变电站开关操作瞬态电磁干扰问题的研究
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摘要
本文结合国家自然科学基金资助项目“变电站瞬态电磁环境的预测计算方法研究”(项目编号：50077006)，重点研究了空气绝缘变电站由于开关操作产生的瞬态电磁干扰的测量技术和特征分析方法，主要研究成果如下：
1、 开发研制了一套光纤瞬态磁场传感系统。针对磁场探头变换特性的频变问题，提出了利用数字技术对传感系统的标度因子进行频率均衡的方法。设计了数字频率均衡网络，并实现了对传感系统的频域均衡与标定。该传感系统的频带范围为40Hz~100MHz，测量范围为1A/m~1100A/m。系统的非线性度低于0.97%，测量相对误差低于5%，信号传输距离为50m。应用该系统，在我国首次获得了35kV并联电抗器投切操作等瞬态磁场数据。
2、 开发研制了一套光纤瞬态电场传感系统。该传感系统的频带范围为40Hz ~100MHz，测量范围为10V/m~100kV/m，最大测量相对误差约为5%，信号传输距离为50m。
3、 参与了三座500kV变电站瞬态电磁环境的测量工作，获得了变电站开关操作时产生的瞬态电场、瞬态磁场和瞬态电压等数据。分析了所获数据的时域和频域特征，统计归纳出已有数据的特征参数表。研究表明，由隔离开关切合空载母线操作激发的空间电场、磁场是各种开关操作中最严重的空间电磁干扰源。
4、 评估了现行抗扰度标准的试验波形与变电站实测干扰波形的一致性。基于评估结果，本文建议将瞬态电压试验波形的振荡频率提高到6MHz，并提出了辅助试验的观点。开发了一套变电站瞬态电磁干扰综合分析程序，该程序具有对抗扰度试验波形、现场实测干扰波形和数值预测波形进行特征分析与一致性评估的功能。
5、 提出了一种基于电磁拓扑概念的变电站瞬态电磁干扰机理的系统分析方法。基于该方法，开发了一套传导干扰网络传输函数的自动测量系统。利用该系统分析了某继电保护设备PT端信号采集系统的抗干扰特性，结果表明，该继电保护设备的抗干扰网络对1MHz以上高频干扰成分的抑制作用较小，建议改进抗干扰网络的设计。
本文的研究成果为我国变电站瞬态电磁环境的测量提供了关键设备和信号分析软件，所获数据及其分析结果为改进二次设备的抗扰度试验方法和抗干扰设计提供了依据。
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 50077006, the measurement technology and analysis method of transient electromagnetic interference due to switching operations in substations are researched in this paper. The main contributions are as follows:
1. An optical fiber sensing system of transient magnetic field is developed. In order to compensate the frequency characteristic of the probe, a digital frequency balancing method is proposed, and the digital balancing network is designed. The frequency range of the sensing system is 40Hz~100MHz, the measurement range is 1A/m~1100A/m. The linearity of the sensing system is better than 0.97%, the measurement uncertainty is less than 5%, the length of the optical fiber is 50m. Using this sensing system, the transient magnetic fields as operating the 35kV reactor are firstly measured in China.
2. An optical fiber sensing system of transient electric field is developed. The frequency range of the sensing system is 40Hz~100MHz, the measurement range is 10V/m~100kV/m. The measurement uncertainty is approximately 5%, and the length of the optical fiber is 50m.
3. Many transient interference waveforms are measured and recorded during switching operations in three 500kV-substations. These waveforms are analyzed, and the characteristic parameters are summarized in this paper based on statistics analysis. The results indicate that the worst case is disconnect switching operations.
4. The agreement between the waveforms of the immunity test standards and the measured interference waveforms are assessed. Based on the assessment results, it is suggested that for the transient voltage immunity test, the 6MHz frequency should be included in the test waveform. The software is developed for analyzing the immunity test waveforms, the measured waveforms and the predicted waveforms.
5. Based on the concept of electromagnetic topology, a systematic analysis method of the coupling mechanism of the interferences is proposed in this paper. An automatic measurement system of transfer function of the interference network is developed, and the anti-interference characteristic of a relay protective equipment is analyzed using this system. The results show that the interference components up 1MHz are not mitigated in the equipment, the design should be improved.
