油脂对鲤鲫鱼生长、血清生化指标及脂质代谢的影响研究
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摘要
脂肪作为能量和必需脂肪酸的来源是鱼类生长的重要营养成分之一,油脂的种类、需要量及对脂质代谢的影响是众多研究者关注的焦点之一。本研究从鲫对不同脂肪源的利用、鲤对油脂的需要量及油脂对蛋白的节约作用三个方面进行了研究。
(1)分别以豆油、菜油、混合油(豆油、菜油=1:1)作为脂肪源,制作3种试验饲料,饲养体重为(27.64±2.29)g的鲫57 d,对试验鱼生长、生物学性状、体成分、血清生化指标进行测定,以综合评价豆油和菜油对鲫(Carassius auratus)的影响并进行比较。结果表明,菜油组和豆油组末重差异不显著,但均显著高于混合油组(P＜0.05);饲料系数、增重率、绝对生长率各组间均无显著差异;菜油组和豆油组内脏指数、肠重指数差异不显著,但均高于混合油组(P＜0.05);菜油组含肉率显著低于混合油组,而肝胰脏指数、肥满度显著高于混合油组(P＜0.05),两者与豆油组均无显著性差异;豆油组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于菜油组;混合油组肌肉粗灰分含量显著高于菜油组(P＜0.05);肌肉水分,粗脂肪、肝胰脏脂肪含量及血清生化指标各组间差异不显著。
(2)为研究不同油脂水平对鲤鱼生长、体组成、生物学性状和血液生化指标的影响,以初始体重为105±5 g的鲤鱼为试验对象,在实用配合饲料中添加不同量的油脂(2%、3%、4%的豆油)饲喂405尾鲤鱼鱼种于网箱中,试验期92 d。实验分三个处理,每处理三个重复,每箱45尾。对鲤鱼鱼种的生长情况,体营养成分组成和血清生化指标进行测定和分析。实验表明,相对生长率、血清总蛋白随着饲料中油脂添加量的增加而增加,且添加量为4%的相对生长率、血清总蛋白、肥满度与添加量为2%的之间差异显著。肝胰脏指数逐渐下降,但不显著;肌肉比率有上升的趋势。
(3)在室内水泥池中,用三种不同蛋白、脂肪的自配饲料和一种商业饲料饲喂67.18g的鲤鱼34 d,探讨油脂对蛋白的节约作用。结果显示,各试验组之间在均体长、末均重和绝对生长率方面无显著性差异,其中41.5/6.0组较其它组高,41.5/6.0组相对生长率显著高于CF(40.76/3.52)组(P＜0.05),而饲料系数相反;41.5/6.0组蛋白质效率显著高于38/9.0和41.5/9.0组;CF(40.76/3.52)组比肠长显著高于41.5/6.0组(P＜0.05),而肝胰脏指数较高,与其它三组差异显著(P＜0.05);肥满度和内脏指数各组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。各组之间肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、肝胰脏水分和粗蛋白差异不显著(P＞0.05)。CF(40.76/3.52)组粗脂肪含量显著低于其它三组(P＜0.05);各组在ALT、AST、ALB、CHOL、TG和GLU方面无显著性差异(P＞0.05),CF(40.76/3.52)组TP含量显著低于其它三组(P＜0.05);BUN中仅41.5/9.0组显著高于CF(40.76/3.52)组(P＜0.05);CF(40.76/3.52)组G6PDH酶活力显著高于其它三组(P＜0.05),MDH酶活力中38/9.0组显著高于其它三组(P＜0.05);LPL酶活力各组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。LXR在41.5/9.0组表达量显著低于38.0/6.0和41.5/6.0组,后两者又显著低于CF(40.76/3.52)组(P＜0.05)。
试验表明,①豆油、菜油单独作为脂肪源对鲫生长、血清生化指标无显著影响,但豆油能够改善鲫的体形,提高鲫的肌肉粗蛋白含量,而两种油脂混合使用则抑制鲫的生长,其原因可能与鲫的消化道发育受到抑制有关。建议生产中使用豆油作为鲫的脂肪源,并避免同时使用豆油和菜油;②日粮中添加3%油脂(日粮脂肪含量为4.4%)可以改善鲤生长,且对鱼体成分、生物学形状和内脏器官无负面影响,建议实用鲤鱼种日粮应添加3%的油脂,使日粮脂肪水平达到4.4%;③鲤饲料中油脂含量在一范围内对蛋白有一定的节约作用,且这一作用与葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶等脂代谢酶活性降低有关;高蛋白、高油脂组通过抑制LXR表达致使脂肪在肝胰脏蓄积,通过提高LXR表达,抑制糖异生。
As a source of essential fatty acids and Energy,fat is one of important nutrients to the growth of fish.Many researches were conducted in oils types,requirement and the factors on lipid metabolism.In this study,Crucian carp use the different sources of fat,Common carp requirements of oil and protein sparing effects of fat were studied.
