饥饿对星突江鲽幼鱼影响的初步研究
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摘要
星突江鲽(Platichthys stellatus Pallas)是一种广盐、冷温性的珍稀大型鲽科鱼类,目前其养殖范围涉及11省、市,商品鱼已上市销售,价格稳定在60元/公斤,已形成一定产业规模。但是,星突江鲽的形态学、解剖学、营养生理学等方面基础研究的滞后,在一定程度上制约了产业的发展。本文首先对星突江鲽鱼(全长2-43cm,体质量0.0002-2.49kg)形态学、解剖学及肌肉营养成分进行了研究、分析,通过饥饿对星突江鲽幼鱼一些稳定指标的影响,确立一定饥饿时间,再通过改变饥饿时间固定再投喂时间,最终确立全长2.7-3.3cm,体质量0.28-0.32g的幼鱼最佳饥饿再投喂模式,从而为生产上合理投喂提供依据。实验结果如下:
1.对养殖的星突江鲽鱼外部形态、可量可比性状、可数性状和内部结构研究结果表明:(1)外部形态的明显特征在于:背鳍、臀鳍、尾鳍有黑色和黄色相间的条纹;多角星状鳞片,有刺状突起。(2)全长/体长变动范围最小,雌雄间差异也最小,其线性相关性最好。(3)星突江鲽腹鳍鳍条与幽门盲囊数最稳定。(4)牙尖锐,圆锥形;胃大,呈“I”型,肠粗短;1-2枚幽门盲囊。通过比较发现:星突江鲽的外部形态、可量可比性状和内部结构特征均与石鲽相近。
2.星突江鲽鱼肌肉中的营养成分组成与含量的研究发现:星突江鲽肌肉中水分和粗脂肪含量低,蛋白质和灰分含量高;氨基酸种类和含量丰富,必需氨基酸品质优良,且符合理想蛋白源标准;脂肪中多不饱和脂肪酸丰富,特别是含丰富的EPA和DHA。另外,含有丰富的锰、铁、铜、镁等多种人体必需的微量元素,尤其是锰和铁含量高。
3.研究饥饿对星突江鲽幼鱼行为学、形态学、生物化学、组织学的影响。行为学研究结果:50%和100%死亡率分别出现在饥饿23d和30d;形态学研究发现:内脏重与肝肠重、体高分别早于、显著于消化道长度、全长受到饥饿影响;生化结果:饥饿过程中以粗蛋白和脂肪作为能源物质;组织学观察:除管腔变窄外,食道没有明显变化,饥饿使胃肠部皱褶逐渐减少,饥饿10d肠微绒开始脱落,饥饿25d时胃粘膜各层厚度、肠微绒毛及细胞高度均有减少,饥饿30d胃肠部褶皱明显减少且胃肠壁出现断裂,少数存在的褶皱崩散现象,饥饿过程,肝组织逐渐萎缩、崩散疏松,细胞缩小且细胞间隙变大,饥饿10d开始,细胞索紊乱,细胞间隙明显增大,后期脂滴减少。
4.研究了饥饿与再投喂对星突江鲽幼鱼生态学、组织学、消化酶学、生物化学的影响。生态学研究:S15R15 (饥饿15d再投喂15d)组的体重、增重率、特定生长率均显著高于其它组(P<0.05),饲料系数均显著低于其它组(P<0.05),而S10R15组的摄食量显著高于其它组(P<0.05);组织学观察:各模式再投喂后与饥饿时相比胃部皱褶逐渐增多,胃粘膜各层厚度及细胞高度均有增加,其中S15R15组最为明显,S15R15组再投喂后与饥饿时相比前肠部皱褶增多,是唯一可恢复至正常水平的组。各模式再投喂后与饥饿时相比肝组织逐渐变得致密而有序、细胞增大且细胞间隙变小,脂滴增加,其中S15R15恢复最为明显;消化酶活性的研究:再投喂对三种酶活性的影响以S15R15组恢复最佳;生物化学研究:饥饿再投喂后,粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、能值均升高,且S15R15组升高最显著(P<0.05),而水分和灰分含量下降,S15R15组下降最显著(P<0.05)。
综合上述研究,针对全长2.7-3.3cm,体质量0.28-0.32g的星突江鲽幼鱼,饥饿15d再投喂15d(S15R15)组在生态学、组织学、消化酶学、生物化学上的影响均优于其它组,为最佳模式。
As a kind of euryhaline, cold-temperate, precious and large-scale flatfish. Starry flounder(Platichthys stellatus Pallas) is being cultured around 11 provinces and cities at present, the commocial fishes have been marketed 60 yuan per kilogram, a certain industrial scale has been formed. However some basic research fields including morphology, anatomy, physiology of nutrition have fell behind, which restricts development of the industry to some extent. At first in this article we do some research about morphology, anatomy and analyze nutritional complonents of muscle(total length: 2~43 cm,body weight: 0.0002~2.49 kg). Through the influence on some stable intexes from starvation, certain hungry time can be established, ultimately by changing the hungry time from experiments and fixing re-feeding time, we will be sure about the best starvation-re-feeding pattern for juveniles (total length: 2.7~3.3 cm, body weight: 0.28~0.32 kg).then some basis can be provided for feeding reasonably in production.The experimental results are as follows:
(1)We study the external morphology, morphometic characters, meistic characters and internal structure of raised starry flounder.The results indicate: Firstly, the obvious characteristic of external morphology lies in the black-yellow stripes on dorsalfin,analfin and caudalfin as well as the multiangular stellate scales with spinulose gibbosity. Secondly, the variation scope of total length/standard length is minimum and the difference of variations between female and male ones is the least .Thirdly, ventral fin rays and pyloric caeca are the steadiest. Fourthly, the teeth are sharp and conical; the“I”- shape stomach is big; the intestine is wide and short and there are one or two pyloric caecas. By comparison, it is discovered that the characteristics of external morphology, morphometic characters and internal structure of starry flounder are similar with stone flounder .
