若干问题的意见》第157、158、162条。
6一方辩论主义模式下，法院视缺席方当事人提供的证据材料和答辩状等诉讼资料为辩论防御，而我国最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》第47条规定未经质证的证据不能作为认定案件事实的依据。在当事人缺席情况下，自然无法进行充分的质证。
7 [日]谷口安平.程序的正义与诉讼.王亚新，刘荣军译.北京：中国政法大学出版社，1996. 52
8朱立龙.论我国缺席判决制度的检讨与重构.法律适用，2007(8): 41
9陈瑞华.走向综合性程序价值理论.中国社会科学，1996，(6)
10陈桂明.程序理念和程序规则.北京：中国法治出版社，1999，2
11张弓.我国缺席判决制度之检讨与重构.人民司法，2001(6)：39
12唐长国，朝艳.民事诉讼参与与实务.北京：清华大学出版社，2008，231
13易萍.缺席的不同情形与缺席审判程序的完善. http://www.civillaw.com.cn/Article/default.asp?id=35201 .访问时间：2009-03-27
14刘琳.两种缺席判决模式的价值取向——兼谈我国缺席判决制度的完善.甘肃政法学院学报，2008（1）
15罗火生.完善我国缺席判决制度之探讨. http://www.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=122600
16张弓.审判实务我国缺席判决制度之检讨和重构.法官论坛》精选集2001年
17参见廖中洪.事缺席裁判制度比较研究.蒙古社会科学(汉文版)，2007(3)：24
[1] [日]棚赖孝雄.纠纷的解决与审判制度.王亚新译.北京：中国政法大学出版社，2004
[2] [日]中村宗雄.诉讼法学方法论:中村民事诉讼理论精要.陈刚，段文波译.北京：中国法制出版社，2009
[3] [英]乔罗威茨.民事诉讼程序研究.吴泽勇译.北京:中国政法大学出版社，2007
[4]章武生，吴泽勇.论我国缺席判决制度的改革.政治与法律，2002（5）
[5]杨剑.缺席审判制度正当性原理.湖北社会科学，2007（7）
[6]张永泉.缺席判决与不应诉判决制度探讨.法律适用，2005
[7]刘琳.两种缺席判决模式的价值取向——兼谈我国缺席判决制度的完善.甘肃政法学院学报，2008（1）
[8]旷凌云，肖舟.论我国大陆和台湾地区缺席审判程序之比较.法制与社会，2007（3）
[9]龚春华.论我国民事缺席判决立法例之选择及制度建构.黑龙江教育学院学报，2007（8）
[10]最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》若干问题的意见
[11]朱立龙.论我国缺席判决制度的检讨与重构.法律适用，2007（8）
[12]张弓.审判实务我国缺席判决制度之检讨和重构.见法官论坛精选集. 2001
[13]廖中洪.民事缺席裁判制度比较研究.内蒙古社会科学(汉文版)，2007（3）
[14]章武生.民事简易程序严谨.北京：中国人民大学出版社，2002
[15]胡亚球.民事诉讼制度的理论基础.厦门：厦门大学出版社，2009
[16]左卫民.变革时代的纠纷解决.北京：北京大学出版社，2007
[17]叶自强.民事诉讼法的新发展.北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008
[18]郭翔.民事诉讼法.北京：知识产权出版社，2009
[19]杜新丽.国际民事诉讼与商事仲裁.北京：中国政法大学出版社，2009
[20]赵旭东，董少谋.港澳台民事诉讼法论要.厦门大学出版社，2008
[21]郑厚勇.民事诉讼法学.广州：暨南大学出版社，2009
[22]林晓霞.影视纠纷诉讼之公正解决——民事诉讼程序正义研究.北京：中国电影出版社，2009
[23]陈桂明，刘芝祥.民事诉讼法学.北京：中国人民大学出版社，2009
[24]唐长国，朝艳.民事诉讼参与与实务.北京：清华大学出版社，2008
[25]王琦.民事诉讼审前程序研究.北京：法律出版社，2008
[26]萨仁.论我国民事上诉审制度的完善：[博士学位论文]。北京：对外经济贸易大学，2003.
[27]徐胜萍.民事诉讼简易程序研究：[博士学位论文]。北京：中国政法大学，2003.
[28]杨瑞.缺席判决程序之检讨与构建：[硕士学位论文]。北京：对外经济贸易大学，2003.
[29]王芳.我国缺席判决制度剖析及重构：[硕士学位论文]。苏州：苏州大学，2004
[30]马红娟.缺席审判制度严谨：[硕士学位论文]。重庆：西南政法大学，2005.
[31]周孟炎.民事审判程序严谨：[博士学位论文]。北京：中国政法大学，2005.
[32]陈志辉.透视我国缺席判决制度的缺陷：[硕士学位论文]。苏州：苏州大学，2006
[33]陈先胜.民事诉讼中的缺席审判制度研究：[硕士学位论文]。北京：中国政法大学，2006.
[34]罗火生.完善我国缺席判决制度之探讨. http:// www. Chinacourt org/ public/detail. php?id=122600
[35]易萍.缺席的不同情形与缺席审判程序的完善. http:// www. civillaw.com. cn/Article/default.asp?id=35201
[36]Brian G. McKenna, Alexander I.F. Simpson, John H. Coverdale. What is the role ofprocedural justice in civil commitment?.Australian and New Zealand Journal ofPsychiatry.2001.Volume 34 Issue 4, Pages 671 - 676
[37]Michele Cascardi, Ph.D., Norman G. Poythress, Ph.D. Procedural justice in thecontext of civil commitment: an analogue study. Behavioral Sciences & the Law.2001.Volume 18 Issue 6, Pages 731– 740
[38]Jean E. Wallace, Fiona M. Kay.The professionalism of practising law: A comparisonacross work contexts.Journal of Organizational Behavior.2008.Volume 29, Issue 8，Pages: 1021-1047
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