(1)A feeding trail was conducted for 57 days to evaluate the effects of soybean oil(SO), rapeseed oil(RO) and oil mixture(SO/RO=1:1,MO) on the growth performance,biological characters,body composition and serum biochemical indices of Crucian carp(Carassius auratus).Results showed that final body weight,viscera index and intestines index of SO group and RO had no significant difference(P＞0.05),but all of them significantly higher than MO group(P＜0.05).Feed conversion rate,growth rate and absolute growth rate had no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).The muscle ratio of RO group was significantly lower than MO group(P＜0.05),but the hepatopancreas index and ralative fatness was significantly higher than MO group(P＜0.05),all of them had no difference with SO group. Muscle crude protein content of SO group was significantly higher than that of RO group(P＜0.05),while muscle crude ash content of RO group was significantly lower than MO group(P＜0.05).No significant differences were found in body composition and serum biochemical parameters(P＜0.05).
(2)To investigate the influence of differentiate oil level on growth,body composition, biological character and blood biochemical indicator of carp,a trail was conducted.taking the carp of initial weight of 105±5 g for the trial fish,adding different amounts of oil(2%,3%, 4%soybean oil) to the experiment compound feed and feeding 405 fish in cage for 92 days. The experiment is divided into three treatments,three repeat per treatment,45 fish per cage. Growth,body composition and nutrient composition of serum biochemical parameters of the experiment fish were detect and analysis.The results reveal that relative growth rate(RGR), total serum protein(TSP) increased with increasing of oil added to the feed.RGR,TSP and relative fatness of 4%group is_significant than 2%group.Hepatopancreas index decreased gradually,but not significantly;there is a tendency to rise on muscle ratios,the expression of LXR in 41.5/9.0 group was significantly lower than 38.0/6.0 group and 41.5/6.0 group,the latter two group were also significantly lower than CF(40.76/3.52) group(P＜0.05).
(3)Feed the carp with 67.18 g for 34 days in portland cement pool indoor.Diet was made with three different protein and fat level,the other is a commercial feed.The result showed that there is no significant difference among every groups at average stem length,last average weight and absolute growth rate,and the 41.5/6.0 group is the highest,the relative growth rate of 41.5/6.0 group is significantly higher than CF(40.76/3.52)group(P＜0.05),but feed conversion rate is opposite;the protein efficiency of 41.5/6.0 group is significantly higher than 38/9.0group and 41.5/9.0 group;the long of intestinum in CF(40.76/3.52) is significantly higher than 41.5/6.0 group(P＜0.05),and also hepatopancreas index is significant difference with other there groups(P＜0.05);relative fatness and viscera index among groups had no significant difference(P＞0.05).There is no significant difference among groups in muscle moisture,crude protein,crude fat and hepatopancreas moisture,the content of crude fat in CF(40.76/3.52) is significantly lower than other there groups(P＜0.05);ALT、AST、ALB、CHOL、TG and GLU of every group has no significant difference(P＞0.05),but the content of TP in CF(40.76/3.52) group is significantly lower than other there groups(P＜0.05);about BUN only 41.5/9.0 group was significantly higher than CF(40.76/3.52) group(P＜0.05); G6PDH enzyme activity is significantly higher than other there groups(P＜0.05),MDH enzyme activity in 38/9.0group was significantly higher than other there groups(P＜0.05);LPL enzyme activity had no significant difference among every groups(P＞0.05).
The results show that:①only soybean oil or vegetable oil as fat source on carp growth, serum biochemical markers had no significant influence,but bean oil could improve the body configuration and increase crude protein level of muscle of Crucian carp.Combine two kind oil could restrain the growth of Crucian carp,it may be relate with the inhibition of enteron development of Crucian carp.We suggest to use beam oil as oil ource and avoid to use bean oil and vegetable oil together;②Add 3%oi1(4.4%fat in diet ) to diet will improve the growth of carp,and there is no negative influence on body component,biological character and internal organs,advise to add 3%oil to the diet of carp,and make the fat level of diet reach 4.4%;③The oil content in a certain range can save some protein in the feed of Crucian carp. The founction is related to the activity of lipid metabolism enzyme,such as glucose-6-dehydrogenase,malate dehydrogenase.High level fat and protein can inhibit the expression of LXR,which can promote the caculation of fat in liver.Prompting the expression of LXR can inhibit the gluconeogenesis.
