下颌骨体部外板截除术骨膜因素对幼龄猪下颌骨形态学与组织学的影响
|
摘要
目的：下颌骨外板截骨术是近年来临床上兴起的一项技术。该术式对于儿童患者是否可行?是否会影响下颌骨正常的生长发育?尚缺少相应的实验数据。我们在前期实验中,以3月龄小型猪为研究对象,截除单侧下颌骨体部外板,部分动物(37.5%)术后出现下颌偏颌畸形。在本实验研究中,我们重点探讨骨膜在骨创面愈合与骨重建过程中的重要性以及骨膜因素与实验动物术后出现下颌偏颌现象的关系。
方法：实验分两部分。第一部分,3月龄小型猪分四组。A组,左侧下颌骨体部外板截除术,同时切除下颌体部骨膜；右侧下颌骨体部外板截除术,保留骨膜。B组,左侧下颌骨体部外板截除十骨膜切除。C组,对照组,仅行右侧下颌体部骨膜下剥离。D组,空白对照组。于术前、术后行头颅CT扫描、三维重建与测量,观测、总结幼龄猪下颌骨外板截除术后下颌骨形态学变化及偏颌畸形发生的规律。第二部分,实验动物分两组：A组与B组(同第一部分)。术后4周、12周、24周行下颌骨体部HE染色、免疫组化染色及扫描电镜检测。从组织学与超微结构角度,论证实验动物下颌骨外板截骨术后下颌偏颌现象与骨膜因素的关系。同时,从成骨与破骨(BMP-4,OPG/RANKL),骨细胞凋亡(Ki-67, caspase-3)和骨免疫学(CD3,CD19)等角度,进一步探讨实验动物下颌偏颌现象与骨膜因素的关系。
结果：第一部分,A组,66.7%实验动物出现较明显的下颌偏颌畸形,均偏向保留骨膜侧。发生时段：术后3-6个月。C组,100%出现轻微的偏颌畸形,均偏向健侧。发生时段：术后3月内。B组、D组未出现偏颌畸形。幼龄猪下颌骨体部外板截骨术对下颌骨生长发育的影响主要在于下颌体部,表现为局部长度的异常。第二部分,正常情况下,骨外侧皮质的骨重建是幼龄猪下颌骨的主要生长方式之一。下颌骨体部外板截除术后,保留骨膜侧骨创面的愈合明显优于切除骨膜侧。保留骨膜侧成骨方式为膜内成骨,而切除骨膜侧成骨方式为软骨内成骨。下颌骨体部外板截除术后,骨创面愈合及骨重建过程中,BMP-4, OPG, RANKL, caspase-3等细胞因子的表达明显异于正常,其成骨/破骨的动态平衡受到破坏,导致下颌骨的异常生长。切除骨膜侧尤为明显。
结论：①骨膜在骨创面愈合与骨重建过程中发挥重要作用。②幼龄猪下颌骨体部外板截骨术会抑制下颌骨的生长发育,骨膜因素是其主要原因之一。
Background:Mandibular outer cortex osteotomy is an emerging clinical technique. Is it feasible to perform mandibular outer cortex osteotomy in children? Will the removal of the mandibular outer cortex in children affect the normal growth of the mandible? Very few animal studies and clinical experiments have addressed these issues. In the previous study, we used young miniature pigs as experimental animals. Unfortunately, some animals (37.5%) exhibited mandible deviation after outer cortex osteotomy of mandibular body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of periosteum on the healing and growth of mandible after the operation and the relation of periosteum and mandible deviation.
Methods:This experimental study included two parts. In the first part, three-month-old miniature pigs were used as experimental animals and were randomised into four groups. Experiment A:The osteotomy was performed on both sides. At the same time, the periosteum around mandibular body was excised on the left side. Experiment B:The osteotomy was performed on the left side with periosteum excised. Experiment C: Subperiosteal stripping was performed on the right side. Experiment D:Blank control. The morphology of skull and mandible was analysed using3D-CT technique before and after surgery to evaluate the relation of periosteum and mandible deviation. In the second part, the experimental animals were randomised into two groups. Experiment A:The osteotomy was performed on both sides. At the same time, the periosteum around mandibular body was excised on the left side. Experiment B:The osteotomy was performed on the left side with periosteum excised. The histologic analysis of HE stain, immunohistochemical staining and electronic microscope scanning was evaluated at4,12and24weeks after surgery. From the view of bone formation/bone resorption, apoptosis and osteoimmunology, the role of periosteum on the healing and growth of mandible and the relation of periosteum and mandible deviation were evaluated.