(2) The results of complement and content of nutritional complonents in muscle of starry flounder tell us that the contents of moisture and crude fat are low while content of crude protein and ash are high, species and contents of amino acids, especially the essential amino acids are rich and live up to the standard of excellent proteins.The polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA are rich.Besides, there are lots of Mn, Fe, Cu and Mg in muscle.and Mn, Fe is richer.
(3)The influence about starvation to juveniles of starry flounder on praxiology, morphology, biochemistry and histology is given out. Praxiology indicates: the mortality rates of 50% and 100% appear separately at 23rd and 30th day of starvation; The morphology research discovered: the effect on starvation to weights of visceral and enterohepatic,body height is separately earier and more obvious than the effect on starvation to digestive tube length and total length in order; Biochemistry discovery: in the process of starvation crude protein and fat are used as energical material; Histology observation: esophaguses do not change obviously expect stricture of lumen, starvation leads to reduction of folds of stomaches and intestines gradually, at 10th day intestine microvillus starts to fall off, at 25th day gastric mucosa thickness, intestine microvillus and cell highth are all reduced, and at 30th day stomach and intestine folds obviously reduce and stomach and intestines wall appears fracture, the minority show phenomenon of collapsing and dispersing. In the course of starvation, liver organization withers gradually, collapses and disperses loosely,cell decreases and intercellular space increases, at 10th day cell ropes disorder and intercellular space increases obviously, later fat drops in cells reduce.
(4)The influence about starvation to juveniles of starry flounder on ecology, histology, biochemistry and zymology is given. Ecology indicates: The weight, GR, SGR of Group S15R15(starvation for 15 days and re-feeding for 15 days) are higher than the other groups obviously (P<0.05)and the FCR is notably lower than other groups (P<0.05). but the food intake of group S10R15 are higher than the other groups obviously (P<0.05). Histology observation: The esophagus in various re-feeding patterns change not obviously, folds of stomaches in various patterns after re-feeding increase gradually in comparision with those in the course of starvation, and gastric mucosa thickness and cell highth have both increased, Group S15R15 is the most obvious one, the folds of foregut department in group S15R15 after re-feeding increase obviously in comparision with those in the course of starvation, which is the only group that can restore to normal level. After re-feeding of various patterns liver organization becomes compactand ordered, cells get big and intercellular space become small, fat drops increase in comparision with those in the course of starvation. Group S15R15 restores obviously; Digestion enzyme activity research: Group S15R15 is the best in research on influence of three kinds of enzyme activity changes caused by starvation (P<0.05); Biochemistry research: After re-feeding, crude protein content, crude fat content, energy value allelevate, and Group S15R15 elevates more obviously than the other groups(P<0.05). But moisture content and ash content drop, Group S15R15 drops more notably (P<0.05), E/P elevates and Group S20R15 elevates more obviously (P<0.05).
