华北土石山区基于森林植被演替规律的森林健康的研究
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摘要
我国华北土石山区由于多年治理,森林覆盖率不断增加,然而,由于目前该地区森林存在着人工林面积较大,树种单一,中幼林、纯林比例较高,生物多样性较低,碳汇能力较弱等问题,因此,如何按照森林植被演替规律提高森林的健康水平,提高森林的生物多样性和土壤有机碳含量成为该地区面临的新问题。本研究主要是以北京市密云潮关西沟为研究对象,对华北土石山区森林植被演替规律和基于演替规律的群落结构、物种多样性和森林有机碳库等森林植被生态学特性进行研究,在此基础上提出了森林健康评价指标,并对潮关西沟研究区和八达岭森林健康试验示范区森林健康进行了初步评价,提出了八达岭森林健康试验示范区森林健康调控的技术方案,为华北土石山区森林健康经营,发挥森林生态系统的多种服务功能提供理论与技术支持。
本研究采用野外调查和室内实验相结合,定性判断和定量分析相结合,对研究区进行了深入的调查研究,取得了以下主要成果:
(1)经过调查,以吴征镒分类系统为基础,把潮关西沟的天然森林植被划分为3个植被型,17个群落类型。其中,温性针叶林有侧柏林;落叶阔叶林包括栎树林、栎树椴树林、山杨栎树林、黑桦椴树林、榆树椴树林、山杨榆树椴树林、山杨椴树林、臭檀林、栾树林、山杏丁香林和臭椿林;落叶阔叶灌木有荆条酸枣小叶朴灌丛、荆条三裂绣线菊灌丛、三裂绣线菊小叶朴灌丛、荆条酸枣灌丛和平榛灌丛。
在该地区天然植被演替规律分析中,综合分析了封育时间、坡向、侵蚀程度、优势种组成变化、群落内主要树种的更新与枯树情况、以及群落组成树种的种群类型,初步得出的该地区植被演替序列为:白羊草群落→平榛灌丛→绣线菊灌丛→荆条灌丛→山杨林、榆树林→椴树林→黑桦林→栎树林。其中榆树林、椴树林和栎树林的主要优势种为春榆、蒙椴和柞栎。基于演替,分析了森林群落的组成与结构、生物量与土壤有机质变化。结果表明群落群落植被生物量随着演替的进程呈增加趋势,土壤有机质含量先升高后降低。
(2)在多样性研究方面,通过对潮关西沟天然森林植被乔木、灌木和乔灌木的物种多样性进行了研究,结果表明:随着演替的进行,乔灌木的物种多样性并不总是增加的,在后期,多样性呈下降趋势。此外,还研究了该地区天然植被乔灌木的种间联结和生态位,在种对正联结方面,演替优势种中,种间正联结非常显著的有柞栎和蒙椴、柞栎和迎红杜鹃、蒙椴和山杨、蒙椴和白蜡、山杨和白蜡、春榆和
In the rocky mountain area of North of China, forest coverage has increasedcontinuously after soil and water treatment. However, some new problems have appeared.For example, the afforestration area is too large compared with natural forest;planted treespecies are less;proportions of pure forest, and half-mature, sapling forest are too high;forest biodiversity and forest carbon stocking ability are low. Therefore, we have to solvethe new problems in this region about how to improve the level of forest health, forestbiodiversity and forest carbon stocking ability according to forest plant succession rule.In this research, we mainly researched forest succession rule, forest community structure,biodiversity and forest organic carbon in experimental site of the rocky mountain ofNorth of China, and based on them we also brought forward assessment indexes of foresthealth and evaluated the health level forest in experimental site. Then put forwardtechnique plan of control of forest health in Badaling.which will afford theory andtechniques for forest health management and forest ecosystem service function in therocky mountain of North of China.