Results:In the first part, some animals (66.7%) exhibited obvious mandible deviation after surgery in experiment A, which occurred on3-6months after surgery. In experiment B and D, no mandible deviation was observed. All the animals exhibited slinghtly mandible deviation after surgery in experiment A, which occurred at3months after surgery. The influence of periosteum on the development of mandible after surgery occurred in the body of mandible. In the second part, we found the bone wound healed well on the side with periosteum while poor without periosteum. The osteogenesis mode was intramembranous ossification on the side with periosteum and endochondral ossification without periosteum. During the bone wound healing and bone remodeling, the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-4, osteoprotegerin, receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand, caspase-3and so on was different from normal. The balance between bone formation and bone resorption was unable to maintain after surgery and the imbalance interfered with normal bone growth, especially on the side without periosteum.
Conclusion:Firstly, periosteum played an important role on the bone wound healing and bone remodeling. Secondly, mandibular outer cortex osteotomy would inhibit the development of mandible. The periosteum was one of the major factors causing post-operative mandible deviation.
方法：实验分两部分。第一部分,3月龄小型猪分四组。A组,左侧下颌骨体部外板截除术,同时切除下颌体部骨膜；右侧下颌骨体部外板截除术,保留骨膜。B组,左侧下颌骨体部外板截除十骨膜切除。C组,对照组,仅行右侧下颌体部骨膜下剥离。D组,空白对照组。于术前、术后行头颅CT扫描、三维重建与测量,观测、总结幼龄猪下颌骨外板截除术后下颌骨形态学变化及偏颌畸形发生的规律。第二部分,实验动物分两组：A组与B组(同第一部分)。术后4周、12周、24周行下颌骨体部HE染色、免疫组化染色及扫描电镜检测。从组织学与超微结构角度,论证实验动物下颌骨外板截骨术后下颌偏颌现象与骨膜因素的关系。同时,从成骨与破骨(BMP-4,OPG/RANKL),骨细胞凋亡(Ki-67, caspase-3)和骨免疫学(CD3,CD19)等角度,进一步探讨实验动物下颌偏颌现象与骨膜因素的关系。
结果：第一部分,A组,66.7%实验动物出现较明显的下颌偏颌畸形,均偏向保留骨膜侧。发生时段：术后3-6个月。C组,100%出现轻微的偏颌畸形,均偏向健侧。发生时段：术后3月内。B组、D组未出现偏颌畸形。幼龄猪下颌骨体部外板截骨术对下颌骨生长发育的影响主要在于下颌体部,表现为局部长度的异常。第二部分,正常情况下,骨外侧皮质的骨重建是幼龄猪下颌骨的主要生长方式之一。下颌骨体部外板截除术后,保留骨膜侧骨创面的愈合明显优于切除骨膜侧。保留骨膜侧成骨方式为膜内成骨,而切除骨膜侧成骨方式为软骨内成骨。下颌骨体部外板截除术后,骨创面愈合及骨重建过程中,BMP-4, OPG, RANKL, caspase-3等细胞因子的表达明显异于正常,其成骨/破骨的动态平衡受到破坏,导致下颌骨的异常生长。切除骨膜侧尤为明显。
结论：①骨膜在骨创面愈合与骨重建过程中发挥重要作用。②幼龄猪下颌骨体部外板截骨术会抑制下颌骨的生长发育,骨膜因素是其主要原因之一。
Background:Mandibular outer cortex osteotomy is an emerging clinical technique. Is it feasible to perform mandibular outer cortex osteotomy in children? Will the removal of the mandibular outer cortex in children affect the normal growth of the mandible? Very few animal studies and clinical experiments have addressed these issues. In the previous study, we used young miniature pigs as experimental animals. Unfortunately, some animals (37.5%) exhibited mandible deviation after outer cortex osteotomy of mandibular body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of periosteum on the healing and growth of mandible after the operation and the relation of periosteum and mandible deviation.
Methods:This experimental study included two parts. In the first part, three-month-old miniature pigs were used as experimental animals and were randomised into four groups. Experiment A:The osteotomy was performed on both sides. At the same time, the periosteum around mandibular body was excised on the left side. Experiment B:The osteotomy was performed on the left side with periosteum excised. Experiment C: Subperiosteal stripping was performed on the right side. Experiment D:Blank control. The morphology of skull and mandible was analysed using3D-CT technique before and after surgery to evaluate the relation of periosteum and mandible deviation. In the second part, the experimental animals were randomised into two groups. Experiment A:The osteotomy was performed on both sides. At the same time, the periosteum around mandibular body was excised on the left side. Experiment B:The osteotomy was performed on the left side with periosteum excised. The histologic analysis of HE stain, immunohistochemical staining and electronic microscope scanning was evaluated at4,12and24weeks after surgery. From the view of bone formation/bone resorption, apoptosis and osteoimmunology, the role of periosteum on the healing and growth of mandible and the relation of periosteum and mandible deviation were evaluated.
