基于驾驶员工作负荷的公路线形安全性评价
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摘要
我国正处在公路交通高速发展,而交通事故发生频繁、程度严重的历史阶段。在交通安全问题已经得到高度重视,通过对交通系统各个要素进行改善来提高交通安全水平、预防交通事故的发生已经成为共识的前提下,如何科学、有效、全面地使公路交通系统具有更高的安全性能就成为亟待解决和需要不断完善的问题。
我国现行的《公路路线设计规范》是以汽车行驶理论为依据的,虽然某些部分也考虑了人的因素,但那是附属的,零星的,许多是定性的,没有充分体现以人的心理、生理需求为主体的原则,影响驾驶员作出正确的行驶预测和决策。在行车过程中,驾驶员从外界不断获取信息,然后对这些信息进行处理,作出决策,并采取安全的驾驶行为。复杂的道路环境将会给驾驶员提供更多的信息量,然而人的信息处理能力具有上限,因此复杂的道路环境将加重驾驶员工作负荷。
本论文以人类工效学相关理论为基础,通过分析驾驶员的信息处理和工作负荷,强调速度、线形曲率影响驾驶员工作负荷的两个重要因素,推导出速度、线形曲率与驾驶员工作负荷的数学关系式,并用三维图形描述了三者之间的关系。然后通过注意需求分析,选择合适的负荷测量方法和实验路段进行实验测试,结果显示注意需求(工作负荷)与运行速度差ΔV_(85)存在密切的关系。最后结合线形一致性分析中的运行速度差评价标准,继而得出通过评估注意需求(驾驶员工作负荷)进行公路线形安全性评价的标准。从理论上提出了一套基于驾驶员工作负荷的公路线形安全性评价标准,对现行的《公路项目安全性评价指南》具有一定的补充作用。另外,可以为检查事故黑点提供新的科学依据,优化公路设计,保障行车安全。
Our country is be placed in the history stage which high speed development of the high transportation, but traffic accident occur multifarious and severe degree. Have already got a high value in the traffic safety problem, pass to carry on the improvement to raise traffic safety level and prevent from the occurrence of traffic accident have already under the premise of consensus become to each main factor of the transportation system, the problem which how scientific, valid, completely make the highway transportation system have higher safe function to become treat to resolve urgently and need a continuously perfect.
The current "highway route design norm" is based on the car drive theories, although some parts also considered the human factor, that is subsidiary, fragmentary, and many of that is qualitative, there is no full embodiment with human of mental, physiological need for the principles of main body, influence on the driver to make correctly drive estimate and policy. In the process of driving car, the driver obtains information continuously from the outside environment, and carries on information processing to make a decision and adopt safety drive behavior. The complicated road environment will provide more amount of information for driver, however the human information processing ability have an upper limit, so the complicated road environment will aggravate the driver workload.
This thesis is based on the related theories of human work efficiency knowledge, by means of analyze of driver information processing and driver workload, emphasize speed and curvature is the important factors which influence on the driver workload, elicit the mathematic equation which relate speed and curvature to driver workload, and using 3D sketch described the relation of the threes. Then analyzed the attention demand, choosed appropriate workload measure method and test road, the result show that the relationship of attention demand(workload) and operating speedΔV_(85) is consanguineous, and combine the evaluation criterion ofΔV_(85) to put forward a set of criterion of highway geometric safety evaluation based on driver workload, and have a certain complement to the current "highway item safety evaluation guidebook". Moreover, it can provide a new scientific basis for checking accident black spot, optimize highway design, guarantee travelling safety.