Synthesizing the above researches, in view of juveniles of starry flounder(total length 2.7-3.3 cm,body weight 0.28-0.32 g), starvating for 15 days and re-feeding for 15 days surpasses the other groups in ecology, histology, digestive zymology and biochemistry, which is the best pattern.
1.对养殖的星突江鲽鱼外部形态、可量可比性状、可数性状和内部结构研究结果表明:(1)外部形态的明显特征在于:背鳍、臀鳍、尾鳍有黑色和黄色相间的条纹;多角星状鳞片,有刺状突起。(2)全长/体长变动范围最小,雌雄间差异也最小,其线性相关性最好。(3)星突江鲽腹鳍鳍条与幽门盲囊数最稳定。(4)牙尖锐,圆锥形;胃大,呈“I”型,肠粗短;1-2枚幽门盲囊。通过比较发现:星突江鲽的外部形态、可量可比性状和内部结构特征均与石鲽相近。
2.星突江鲽鱼肌肉中的营养成分组成与含量的研究发现:星突江鲽肌肉中水分和粗脂肪含量低,蛋白质和灰分含量高;氨基酸种类和含量丰富,必需氨基酸品质优良,且符合理想蛋白源标准;脂肪中多不饱和脂肪酸丰富,特别是含丰富的EPA和DHA。另外,含有丰富的锰、铁、铜、镁等多种人体必需的微量元素,尤其是锰和铁含量高。
3.研究饥饿对星突江鲽幼鱼行为学、形态学、生物化学、组织学的影响。行为学研究结果:50%和100%死亡率分别出现在饥饿23d和30d;形态学研究发现:内脏重与肝肠重、体高分别早于、显著于消化道长度、全长受到饥饿影响;生化结果:饥饿过程中以粗蛋白和脂肪作为能源物质;组织学观察:除管腔变窄外,食道没有明显变化,饥饿使胃肠部皱褶逐渐减少,饥饿10d肠微绒开始脱落,饥饿25d时胃粘膜各层厚度、肠微绒毛及细胞高度均有减少,饥饿30d胃肠部褶皱明显减少且胃肠壁出现断裂,少数存在的褶皱崩散现象,饥饿过程,肝组织逐渐萎缩、崩散疏松,细胞缩小且细胞间隙变大,饥饿10d开始,细胞索紊乱,细胞间隙明显增大,后期脂滴减少。
4.研究了饥饿与再投喂对星突江鲽幼鱼生态学、组织学、消化酶学、生物化学的影响。生态学研究:S15R15 (饥饿15d再投喂15d)组的体重、增重率、特定生长率均显著高于其它组(P<0.05),饲料系数均显著低于其它组(P<0.05),而S10R15组的摄食量显著高于其它组(P<0.05);组织学观察:各模式再投喂后与饥饿时相比胃部皱褶逐渐增多,胃粘膜各层厚度及细胞高度均有增加,其中S15R15组最为明显,S15R15组再投喂后与饥饿时相比前肠部皱褶增多,是唯一可恢复至正常水平的组。各模式再投喂后与饥饿时相比肝组织逐渐变得致密而有序、细胞增大且细胞间隙变小,脂滴增加,其中S15R15恢复最为明显;消化酶活性的研究:再投喂对三种酶活性的影响以S15R15组恢复最佳;生物化学研究:饥饿再投喂后,粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、能值均升高,且S15R15组升高最显著(P<0.05),而水分和灰分含量下降,S15R15组下降最显著(P<0.05)。
综合上述研究,针对全长2.7-3.3cm,体质量0.28-0.32g的星突江鲽幼鱼,饥饿15d再投喂15d(S15R15)组在生态学、组织学、消化酶学、生物化学上的影响均优于其它组,为最佳模式。
As a kind of euryhaline, cold-temperate, precious and large-scale flatfish. Starry flounder(Platichthys stellatus Pallas) is being cultured around 11 provinces and cities at present, the commocial fishes have been marketed 60 yuan per kilogram, a certain industrial scale has been formed. However some basic research fields including morphology, anatomy, physiology of nutrition have fell behind, which restricts development of the industry to some extent. At first in this article we do some research about morphology, anatomy and analyze nutritional complonents of muscle(total length: 2~43 cm,body weight: 0.0002~2.49 kg). Through the influence on some stable intexes from starvation, certain hungry time can be established, ultimately by changing the hungry time from experiments and fixing re-feeding time, we will be sure about the best starvation-re-feeding pattern for juveniles (total length: 2.7~3.3 cm, body weight: 0.28~0.32 kg).then some basis can be provided for feeding reasonably in production.The experimental results are as follows:
(1)We study the external morphology, morphometic characters, meistic characters and internal structure of raised starry flounder.The results indicate: Firstly, the obvious characteristic of external morphology lies in the black-yellow stripes on dorsalfin,analfin and caudalfin as well as the multiangular stellate scales with spinulose gibbosity. Secondly, the variation scope of total length/standard length is minimum and the difference of variations between female and male ones is the least .Thirdly, ventral fin rays and pyloric caeca are the steadiest. Fourthly, the teeth are sharp and conical; the“I”- shape stomach is big; the intestine is wide and short and there are one or two pyloric caecas. By comparison, it is discovered that the characteristics of external morphology, morphometic characters and internal structure of starry flounder are similar with stone flounder .