Results:In the first part, some animals (66.7%) exhibited obvious mandible deviation after surgery in experiment A, which occurred on3-6months after surgery. In experiment B and D, no mandible deviation was observed. All the animals exhibited slinghtly mandible deviation after surgery in experiment A, which occurred at3months after surgery. The influence of periosteum on the development of mandible after surgery occurred in the body of mandible. In the second part, we found the bone wound healed well on the side with periosteum while poor without periosteum. The osteogenesis mode was intramembranous ossification on the side with periosteum and endochondral ossification without periosteum. During the bone wound healing and bone remodeling, the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-4, osteoprotegerin, receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand, caspase-3and so on was different from normal. The balance between bone formation and bone resorption was unable to maintain after surgery and the imbalance interfered with normal bone growth, especially on the side without periosteum.
Conclusion:Firstly, periosteum played an important role on the bone wound healing and bone remodeling. Secondly, mandibular outer cortex osteotomy would inhibit the development of mandible. The periosteum was one of the major factors causing post-operative mandible deviation.
引文
1. Whitaker LA. Aesthetic contouring of the facial support system [J]. Clin Plast Surg. 1989; 16(4):815-823.
2. Deguchi M, Iio Y, Kobayashi K, et al. Angle-splitting ostectomy for reducing the width of the lower face [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg.1997; 99(7):1831-1839.
3.王侠,李健宁,马勇光,等.下面部过宽矫正术[J].中华医学美容杂志,1998,4(4)：169-172.
4. Han K, Kim J. Reduction mandibuloplasty:ostectomy of the lateral cortex around the mandibular angle [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2001; 12(4):314-325.
5.张如鸿,穆雄铮,韦敏,等.口内入路下颌角外板矢状劈除矫治下颌角肥大[J].中华医学美学美容杂志,2003,9(5)：278-280.
6.归来,张智勇,滕利,等.下颌骨外板修复颅颌面畸形[J].实用美容整形外科杂志,2000,11(4)：178-180.
7.归来,王吉昌,张智勇,等.下颌骨外板修复面斜裂鼻眶骨畸形[J].中华整形外科杂志,2005,21(2)：85-87.
8. Park H, Chun KW, Kye MS, et al. Midface augmentation using bony segments obtained from sagittal splitting angle ostectomy in Asians [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008; 121(2):578-586.
9. Liu W, Zhang Z, Huang L, Niu F, Gui L. Orbit and maxilla augmentation of oblique facial clefts using mandibular outer cortex [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2011; 22(1): 199-202.
10. Gui L, Zhang ZY, Zang MQ, et al. Restoration of Facial Symmetry in Hemifacial Microsomia with Mandibular Outer Cortex Bone Grafting Combined with Distraction Osteogenesis [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg.2011; 127(5):1997-2004.
11. Laskin JL, Edwards DM. Immediate reconstruction of an orbital complex fracture with autogenous mandibular bone [J]. J Oral Surg.1977; 35(9):749-751.
12. Herford AS. Dorsal nasal reconstruction using bone harvested from the mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg [J].2004; 62(9):1082-1087.
13. Kosaka M, Matsuzawa Y, Mori H, et al. Orbital wall reconstruction with bone grafts from the outer cortex of the mandible [J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg.2004; 32(6): 374-380.
14.夏德林,归来,张智勇,等.自体颅骨外板、下颌骨外板整复颅颌面创伤后继发鼻畸形[J].中华整形外科杂志,2004,20(3)：209-211.
15. Liu W, Niu F, Zhang Z, Gui L. Reconstruction of old orbital wall fractures with mandibular outer cortex [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2010; 21(4):1257-1261.
16. Liu W, Zhang ZY, Tang XJ, Wang JC, Gui L. Effect of outer mandibular cortex osteotomy on local morphology and biomechanics in young miniature pigs [J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg.2011; 39(6):425-430.
17.胡静,王大章.正颌外科[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2006,16-25.
18.王兴,张震康,张熙恩.正颌外科手术学[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1999,55-68,331.
19. Hemmy DC, David DJ, Herman GT. Three-dimensional reconstruction of craniofacial deformity using computed tomography [J]. Neurosurgery.1983; 13(5): 534-541.
20.归来,罗茂萍,戴汝平,等.颅颌面外科与三维重建技术[J].CT理论与应用研究,2000,9(3)：31-34.
21. Katsumata A, Fujishita M, Maeda M, et al.3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry [J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2005; 99(2):212-220.
22. Olszewski R, Zech F, Cosnard G, et al. Three-dimensional computed tomography cephalometric craniofacial analysis:experimental validation in vitro [J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2007; 36(9):828-833.
23. Kwon TG, Park HS, Ryoo HM, et al. A comparison of craniofacial morphology in patients with and without facial asymmetry--a three-dimensional analysis with computed tomography [J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2006; 35(1):43-48.