我国现行的《公路路线设计规范》是以汽车行驶理论为依据的,虽然某些部分也考虑了人的因素,但那是附属的,零星的,许多是定性的,没有充分体现以人的心理、生理需求为主体的原则,影响驾驶员作出正确的行驶预测和决策。在行车过程中,驾驶员从外界不断获取信息,然后对这些信息进行处理,作出决策,并采取安全的驾驶行为。复杂的道路环境将会给驾驶员提供更多的信息量,然而人的信息处理能力具有上限,因此复杂的道路环境将加重驾驶员工作负荷。
本论文以人类工效学相关理论为基础,通过分析驾驶员的信息处理和工作负荷,强调速度、线形曲率影响驾驶员工作负荷的两个重要因素,推导出速度、线形曲率与驾驶员工作负荷的数学关系式,并用三维图形描述了三者之间的关系。然后通过注意需求分析,选择合适的负荷测量方法和实验路段进行实验测试,结果显示注意需求(工作负荷)与运行速度差ΔV_(85)存在密切的关系。最后结合线形一致性分析中的运行速度差评价标准,继而得出通过评估注意需求(驾驶员工作负荷)进行公路线形安全性评价的标准。从理论上提出了一套基于驾驶员工作负荷的公路线形安全性评价标准,对现行的《公路项目安全性评价指南》具有一定的补充作用。另外,可以为检查事故黑点提供新的科学依据,优化公路设计,保障行车安全。
Our country is be placed in the history stage which high speed development of the high transportation, but traffic accident occur multifarious and severe degree. Have already got a high value in the traffic safety problem, pass to carry on the improvement to raise traffic safety level and prevent from the occurrence of traffic accident have already under the premise of consensus become to each main factor of the transportation system, the problem which how scientific, valid, completely make the highway transportation system have higher safe function to become treat to resolve urgently and need a continuously perfect.
The current "highway route design norm" is based on the car drive theories, although some parts also considered the human factor, that is subsidiary, fragmentary, and many of that is qualitative, there is no full embodiment with human of mental, physiological need for the principles of main body, influence on the driver to make correctly drive estimate and policy. In the process of driving car, the driver obtains information continuously from the outside environment, and carries on information processing to make a decision and adopt safety drive behavior. The complicated road environment will provide more amount of information for driver, however the human information processing ability have an upper limit, so the complicated road environment will aggravate the driver workload.
This thesis is based on the related theories of human work efficiency knowledge, by means of analyze of driver information processing and driver workload, emphasize speed and curvature is the important factors which influence on the driver workload, elicit the mathematic equation which relate speed and curvature to driver workload, and using 3D sketch described the relation of the threes. Then analyzed the attention demand, choosed appropriate workload measure method and test road, the result show that the relationship of attention demand(workload) and operating speedΔV_(85) is consanguineous, and combine the evaluation criterion ofΔV_(85) to put forward a set of criterion of highway geometric safety evaluation based on driver workload, and have a certain complement to the current "highway item safety evaluation guidebook". Moreover, it can provide a new scientific basis for checking accident black spot, optimize highway design, guarantee travelling safety.
引文
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[2]郭忠印,方守恩.道路安全工程[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003
[3]公安部交通管理局.我国道路交通事故统计资料汇编(1993-2002)[M]
[4]公安部交通管理局.中国道路交通事故统计公报(2003-2005)[M]
[5](苏)巴布可夫著,景天然译.道路条件与交通安全[M].同济大学出版社,1990,6
[6]A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO),Washington,D.C.,1990
[7]Lamm,R.,Choueiri,E,M.,Psariannos,B.,and Soilemezoglou,G.,A Practical Safety Approach to Highway Geometric Design,International Case Studies:Germany,Greece,Lebanon,and the USA,Presented at the International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design Practices,August 30-September 1,1995,Boston,Massachusetts,U.S.A.