Combining methods of investigation and experiment, qualitative judgment andquantitative analysis. The results are as follows:
1 Based on Wu Zhengyi plant classification system, the forest vegetations wereclassified into 3 vegetation types and 17 communities. Among them, temperate coniferforests include Form. Platycladus orientalis. Deciduous broadleaved forests include Ass.Qurcus sp, Ass. Qurcus sp.+Tilia sp., Ass Populus davidiana+ Qurcus sp., Ass. Batuladahurica + Tilia sp., Ass. Ulmus japonica+ Tilia sp., Ass. Ulmus japonica+ Populusdavidiana+Tilia sp, Ass. Populus davidiana+Tilia sp., Ass. Evodia daniellii , Ass.Koelreuteria paniculata, Ass. Syringa pekinensis+ Prunus sibirica, Ass. Ailanthusaltissima. Deciduous broadleaved scrubs include Ass. Vitex negundo + Zizyphus jujuba +Celtis bungeana, Ass. Vitex negundo + Spiraea trilobata, Ass. Spiraea trilobata + Celtisbungeana, Ass. Vitex negundo + Zizyphus jujuba and Form. Corylus heterophylla.
Furthermore, through analyzing synthetically region closed type, aspect of slope,degree of soil erosion, changes of dominant species in communities, regeneration anddead trees in different communities and population type, we have gotten the plantcommunity succession sequence in Chaoguanxigou. The result shows that theconsequence of plant community succession is: Form Corylus heterophylla, FormSpiraea trilobata, Form Vitex negundo, Form. Populus davidiana and Form Ulmusjaponica, Form Batula dahurica + Tilia sp., Form Batula dahurica, Form Qurcus sp..Inthe course of plant community succession, the composition of tree species and structure,
community biomass and soil organic matter were analyzed. The results show thatcommunity biomass increase while soil organic matter increase at first then decease atlast period.2 In the aspect of biodiversity of communities, we researched the speciesbiodiversity of tree, shrubs and community that combining trees and shrubs. The resultshows that with succession proceeding, the species diversity increase at first and begindecrease in the last period. The species diversity of trees is higher than the one of naturalscrubs and the species diversity of natural scrubs is higher than the one of plantations.Among dominant species of main succession communities, the interspecific associationsof Qurcus dentata and Batula dahurica, Qurcus dentata and Rhododendronmucronulatum, Tilia mongolica and Populus davidiana, Tilia mongolica and Fraxinussp., Populus davidiana and Fraxinus sp., Ulmus japonica and Syringa pekinensis,Ulmus japonica and Deutzia sp. are obvious. On the other hand, the consequence of nichebreadth of main dominant species is: Vitex negundo> Spiraea trilobata> Tilia mongolica>Qurcus dentata> Ulmus japonica> Populus davidiana> Batula dahurica. Another indexreflecting the relation between species is niche overlap. The value of niche overlap ofTilia mandshurica and Ulmus japonica, Tilia mongolica and Tilia mandshurica, Tiliamongolica and Ulmus japonica in tree pairs are 0.9130, 0.5309, 0.5160, 0.3535 and thesespecies pairs have high niche overlap. The niche overlap between Vitex negundo andZizyphus jujuba, Spiraea trilobata and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Vitex negundo andCeltis bungeana, Myriopnois dioica and Rhododendron mucronulatum are high and theirvalues are 0.9470、0.8955、0.6617、0.6016. The result shows that the species diversityof natural trees is higher than the one of plantations in Badaling.3 Carbon storage of vegetation in communities increase with plant communitysuccession, but the soil organic carbon density increase at the beginning and decrease atlast period of succession. The results of community carbon research have shown that theaverage organic carbon density of different communities is 239.67 t/hm2, the organiccarbon densities of vegetation, litter and soil are 36.06 t/hm2、16.24 t/hm2、187.37 t/hm2and are 15.04%, 6.78%, 78.18% of total organic carbon in communities. The organiccarbon of soil is highest. The average carbon density of vegetations is 36.06t/hm2. Thecarbon density above ground and roots of vegetation are 30.43t/hm2 and 5.63 t/hm2respectively and are 84.39 % , 15.61 % of total vegetation carbon storage. On thecomposition of vegetation carbon storage, the carbon densities of trees, shrubs andgrasses are 24.33 t/hm2, 5.77 t/hm2 and 0.32 t/hm2 respectively and are 79.96%, 18.98%and 1.06% of total vegetation carbon above ground. On the other hand, we also make outthe regression equations of changes of soil total organic carbon and labile organic carbon