24. Tuncer BB, Atac MS, Yuksel S. A case report comparing 3-D evaluation in the diagnosis and treatment planning of hemimandibular hyperplasia with conventional radiography [J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg.2009; 37(6):312-319.
25. Tziavaras N, Mihailidis S, Rajion Z, et al. A three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of craniofacial asymmetry in malaysian infants with cleft lip and palate [J]. Malays J Med Sci.2010; 17(4):25-35.
26.于丽华,钱鼎铭,朱力,等.偏颌畸形诊断标准和手术方法选择的探讨[J].实用口腔医学杂志,1992,8(2)：75-78.
27. Lynch MC, Taylor JF. Periosteal division and longitudinal growth in the tibia of the rat [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br.1987; 69(5):812-816.
28. Garces GL, Hernandez Hermoso JA. Bone growth after periosteal stripping in rats [J]. Int Orthop.1991;15(1):49-57.
29. Rackard SM, Carr AJ, Callanan JJ et al. An avian model of limb deviation induced by periosteal surgery [J]. Res Vet Sci.2002; 73(3):237-241.
30. Sansone JM, Wilsman NJ, Leiferman EM, et al. The effect of periosteal resection on tibial growth velocity measured by microtransducer technology in lambs [J]. J Pediatr Orthop.2009; 29(1):61-67.
31. Rauch F. Bone growth in length and width:the Yin and Yang of bone stability [J]. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact.2005; 5(3):194-201.
32.刘来奎,李晓箐.下颌骨发生的研究进展[J].国外医学口腔医学分册,2006,33(2)：107-109.
33.王翰章.中华口腔科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2001,46-100.
34. Hans MG, Enlow DH, Noachtar R. Age-related differences in mandibular ramus growth:a histologic study [J]. Angle Orthod.1995,65(5):335-340.
35.周征,李小兵.颅面生长的控制理论[J].大自然探索,1999,18(3)：37-41.
36. Moss ML. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited.1. The role of mechanotransduction [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.1997; 112(1):8-11.
37. Moss ML. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited.2. The role of an osseous connected cellular network [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.1997; 112(2): 221-226.
38. Lavergne J, Petrovic A. Discontinuities in occlusal relationship and the regulation of facial growth [J]. A cybernetic view. Eur J Orthod.1983,5(4):269-278.
39.周征,罗颂椒.大鼠下颌髁突软骨中胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ及其基因的差异性表达--颅面生长伺服系统理论的直接证据[J].华西口腔医学杂志,1998,16(2)：154-165.
40. Leake D, Doykos J, Habal MB, et al. Long-term follow-up of fractures of the mandibular condyle in children [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg.1971; 47(2):127-131.
41. Pirttiniemi P, Peltoma ki T, Muller L, et al. Abnormal mandibular growth and the condylar cartilage [J]. Eur J Orthod.2009; 31(1):1-11.
42. Babuccu B, Babuccu O, Yurdakan G, et al. The effect of the Botulinum toxin-A on craniofacial development:an experimental study [J]. Ann Plast Surg.2009; 63(4): 449-456.
43. Tsai CY, Chiu WC, Liao YH, et al. Effects on craniofacial growth and development of unilateral botulinum neurotoxin injection into the masseter muscle [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.2009; 135(2):142. e1-6; discussion 142-143.
44.黄进军,王晋煌,柳大烈,等.咬肌内注射A型肉毒毒素和曲安奈德对大鼠下颌骨发育影响的实验研究[J].中国美容整形外科杂志,2011,22(3)：173-177.
45. Li M, Amizuka N, Oda K, et al. Histochemical evidence of the initial chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in the periosteum of a rib fractured model:implications of osteocyte involvement in periosteal chondrogenesis [J]. Microsc Res Tech.2004; 64(4):330-342.
46. Utvag SE, Grundnes O, Reikeraos O. Effects of periosteal stripping on healing of segmental fractures in rats [J]. J Orthop Trauma.1996; 10(4):279-284.
47. Kowalski MJ, Schemitsch EH, Kregor PJ, et al. Effect of periosteal stripping on cortical bone perfusion:a laser doppler study in sheep [J]. Calcif Tissue Int.1996; 59(1):24-26.
48. Huh JY, Choi BH, Kim BY, et al. Critical size defect in the canine mandible [J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2005; 100(3):296-301.
49.潘巨利,马金玲,王海涛.单纯骨膜下成骨完成小型猪下颌骨缺损的初步研究[J].中华口腔医学研究杂志,2008,2(1)：15-18.
50. Ma JL, Pan JL, Tan BS, et al. Determination of critical size defect of minipig mandible [J]. J Tissue Eng Regen Med.2009; 3(8):615-622.
51.谢利娜,潘巨利,黄欣,等.骨膜原位成骨促进兔下颌骨缺损修复的研究[J].北京口腔医学,2009,17(6)：301-304.