(1)分别以豆油、菜油、混合油(豆油、菜油=1:1)作为脂肪源,制作3种试验饲料,饲养体重为(27.64±2.29)g的鲫57 d,对试验鱼生长、生物学性状、体成分、血清生化指标进行测定,以综合评价豆油和菜油对鲫(Carassius auratus)的影响并进行比较。结果表明,菜油组和豆油组末重差异不显著,但均显著高于混合油组(P＜0.05);饲料系数、增重率、绝对生长率各组间均无显著差异;菜油组和豆油组内脏指数、肠重指数差异不显著,但均高于混合油组(P＜0.05);菜油组含肉率显著低于混合油组,而肝胰脏指数、肥满度显著高于混合油组(P＜0.05),两者与豆油组均无显著性差异;豆油组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于菜油组;混合油组肌肉粗灰分含量显著高于菜油组(P＜0.05);肌肉水分,粗脂肪、肝胰脏脂肪含量及血清生化指标各组间差异不显著。
(2)为研究不同油脂水平对鲤鱼生长、体组成、生物学性状和血液生化指标的影响,以初始体重为105±5 g的鲤鱼为试验对象,在实用配合饲料中添加不同量的油脂(2%、3%、4%的豆油)饲喂405尾鲤鱼鱼种于网箱中,试验期92 d。实验分三个处理,每处理三个重复,每箱45尾。对鲤鱼鱼种的生长情况,体营养成分组成和血清生化指标进行测定和分析。实验表明,相对生长率、血清总蛋白随着饲料中油脂添加量的增加而增加,且添加量为4%的相对生长率、血清总蛋白、肥满度与添加量为2%的之间差异显著。肝胰脏指数逐渐下降,但不显著;肌肉比率有上升的趋势。
(3)在室内水泥池中,用三种不同蛋白、脂肪的自配饲料和一种商业饲料饲喂67.18g的鲤鱼34 d,探讨油脂对蛋白的节约作用。结果显示,各试验组之间在均体长、末均重和绝对生长率方面无显著性差异,其中41.5/6.0组较其它组高,41.5/6.0组相对生长率显著高于CF(40.76/3.52)组(P＜0.05),而饲料系数相反;41.5/6.0组蛋白质效率显著高于38/9.0和41.5/9.0组;CF(40.76/3.52)组比肠长显著高于41.5/6.0组(P＜0.05),而肝胰脏指数较高,与其它三组差异显著(P＜0.05);肥满度和内脏指数各组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。各组之间肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、肝胰脏水分和粗蛋白差异不显著(P＞0.05)。CF(40.76/3.52)组粗脂肪含量显著低于其它三组(P＜0.05);各组在ALT、AST、ALB、CHOL、TG和GLU方面无显著性差异(P＞0.05),CF(40.76/3.52)组TP含量显著低于其它三组(P＜0.05);BUN中仅41.5/9.0组显著高于CF(40.76/3.52)组(P＜0.05);CF(40.76/3.52)组G6PDH酶活力显著高于其它三组(P＜0.05),MDH酶活力中38/9.0组显著高于其它三组(P＜0.05);LPL酶活力各组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。LXR在41.5/9.0组表达量显著低于38.0/6.0和41.5/6.0组,后两者又显著低于CF(40.76/3.52)组(P＜0.05)。
试验表明,①豆油、菜油单独作为脂肪源对鲫生长、血清生化指标无显著影响,但豆油能够改善鲫的体形,提高鲫的肌肉粗蛋白含量,而两种油脂混合使用则抑制鲫的生长,其原因可能与鲫的消化道发育受到抑制有关。建议生产中使用豆油作为鲫的脂肪源,并避免同时使用豆油和菜油;②日粮中添加3%油脂(日粮脂肪含量为4.4%)可以改善鲤生长,且对鱼体成分、生物学形状和内脏器官无负面影响,建议实用鲤鱼种日粮应添加3%的油脂,使日粮脂肪水平达到4.4%;③鲤饲料中油脂含量在一范围内对蛋白有一定的节约作用,且这一作用与葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶等脂代谢酶活性降低有关;高蛋白、高油脂组通过抑制LXR表达致使脂肪在肝胰脏蓄积,通过提高LXR表达,抑制糖异生。
As a source of essential fatty acids and Energy,fat is one of important nutrients to the growth of fish.Many researches were conducted in oils types,requirement and the factors on lipid metabolism.In this study,Crucian carp use the different sources of fat,Common carp requirements of oil and protein sparing effects of fat were studied.