The hardware and software developed in this paper are useful for characterizing the transient electromagnetic environment of high voltage substations.
1、 开发研制了一套光纤瞬态磁场传感系统。针对磁场探头变换特性的频变问题，提出了利用数字技术对传感系统的标度因子进行频率均衡的方法。设计了数字频率均衡网络，并实现了对传感系统的频域均衡与标定。该传感系统的频带范围为40Hz~100MHz，测量范围为1A/m~1100A/m。系统的非线性度低于0.97%，测量相对误差低于5%，信号传输距离为50m。应用该系统，在我国首次获得了35kV并联电抗器投切操作等瞬态磁场数据。
2、 开发研制了一套光纤瞬态电场传感系统。该传感系统的频带范围为40Hz ~100MHz，测量范围为10V/m~100kV/m，最大测量相对误差约为5%，信号传输距离为50m。
3、 参与了三座500kV变电站瞬态电磁环境的测量工作，获得了变电站开关操作时产生的瞬态电场、瞬态磁场和瞬态电压等数据。分析了所获数据的时域和频域特征，统计归纳出已有数据的特征参数表。研究表明，由隔离开关切合空载母线操作激发的空间电场、磁场是各种开关操作中最严重的空间电磁干扰源。
4、 评估了现行抗扰度标准的试验波形与变电站实测干扰波形的一致性。基于评估结果，本文建议将瞬态电压试验波形的振荡频率提高到6MHz，并提出了辅助试验的观点。开发了一套变电站瞬态电磁干扰综合分析程序，该程序具有对抗扰度试验波形、现场实测干扰波形和数值预测波形进行特征分析与一致性评估的功能。
5、 提出了一种基于电磁拓扑概念的变电站瞬态电磁干扰机理的系统分析方法。基于该方法，开发了一套传导干扰网络传输函数的自动测量系统。利用该系统分析了某继电保护设备PT端信号采集系统的抗干扰特性，结果表明，该继电保护设备的抗干扰网络对1MHz以上高频干扰成分的抑制作用较小，建议改进抗干扰网络的设计。
本文的研究成果为我国变电站瞬态电磁环境的测量提供了关键设备和信号分析软件，所获数据及其分析结果为改进二次设备的抗扰度试验方法和抗干扰设计提供了依据。
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 50077006, the measurement technology and analysis method of transient electromagnetic interference due to switching operations in substations are researched in this paper. The main contributions are as follows:
1. An optical fiber sensing system of transient magnetic field is developed. In order to compensate the frequency characteristic of the probe, a digital frequency balancing method is proposed, and the digital balancing network is designed. The frequency range of the sensing system is 40Hz~100MHz, the measurement range is 1A/m~1100A/m. The linearity of the sensing system is better than 0.97%, the measurement uncertainty is less than 5%, the length of the optical fiber is 50m. Using this sensing system, the transient magnetic fields as operating the 35kV reactor are firstly measured in China.
2. An optical fiber sensing system of transient electric field is developed. The frequency range of the sensing system is 40Hz~100MHz, the measurement range is 10V/m~100kV/m. The measurement uncertainty is approximately 5%, and the length of the optical fiber is 50m.
3. Many transient interference waveforms are measured and recorded during switching operations in three 500kV-substations. These waveforms are analyzed, and the characteristic parameters are summarized in this paper based on statistics analysis. The results indicate that the worst case is disconnect switching operations.
4. The agreement between the waveforms of the immunity test standards and the measured interference waveforms are assessed. Based on the assessment results, it is suggested that for the transient voltage immunity test, the 6MHz frequency should be included in the test waveform. The software is developed for analyzing the immunity test waveforms, the measured waveforms and the predicted waveforms.
5. Based on the concept of electromagnetic topology, a systematic analysis method of the coupling mechanism of the interferences is proposed in this paper. An automatic measurement system of transfer function of the interference network is developed, and the anti-interference characteristic of a relay protective equipment is analyzed using this system. The results show that the interference components up 1MHz are not mitigated in the equipment, the design should be improved.
The hardware and software developed in this paper are useful for characterizing the transient electromagnetic environment of high voltage substations.
引文
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