52. Hattner R, Epker BN, Frost HM. Suggested sequential mode of control of changes in cell behaviour in adult bone remodeling [J]. Nature.1965; 206(983):489-490.
53. Rauch F, Travers R, Glorieux FH. Cellular activity on the seven surfaces of iliac bone:a histomorphometric study in children and adolescents [J]. J Bone Miner Res, 2006; 21 (4):513-519.
54. Urist MR. Bone:formation by autoinduction [J]. Science.1965; 150(3698):893-899.
55. Chen D, Zhao M, Mundy GR. Bone morphogenetic proteins [J]. Growth Factors. 2004; 22(4):233-241.
56.孙兰英,包崇云.体内组织工程骨的BMP4 mRNA表达[J].生物医学工程学杂志,2008,25(3)：589-592.
57. Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, et al. Osteoprotegerin:a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density [J]. Cell.1997; 89(2):309-319.
58. Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N, et al. Identity of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) and osteoprotegerin (OPG):a mechanism by which OPG/OCIF inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro [J]. Endocrinology.1998; 139(3):1329-1337.
59. Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, et al. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation [J]. Cell.1998; 93(2):165-176.
60. Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N, et al. Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerm/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1998; 95(7):3597-3602.
61. Boyce BF, Xing L. Functions of RANKL/RANK/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling [J]. Arch Biochem Biophys.2008; 473(2):139-146.
62. Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis:a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics [J]. Br J Cancer.1972; 26(4):239-257.
63. Landry P, Sadasivan K, Marino A, et al. Apoptosis is coordinately regulated with osteoblast formation during bone healing [J]. Tissue Cell.1997; 29(4):413-419.
64. Jilka RL, Weinstein RS, Bellido T, et al. Osteoblast programmed cell death (apoptosis):modulation by growth factors and cytokines [J]. J Bone Miner Res.1998; 13(5):793-802.
65. Alnemri ES, Livingston DJ, Nicholson DW, et al. Human ICE/CED-3 protease nomenclature [J].Cell.1996; 87(2):171.
66. Porter AG, Janicke RU. Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis [J]. Cell Death Differ.1999; 6(2):99-104.
67. Gerdes J, Schwab U, Lemke H, et al. Production of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with a human nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation [J]. Int J Cancer.1983; 31(1):13-20.
68. Scholzen T, Gerdes J. The Ki-67 protein:from the known and the unknown [J]. J Cell Physiol.2000; 182(3):311-322.
69. Adeyemo WL, Reuther T, Bloch W, et al. Influence of host periosteum and recipient bed perforation on the healing of onlay mandibular bone graft:an experimental pilot study in the sheep [J]. Oral Maxillofac Surg.2008; 12(1):19-28.
70. Arron JR, Choi Y. Bone versus immune system [J]. Nature.2000; 408(6812): 535-536.
71. Pacifici R. The immune system and bone [J]. Arch Biochem Biophys.2010; 503(1): 41-53.
72. Li Y, Toraldo G, Li A, et al. B cells and T cells are critical for the preservation of bone homeostasis and attainment of peak bone mass in vivo [J]. Blood.2007; 109(9): 3839-3848.
73. Wildt. Uber partielle Unterkieferresektion und bildung einer naturlichen prothese durch knochentransplantion [J]. Zentralbl. f. Chir.1896; 23:1177.
74.王兴,张震康,张熙恩.正颌外科手术学[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1999,331.
75.张震康,张煦恩,傅民魁.正颌外科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1996,23-25.
76.冉炜,郭冰,陈松龄,等.下颌神经管全长三维走向的测量及其临床意义[J].解剖学研究.2002,24(2)：116-118.
77. Sarnat BG, Robinson IB. Experimental changes of the mandible:a serial roentgenographic study [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2007; 18(4):917-925.
78.张智勇,刘伟,归来,等.幼龄猪下颌骨体部外板截除术对下颌骨生长发育的影响[J].中华整形外科杂志,2006,22(4)：271-273.
79. Dechow PC, Nail GA, Schwartz-Dabney CL, et al. Elastic properties of human supraorbital and mandibular bone [J]. Am J Phys Anthropol.1993; 90(3):291-306.
80.薄斌,周树夏,李录贤,等.人下颌骨在压缩载荷下的生物力学性质[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2001,17(1)：18-20.
81.薄斌,周树夏,曹建广,等.下颌骨在撞击作用下的力学响应特点[J].中华创伤杂志,1999,15(2)：93-95.
82.赵延峰,归来.去除下颌骨外板对局部生物力学影响的实验研究[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2008,43(2)：111-112.
83. van Eijden TM. Biomechanics of the mandible [J]. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med.2000; 11(1):123-136.
84. Sindet-Pedersen S, Enemark H. Mandibular bone grafts for reconstruction of alveolar clefts [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.1988; 46(7):533-537.