with depth and analyze the regulation of roots with different diameter and soil depth.The water-holding capacity of litter, capillary porosity of soil, infiltration ability ofsoil and water holding ability increase at beginning and decrease in the last period ofsuccession. The values of communities that dominant species include Tilia sp. are highest.The runoff yield is in the reverse order comparing with the indexes above.4 Based on analysis of forest succession, biodiversity and organic carbon, the healthstatements were evaluated. Forest health levels were divided into 5, the concept of indexof forest health was put forward and the equation of it was provided. Then, put forwardfive assessment indexes of succession degree, biodiversity, organic carbon, naturalregeneration, hierarchical structure. According to the research results above, theassessment indexes of forest health were sieved out and the simple and practicalstandards of all of them are given and calculate health assessment indexes ofrepresentative community in experimental site. It shows that community average healthindexes are 2.2 and 2.9, health grades are 2 and 3 respectively in Chaoguanxigou andBadaling. Chaoguanxigou's health degree is superior to Badaling's. Through computing,the sequence of health statements of different communities in Chaoguanxigou are Ass.Ulmus japonica+ Tilia sp.> Ass. Syringa pekinensis+ Prunus sibirica> Ass. Ulmusjaponica+ Populus davidiana+Tilia sp> Form. Ailanthus altissima> Ass. Populusdavidiana+Tilia sp., Ass. Batula dahurica + Tilia sp. >Ass. Qurcus sp.> Form.Koelreuteria paniculata >Ass. Evodia daniellii and Ass. Vitex negundo + Zizyphusjujuba> Ass. Spiraea trilobata + Celtis bungeana >Ass. Corylus heterophylla. Thesequence of health statements of different communities in Badaling are Form. Juglansmandshurica > weedtree forest> Ass. Platycladus orientalis+Cotinus coggygriavar.cinerea> Form. Pinus tabulaeformis, Ass. Larix principis-rupprechtii and Ass. Pinustabulaeformis +Acer truncatum > Form. Robania pseudoacacia > Form. Pinus amandi.5 According the forest actuality of experimental site in Badaling, the forest healthcontrol aim which give priority to ecology and society benefit were established. the foresthealth control aim structure were put forward besides of tree compose, biodiversity,organic carbon, forest hierarchy and age structure, forest health grade et. We divided intoforest health control phase and put forward commonly method of forest control.According to practice condition and control aim of forest health in experimental site. Atlast the forest control technological plan of experimental site was made out. Lay afoundation for forest health research in rocky mountain area in North of China.
本研究采用野外调查和室内实验相结合,定性判断和定量分析相结合,对研究区进行了深入的调查研究,取得了以下主要成果:
(1)经过调查,以吴征镒分类系统为基础,把潮关西沟的天然森林植被划分为3个植被型,17个群落类型。其中,温性针叶林有侧柏林;落叶阔叶林包括栎树林、栎树椴树林、山杨栎树林、黑桦椴树林、榆树椴树林、山杨榆树椴树林、山杨椴树林、臭檀林、栾树林、山杏丁香林和臭椿林;落叶阔叶灌木有荆条酸枣小叶朴灌丛、荆条三裂绣线菊灌丛、三裂绣线菊小叶朴灌丛、荆条酸枣灌丛和平榛灌丛。
在该地区天然植被演替规律分析中,综合分析了封育时间、坡向、侵蚀程度、优势种组成变化、群落内主要树种的更新与枯树情况、以及群落组成树种的种群类型,初步得出的该地区植被演替序列为:白羊草群落→平榛灌丛→绣线菊灌丛→荆条灌丛→山杨林、榆树林→椴树林→黑桦林→栎树林。其中榆树林、椴树林和栎树林的主要优势种为春榆、蒙椴和柞栎。基于演替,分析了森林群落的组成与结构、生物量与土壤有机质变化。结果表明群落群落植被生物量随着演替的进程呈增加趋势,土壤有机质含量先升高后降低。
(2)在多样性研究方面,通过对潮关西沟天然森林植被乔木、灌木和乔灌木的物种多样性进行了研究,结果表明:随着演替的进行,乔灌木的物种多样性并不总是增加的,在后期,多样性呈下降趋势。此外,还研究了该地区天然植被乔灌木的种间联结和生态位,在种对正联结方面,演替优势种中,种间正联结非常显著的有柞栎和蒙椴、柞栎和迎红杜鹃、蒙椴和山杨、蒙椴和白蜡、山杨和白蜡、春榆和
In the rocky mountain area of North of China, forest coverage has increasedcontinuously after soil and water treatment. However, some new problems have appeared.For example, the afforestration area is too large compared with natural forest;planted treespecies are less;proportions of pure forest, and half-mature, sapling forest are too high;forest biodiversity and forest carbon stocking ability are low. Therefore, we have to solvethe new problems in this region about how to improve the level of forest health, forestbiodiversity and forest carbon stocking ability according to forest plant succession rule.In this research, we mainly researched forest succession rule, forest community structure,biodiversity and forest organic carbon in experimental site of the rocky mountain ofNorth of China, and based on them we also brought forward assessment indexes of foresthealth and evaluated the health level forest in experimental site. Then put forwardtechnique plan of control of forest health in Badaling.which will afford theory andtechniques for forest health management and forest ecosystem service function in therocky mountain of North of China.