[8]Highway Link Design.Departmental Advice Note TA43/84.Department of Transport,London.United Kingdom.1984
[9]J.S.Bald,W.Durth.Riskanalysis in Road Traffic.Final Report for the Federal Ministry of Transportation,Technical University Darmstadt,1987
[10]郭优等.人因工程学[M].东北大学出版社,2001
[11]乔建刚,荣建,任福田,刘小明.对公路景观的探讨[J].道路交通与安全.2004,(3):34-37
[12]任福田等.论道路交通安全[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2001
[13](苏)巴布可夫著,祁振庆译.道路条件与交通组织[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1983
[14]AASHTO.Strategic Highway Ssfety Plan.http://Safety.transportation.org
[15]W.杜尔博士.景天然编译.联邦德国道路设计[M].人民交通出版社,1987
[16]Garber,N.J.,and R.Gadiraju.Factors Affecting Speed Variance and Its Influence on Accidents.In Transportation Research Record 1213,TRB,National Research Council,Washington,D.C.,1989
[17]Krammes,R.A.Design Speed and Operating Speed in Rural Highway Alignment Design.Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board,Washington,D.C.,1994
[18]Craus,J.,and M.Livneh.Superelevation and Curvature of Horizontal Curves.In Transportation Research Record 685,TRB,National Research Council,Washington,D.C.,1978,pp.7-13
[19]R.Lamm,A.K.Guenther,and E.M.Choueri.Safety Module for Highway Design:Applied Manually or Using CAD.Paper Presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board.Washington,DC.January 1992
[20]McLean,J.R.Driver Speed Behaviour and Rural Road Alignment Design.In Engineering and Control,No.4,1981,pp.208-211
[21]DICK DE WAARD,MAAIKE JESSURUN,FRANK J.J.M.STEYVERS,1995,Effect of road layout and road environment on driving performance,drivers' physiology and road appreciation,Ergonomics,Vol.38 1395-1407
[22]Carol J.Messer,Methodology for Evaluating Geometric Design Consistency,Transportation Research Record,Washington DC,1980
[23]A.J.Friedlund,J.T.Cacioppo.Guidelines for Human Electromyographic Research,Psychophysiology Vol.23,No.5 pp567-589
[24]R.A.Krammes,R.Q.Brackett,M.A.Shaffer,J.L.Ottesen,I.B.Anderson,K.L.Fink,K.M.Collins,O.J.Pendleton,and C.J.Messer.Horizontal Alignment Design Consistency for Rural Two-Lane Highways.FHWA.U.S.Department of Transportation,1994
[25]黄友兰著.心理生理测试技术培训教材[M].2004
[26]刘兆琪著.道路交通安全应用心理学[M].北京:警官教育出版社,1998
[27]金会庆著.驾驶适应性[M].合肥:安徽人民出版社,1995
[28]Bong-Jo Chung,Jae-Beom Park,Ju-Young Kim,Myungsoon Chang,2001,Limit Length Evaluation of Tangent on Freeway according to Driver' s Physiological Response,TRB ID Number:01-3166
[29]NIELS GALLEY,1993,The evaluation of the electrooculogram as a psychophysiological measuring instrument in the driver study of driver behaviour,Ergonomics,Vol.36 1063-1070
[30]潘晓东.人体信息技术在道路几何构造安全性评价中的应用[R].同济大学博士后 研究工作报告,2002
[31]郑柯.基于驾驶员心理生理反应的高速公路线形研究[D].北京:北京工业大学博士学位论文,2003
[32]Road Traffic Authority,Traffic Management Services Program[R].Project Selection Guidelines,Victoria,1998
[33]刘志强,葛如海等编著.道路交通安全工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005
[34]冯桂炎,公路设计交通安全审查手册[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2000
[35]中华人民共和国交通部,公路项目安全性评价指南(JTG/T B05-2004)[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2004
[36]李清波等.道路规划与设计[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2002:135-280
[37]杨化奎,韩付军,杨宏伟等,关于公路线形探讨[J],黑龙江交通科技,2001,5(93):19-20
[38]王武宏,孙逢春等.道路交通系统中驾驶行为理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2001
[39]任福田,刘小明,荣建.交通工程学[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003
[40]张维全,周亦唐,李松青.道路勘测设计[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2002
[41]任福田,刘小明.道路线安全设计[J].中国交通工程,1993,(3)
[42]过秀成.道路交通安全学[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2001
[43]吴立新.双车道公路线形与交通安全的关系研究[D].吉林:吉林大学硕士论文,2006
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