85. Sindet-Pedersen S, Enemark H. Reconstruction of alveolar clefts with mandibular or iliac crest bone grafts:a comparative study [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.1990; 48(6): 554-558; discussion 559-560.
86. Misch CM. Use of the mandibular ramus as a donor site for onlay bone grafting [J]. J Oral Implantol,2000; 26(1):42-49.
87. Soehardi A, Meijer GJ, Strooband VF, et al. The potential of the horizontal ramus of the mandible as a donor site for block and particular grafts in pre-implant surgery [J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2009; 38(11):1173-1178.
88. Braun TW, Sotereanos GC. Autogenous regional bone grafting as an adjunct in orthognathic surgery [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.1984; 42(1):43-48.
89. Jensen J, Reiche-Fischel O, Sindet-Pedersen S. Autogenous mandibular bone grafts for malar augmentation [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.1995; 53(1):88-90.
90.赵延峰,张智勇,俞冰,等.第一、二鳃弓综合征颜面不对称的整形外科矫治[J].中华医学美学美容杂志,2007,13(1)：19-22.
91.赵延峰,陆平,周晓南,等.下颌骨外板与颅骨外板移植后吸收率的比较研究[J].中华整形外科杂志,2008,24(4)：303-306.
92.赵延峰,刘筱菁,陆平,等.应用自体下颌骨外板行颅面部贴附植骨的临床研究[J].华西口腔医学杂志,2008,26(6)：618-621.
93. Zhao YF, Gui L, Liu XJ. Study of the dimension change after grafting of bone from the outer mandibular table to different maxillofacial recipient sites [J]. Ann Plast Surg.2010; 65(5):475-479.
94. Wolfe SA, Ghurani R, Podda S, et al. An examination of posttraumatic, postsurgical orbital deformities:conclusions drawn for improvement of primary treatment [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg.2008; 122(6):1870-1881.
95. Bagatin M. Reconstruction of orbital defects with autogenous bone from mandibular symphysis [J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg.1987; 15(2):103-105.
96. Krishnan V, Johnson JV. Orbital floor reconstruction with autogenous mandibular symphyseal bone grafts [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.1997; 55(4):327-330; discussion 330-332.
97. Baek SM, Kim SS, Bindiger A. The prominent mandibular angle:preoperative management, operative technique, and results in 42 patients [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989; 83(2):272-280.
98.罗金超,归来,张智勇,等.自体下颌骨隆颏术[J].中华整形外科杂志,2004,20(2)：104-105.
99.范海东,王兴,张熙恩,等.改良下颌角矢状劈开去骨术在矫治中轻度下颌角嚼肌良性肥大畸形中的应用[J].现代口腔医学杂志,2001,15(1)：18-22.
100.Clavero J, Lundgren S. Ramus or chin grafts for maxillary sinus inlay and local onlay augmentation:comparison of donor site morbidity and complications [J]. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2003,5(3):154-160.
101.Sanchis JM, Penarrocha M, Soler F. Bifid mandibular canal [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2003; 61(4):422-424.
102.彭继生,苏峰,孙志强,等.我国人体各部位骨膜的组织形态学观察与比较[J].中华骨科杂志,1994,14(5)：306-308.
103.Squier CA, Ghoneim S, Kremenak CR. Ultrastructure of the periosteum from membrane bone [J]. J Anat.1990; 171:233-239.
104.Hohmann EL, Elde RP, Rysavy JA, et al. Innervation of periosteum and bone by sympathetic vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing nerve fibers [J]. Science.1986, 16; 232(4752):868-871.
105.Bilkay U, Tokat C, Helvaci E, et al. Osteogenic capacities of tibial and cranial periosteum:a biochemical and histologic study [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2008; 19(2): 453-458.
106.Dwek JR. The periosteum:what is it, where is it, and what mimics it in its absence [J]? Skeletal Radiol.2010; 39(4):319-323.
107.Tonna EA. Histologic and histochemical studies on the periosteum of male and female rats at different ages [J]. J Gerontol.1958; 13(1):14-19.
108.Tonna EA. Periosteal osteoclasts, skeletal development and ageing [J]. Nature.1960; 185:405-407.
109.Allen MR, Hock JM, Burr DB. Periosteum:biology, regulation, and response to osteoporosis therapies [J]. Bone.2004; 35(5):1003-1012.
110.Feik SA, Storey E, Ellender G. Stress induced periosteal changes [J]. Br J Exp Pathol. 1987; 68(6):803-813.
111.Smpson AH. The blood supply of the periosteum [J]. J Anat.1985; 140(4):697-704.
112.Feik SA, Ellender G, Crowe DM, et al. Periosteal response in translation-induced bone remodeling [J]. J Anat.1990; 171:69-84.