Combining methods of investigation and experiment, qualitative judgment andquantitative analysis. The results are as follows:
1 Based on Wu Zhengyi plant classification system, the forest vegetations wereclassified into 3 vegetation types and 17 communities. Among them, temperate coniferforests include Form. Platycladus orientalis. Deciduous broadleaved forests include Ass.Qurcus sp, Ass. Qurcus sp.+Tilia sp., Ass Populus davidiana+ Qurcus sp., Ass. Batuladahurica + Tilia sp., Ass. Ulmus japonica+ Tilia sp., Ass. Ulmus japonica+ Populusdavidiana+Tilia sp, Ass. Populus davidiana+Tilia sp., Ass. Evodia daniellii , Ass.Koelreuteria paniculata, Ass. Syringa pekinensis+ Prunus sibirica, Ass. Ailanthusaltissima. Deciduous broadleaved scrubs include Ass. Vitex negundo + Zizyphus jujuba +Celtis bungeana, Ass. Vitex negundo + Spiraea trilobata, Ass. Spiraea trilobata + Celtisbungeana, Ass. Vitex negundo + Zizyphus jujuba and Form. Corylus heterophylla.
Furthermore, through analyzing synthetically region closed type, aspect of slope,degree of soil erosion, changes of dominant species in communities, regeneration anddead trees in different communities and population type, we have gotten the plantcommunity succession sequence in Chaoguanxigou. The result shows that theconsequence of plant community succession is: Form Corylus heterophylla, FormSpiraea trilobata, Form Vitex negundo, Form. Populus davidiana and Form Ulmusjaponica, Form Batula dahurica + Tilia sp., Form Batula dahurica, Form Qurcus sp..Inthe course of plant community succession, the composition of tree species and structure,
community biomass and soil organic matter were analyzed. The results show thatcommunity biomass increase while soil organic matter increase at first then decease atlast period.2 In the aspect of biodiversity of communities, we researched the speciesbiodiversity of tree, shrubs and community that combining trees and shrubs. The resultshows that with succession proceeding, the species diversity increase at first and begindecrease in the last period. The species diversity of trees is higher than the one of naturalscrubs and the species diversity of natural scrubs is higher than the one of plantations.Among dominant species of main succession communities, the interspecific associationsof Qurcus dentata and Batula dahurica, Qurcus dentata and Rhododendronmucronulatum, Tilia mongolica and Populus davidiana, Tilia mongolica and Fraxinussp., Populus davidiana and Fraxinus sp., Ulmus japonica and Syringa pekinensis,Ulmus japonica and Deutzia sp. are obvious. On the other hand, the consequence of nichebreadth of main dominant species is: Vitex negundo> Spiraea trilobata> Tilia mongolica>Qurcus dentata> Ulmus japonica> Populus davidiana> Batula dahurica. Another indexreflecting the relation between species is niche overlap. The value of niche overlap ofTilia mandshurica and Ulmus japonica, Tilia mongolica and Tilia mandshurica, Tiliamongolica and Ulmus japonica in tree pairs are 0.9130, 0.5309, 0.5160, 0.3535 and thesespecies pairs have high niche overlap. The niche overlap between Vitex negundo andZizyphus jujuba, Spiraea trilobata and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Vitex negundo andCeltis bungeana, Myriopnois dioica and Rhododendron mucronulatum are high and theirvalues are 0.9470、0.8955、0.6617、0.6016. The result shows that the species diversityof natural trees is higher than the one of plantations in Badaling.3 Carbon storage of vegetation in communities increase with plant communitysuccession, but the soil organic carbon density increase at the beginning and decrease atlast period of succession. The results of community carbon