(1)A feeding trail was conducted for 57 days to evaluate the effects of soybean oil(SO), rapeseed oil(RO) and oil mixture(SO/RO=1:1,MO) on the growth performance,biological characters,body composition and serum biochemical indices of Crucian carp(Carassius auratus).Results showed that final body weight,viscera index and intestines index of SO group and RO had no significant difference(P＞0.05),but all of them significantly higher than MO group(P＜0.05).Feed conversion rate,growth rate and absolute growth rate had no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).The muscle ratio of RO group was significantly lower than MO group(P＜0.05),but the hepatopancreas index and ralative fatness was significantly higher than MO group(P＜0.05),all of them had no difference with SO group. Muscle crude protein content of SO group was significantly higher than that of RO group(P＜0.05),while muscle crude ash content of RO group was significantly lower than MO group(P＜0.05).No significant differences were found in body composition and serum biochemical parameters(P＜0.05).
(2)To investigate the influence of differentiate oil level on growth,body composition, biological character and blood biochemical indicator of carp,a trail was conducted.taking the carp of initial weight of 105±5 g for the trial fish,adding different amounts of oil(2%,3%, 4%soybean oil) to the experiment compound feed and feeding 405 fish in cage for 92 days. The experiment is divided into three treatments,three repeat per treatment,45 fish per cage. Growth,body composition and nutrient composition of serum biochemical parameters of the experiment fish were detect and analysis.The results reveal that relative growth rate(RGR), total serum protein(TSP) increased with increasing of oil added to the feed.RGR,TSP and relative fatness of 4%group is_significant than 2%group.Hepatopancreas index decreased gradually,but not significantly;there is a tendency to rise on muscle ratios,the expression of LXR in 41.5/9.0 group was significantly lower than 38.0/6.0 group and 41.5/6.0 group,the latter two group were also significantly lower than CF(40.76/3.52) group(P＜0.05).
(3)Feed the carp with 67.18 g for 34 days in portland cement pool indoor.Diet was made with three different protein and fat level,the other is a commercial feed.The result showed that there is no significant difference among every groups at average stem length,last average weight and absolute growth rate,and the 41.5/6.0 group is the highest,the relative growth rate of 41.5/6.0 group is significantly higher than CF(40.76/3.52)group(P＜0.05),but feed conversion rate is opposite;the protein efficiency of 41.5/6.0 group is significantly higher than 38/9.0group and 41.5/9.0 group;the long of intestinum in CF(40.76/3.52) is significantly higher than 41.5/6.0 group(P＜0.05),and also hepatopancreas index is significant difference with other there groups(P＜0.05);relative fatness and viscera index among groups had no significant difference(P＞0.05).There is no significant difference among groups in muscle moisture,crude protein,crude fat and hepatopancreas moisture,the content of crude fat in CF(40.76/3.52) is significantly lower than other there groups(P＜0.05);ALT、AST、ALB、CHOL、TG and GLU of every group has no significant difference(P＞0.05),but the content of TP in CF(40.76/3.52) group is significantly lower than other there groups(P＜0.05);about BUN only 41.5/9.0 group was significantly higher than CF(40.76/3.52) group(P＜0.05); G6PDH enzyme activity is significantly higher than other there groups(P＜0.05),MDH enzyme activity in 38/9.0group was significantly higher than other there groups(P＜0.05);LPL enzyme activity had no significant difference among every groups(P＞0.05).
The results show that:①only soybean oil or vegetable oil as fat source on carp growth, serum biochemical markers had no significant influence,but bean oil could improve the body configuration and increase crude protein level of muscle of Crucian carp.Combine two kind oil could restrain the growth of Crucian carp,it may be relate with the inhibition of enteron development of Crucian carp.We suggest to use beam oil as oil ource and avoid to use bean oil and vegetable oil together;②Add 3%oi1(4.4%fat in diet ) to diet will improve the growth of carp,and there is no negative influence on body component,biological character and internal organs,advise to add 3%oil to the diet of carp,and make the fat level of diet reach 4.4%;③The oil content in a certain range can save some protein in the feed of Crucian carp. The founction is related to the activity of lipid metabolism enzyme,such as glucose-6-dehydrogenase,malate dehydrogenase.High level fat and protein can inhibit the expression of LXR,which can promote the caculation of fat in liver.Prompting the expression of LXR can inhibit the gluconeogenesis.
引文
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