113.Foolen J, van Donkelaar CC, Ito K. Intracellular tension in periosteum/perichondrium cells regulates long bone growth [J]. J Orthop Res.2011; 29(1):84-91.
114.Adekeye EO. Rapid bone regeneration subsequent to subtotal mandibulectomy. Report of an unusual case [J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.1977; 44(4): 521-526.
115.Boyne PJ. The restoration of resected mandibles in children without the use of bone grafts [J]. Head Neck Surg.1983; 6(2):626-631.
116.Knothe UR, Springfield DS. A novel surgical procedure for bridging of massive bone defects [J]. World J Surg Oncol.2005; 3(1):7.
117.陶笙,张伯勋,卢世璧.骨膜的取材方法对游离骨膜移植后成骨的影响[J].解放军医学杂志,2006,26(1)：74-75.
118.Samuel J, Binderman I, Shanon E. Induction of osteogenesis by free periosteum autografts [J]. J Dent Res.1977; 56(9):1070.
119.van den Wildenberg FA, Goris RJ, Boetes C. Revascularized periosteum transplantations [J]. Eur Surg Res.1983; 15(2):110-113.
120.欧阳钧,王前,王国英,钟世镇.人骨膜成骨细胞培养及初步观察[J].中华骨科杂志,1995,15(11)：789-790.
121.Ball MD, Bonzani IC, Bovis MJ, et al. Human periosteum is a source of cells for orthopaedic tissue engineering:a pilot study [J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res.2011; 469(11):3085-3093.
122.Roberts SJ, Geris L, Kerckhofs G, et al. The combined bone forming capacity of human periosteal derived cells and calcium phosphates [J]. Biomaterials.2011; 32(19):4393-4405.
123.Hayashi O, Katsube Y, Hirose M, et al. Comparison of osteogenic ability of rat mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, periosteum, and adipose tissue [J]. Calcif Tissue Int.2008; 82(3):238-247.
124.Shapiro F. Bone development and its relation to fracture repair. The role of mesenchymal osteoblasts and surface osteoblasts [J]. Eur Cell Mater.2008; 15: 53-76.
125.Mercurio AD, Motta T, Green E, et al. Effects of extensive circumferential periosteal stripping on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the murine femoral cortex [J]. J Orthop Res.2012; 30(4):561-568.
126.Oni OO, Gregg PJ. An investigation of the contribution of the extraosseous tissues to the diaphyseal fracture callus using a rabbit tibial fracture model [J]. J Orthop Trauma.1991; 5(4):480-484.
127.Petrochenko P, Narayan RJ. Novel approaches to bone grafting:porosity, bone morphogenetic proteins, stem cells, and the periosteum [J]. J Long Term Eff Med Implants.2010; 20(4):303-315.
128.Bullens PH, Schreuder HW, de Waal Malefijt MC, et al. The presence of periosteum is essential for the healing of large diaphyseal segmental bone defects reconstructed with trabecular metal:a study in the femur of goats [J]. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater.2010; 92(1):24-31.
129.Kojimoto H, Yasui N, Goto T, et al. Bone lengthening in rabbits by callus distraction: the role of periosteum and endosteum [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br.1988; 70(4): 543-549.
130.Schmidt BL, Kung L, Jones C, et al. Induced osteogenesis by periosteal distraction [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2002; 60(10):1170-1175.
131.Kilic E, Alkan A, Demetoglu U, et al. Evaluation of the effects of guided bone regeneration and periosteum on newly formed bone in a distraction gap [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2011; 22(5):1871-1874.
132.Matsushima S, Isogai N, Jacquet R, et al. The nature and role of periosteum in bone and cartilage regeneration [J]. Cells Tissues Organs.2011; 194(2-4):320-325.
133.Liu R, Schindeler A, Little DG. The potential role of muscle in bone repair [J]. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact.2010; 10(1):71-76.
134.Jenkins DH, Cheng DH, Hodgson AR. Stimulation of bone growth by periosteal stripping. A clinical study [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br.1975; 57(4):482-484.
135.Sola CK, Silberman FS, Cabrini RL. Stimulation of the longitudinal growth of long bones by periosteal stripping. An experimental study on dogs and monkeys [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1963; 45:1679-1684.
136.陈继营,卢世璧,王继芳,等.兔胫骨骨膜环切与修复对骨生长的影响[J].中 国矫形外科杂志,1998,5(2)：153-154.
137.Popowics TE, Zhu Z, Herring SW. Mechanical properties of the periosteum in the pig, Sus scrofa [J]. Arch Oral Biol.2002; 47(10):733-741.
138.Bertram JE, Polevoy Y, Cullinane DM. Mechanics of avian fibrous periosteum: Tensile and adhesion properties during growth [J]. Bone.1998; 22(6):669-675.