research have shown that theaverage organic carbon density of different communities is 239.67 t/hm2, the organiccarbon densities of vegetation, litter and soil are 36.06 t/hm2、16.24 t/hm2、187.37 t/hm2and are 15.04%, 6.78%, 78.18% of total organic carbon in communities. The organiccarbon of soil is highest. The average carbon density of vegetations is 36.06t/hm2. Thecarbon density above ground and roots of vegetation are 30.43t/hm2 and 5.63 t/hm2respectively and are 84.39 % , 15.61 % of total vegetation carbon storage. On thecomposition of vegetation carbon storage, the carbon densities of trees, shrubs andgrasses are 24.33 t/hm2, 5.77 t/hm2 and 0.32 t/hm2 respectively and are 79.96%, 18.98%and 1.06% of total vegetation carbon above ground. On the other hand, we also make outthe regression equations of changes of soil total organic carbon and labile organic carbon
with depth and analyze the regulation of roots with different diameter and soil depth.The water-holding capacity of litter, capillary porosity of soil, infiltration ability ofsoil and water holding ability increase at beginning and decrease in the last period ofsuccession. The values of communities that dominant species include Tilia sp. are highest.The runoff yield is in the reverse order comparing with the indexes above.4 Based on analysis of forest succession, biodiversity and organic carbon, the healthstatements were evaluated. Forest health levels were divided into 5, the concept of indexof forest health was put forward and the equation of it was provided. Then, put forwardfive assessment indexes of succession degree, biodiversity, organic carbon, naturalregeneration, hierarchical structure. According to the research results above, theassessment indexes of forest health were sieved out and the simple and practicalstandards of all of them are given and calculate health assessment indexes ofrepresentative community in experimental site. It shows that community average healthindexes are 2.2 and 2.9, health grades are 2 and 3 respectively in Chaoguanxigou andBadaling. Chaoguanxigou's health degree is superior to Badaling's. Through computing,the sequence of health statements of different communities in Chaoguanxigou are Ass.Ulmus japonica+ Tilia sp.> Ass. Syringa pekinensis+ Prunus sibirica> Ass. Ulmusjaponica+ Populus davidiana+Tilia sp> Form. Ailanthus altissima> Ass. Populusdavidiana+Tilia sp., Ass. Batula dahurica + Tilia sp. >Ass. Qurcus sp.> Form.Koelreuteria paniculata >Ass. Evodia daniellii and Ass. Vitex negundo + Zizyphusjujuba> Ass. Spiraea trilobata + Celtis bungeana >Ass. Corylus heterophylla. Thesequence of health statements of different communities in Badaling are Form. Juglansmandshurica > weedtree forest> Ass. Platycladus orientalis+Cotinus coggygriavar.cinerea> Form. Pinus tabulaeformis, Ass. Larix principis-rupprechtii and Ass. Pinustabulaeformis +Acer truncatum > Form. Robania pseudoacacia > Form. Pinus amandi.5 According the forest actuality of experimental site in Badaling, the forest healthcontrol aim which give priority to ecology and society benefit were established. the foresthealth control aim structure were put forward besides of tree compose, biodiversity,organic carbon, forest hierarchy and age structure, forest health grade et. We divided intoforest health control phase and put forward commonly method of forest control.According to practice condition and control aim of forest health in experimental site. Atlast the forest control technological plan of experimental site was made out. Lay afoundation for forest health research in rocky mountain area in North of China.
引文
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