(2) The results of complement and content of nutritional complonents in muscle of starry flounder tell us that the contents of moisture and crude fat are low while content of crude protein and ash are high, species and contents of amino acids, especially the essential amino acids are rich and live up to the standard of excellent proteins.The polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA are rich.Besides, there are lots of Mn, Fe, Cu and Mg in muscle.and Mn, Fe is richer.
(3)The influence about starvation to juveniles of starry flounder on praxiology, morphology, biochemistry and histology is given out. Praxiology indicates: the mortality rates of 50% and 100% appear separately at 23rd and 30th day of starvation; The morphology research discovered: the effect on starvation to weights of visceral and enterohepatic,body height is separately earier and more obvious than the effect on starvation to digestive tube length and total length in order; Biochemistry discovery: in the process of starvation crude protein and fat are used as energical material; Histology observation: esophaguses do not change obviously expect stricture of lumen, starvation leads to reduction of folds of stomaches and intestines gradually, at 10th day intestine microvillus starts to fall off, at 25th day gastric mucosa thickness, intestine microvillus and cell highth are all reduced, and at 30th day stomach and intestine folds obviously reduce and stomach and intestines wall appears fracture, the minority show phenomenon of collapsing and dispersing. In the course of starvation, liver organization withers gradually, collapses and disperses loosely,cell decreases and intercellular space increases, at 10th day cell ropes disorder and intercellular space increases obviously, later fat drops in cells reduce.
(4)The influence about starvation to juveniles of starry flounder on ecology, histology, biochemistry and zymology is given. Ecology indicates: The weight, GR, SGR of Group S15R15(starvation for 15 days and re-feeding for 15 days) are higher than the other groups obviously (P<0.05)and the FCR is notably lower than other groups (P<0.05). but the food intake of group S10R15 are higher than the other groups obviously (P<0.05). Histology observation: The esophagus in various re-feeding patterns change not obviously, folds of stomaches in various patterns after re-feeding increase gradually in comparision with those in the course of starvation, and gastric mucosa thickness and cell highth have both increased, Group S15R15 is the most obvious one, the folds of foregut department in group S15R15 after re-feeding increase obviously in comparision with those in the course of starvation, which is the only group that can restore to normal level. After re-feeding of various patterns liver organization becomes compactand ordered, cells get big and intercellular space become small, fat drops increase in comparision with those in the course of starvation. Group S15R15 restores obviously; Digestion enzyme activity research: Group S15R15 is the best in research on influence of three kinds of enzyme activity changes caused by starvation (P<0.05); Biochemistry research: After re-feeding, crude protein content, crude fat content, energy value allelevate, and Group S15R15 elevates more obviously than the other groups(P<0.05). But moisture content and ash content drop, Group S15R15 drops more notably (P<0.05), E/P elevates and Group S20R15 elevates more obviously (P<0.05).
Synthesizing the above researches, in view of juveniles of starry flounder(total length 2.7-3.3 cm,body weight 0.28-0.32 g), starvating for 15 days and re-feeding for 15 days surpasses the other groups in ecology, histology, digestive zymology and biochemistry, which is the best pattern.
引文
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