139.Foolen J, van Donkelaar CC, Murphy P, et al. Residual periosteum tension is insufficient to directly modulate bone growth [J]. J Biomech.2009; 42(2):152-157.
2. Deguchi M, Iio Y, Kobayashi K, et al. Angle-splitting ostectomy for reducing the width of the lower face [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg.1997; 99(7):1831-1839.
3.王侠,李健宁,马勇光,等.下面部过宽矫正术[J].中华医学美容杂志,1998,4(4)：169-172.
4. Han K, Kim J. Reduction mandibuloplasty:ostectomy of the lateral cortex around the mandibular angle [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2001; 12(4):314-325.
5.张如鸿,穆雄铮,韦敏,等.口内入路下颌角外板矢状劈除矫治下颌角肥大[J].中华医学美学美容杂志,2003,9(5)：278-280.
6.归来,张智勇,滕利,等.下颌骨外板修复颅颌面畸形[J].实用美容整形外科杂志,2000,11(4)：178-180.
7.归来,王吉昌,张智勇,等.下颌骨外板修复面斜裂鼻眶骨畸形[J].中华整形外科杂志,2005,21(2)：85-87.
8. Park H, Chun KW, Kye MS, et al. Midface augmentation using bony segments obtained from sagittal splitting angle ostectomy in Asians [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008; 121(2):578-586.
9. Liu W, Zhang Z, Huang L, Niu F, Gui L. Orbit and maxilla augmentation of oblique facial clefts using mandibular outer cortex [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2011; 22(1): 199-202.
10. Gui L, Zhang ZY, Zang MQ, et al. Restoration of Facial Symmetry in Hemifacial Microsomia with Mandibular Outer Cortex Bone Grafting Combined with Distraction Osteogenesis [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg.2011; 127(5):1997-2004.
11. Laskin JL, Edwards DM. Immediate reconstruction of an orbital complex fracture with autogenous mandibular bone [J]. J Oral Surg.1977; 35(9):749-751.
12. Herford AS. Dorsal nasal reconstruction using bone harvested from the mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg [J].2004; 62(9):1082-1087.
13. Kosaka M, Matsuzawa Y, Mori H, et al. Orbital wall reconstruction with bone grafts from the outer cortex of the mandible [J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg.2004; 32(6): 374-380.
14.夏德林,归来,张智勇,等.自体颅骨外板、下颌骨外板整复颅颌面创伤后继发鼻畸形[J].中华整形外科杂志,2004,20(3)：209-211.
15. Liu W, Niu F, Zhang Z, Gui L. Reconstruction of old orbital wall fractures with mandibular outer cortex [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2010; 21(4):1257-1261.
16. Liu W, Zhang ZY, Tang XJ, Wang JC, Gui L. Effect of outer mandibular cortex osteotomy on local morphology and biomechanics in young miniature pigs [J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg.2011; 39(6):425-430.
17.胡静,王大章.正颌外科[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2006,16-25.
18.王兴,张震康,张熙恩.正颌外科手术学[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1999,55-68,331.
19. Hemmy DC, David DJ, Herman GT. Three-dimensional reconstruction of craniofacial deformity using computed tomography [J]. Neurosurgery.1983; 13(5): 534-541.
20.归来,罗茂萍,戴汝平,等.颅颌面外科与三维重建技术[J].CT理论与应用研究,2000,9(3)：31-34.
21. Katsumata A, Fujishita M, Maeda M, et al.3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry [J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2005; 99(2):212-220.
22. Olszewski R, Zech F, Cosnard G, et al. Three-dimensional computed tomography cephalometric craniofacial analysis:experimental validation in vitro [J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2007; 36(9):828-833.
23. Kwon TG, Park HS, Ryoo HM, et al. A comparison of craniofacial morphology in patients with and without facial asymmetry--a three-dimensional analysis with computed tomography [J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2006; 35(1):43-48.
24. Tuncer BB, Atac MS, Yuksel S. A case report comparing 3-D evaluation in the diagnosis and treatment planning of hemimandibular hyperplasia with conventional radiography [J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg.2009; 37(6):312-319.
25. Tziavaras N, Mihailidis S, Rajion Z, et al. A three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of craniofacial asymmetry in malaysian infants with cleft lip and palate [J]. Malays J Med Sci.2010; 17(4):25-35.
26.于丽华,钱鼎铭,朱力,等.偏颌畸形诊断标准和手术方法选择的探讨[J].实用口腔医学杂志,1992,8(2)：75-78.
27. Lynch MC, Taylor JF. Periosteal division and longitudinal growth in the tibia of the rat [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br.1987; 69(5):812-816.
28. Garces GL, Hernandez Hermoso JA. Bone growth after periosteal stripping in rats [J]. Int Orthop.1991;15(1):49-57.
29. Rackard SM, Carr AJ, Callanan JJ et al. An avian model of limb deviation induced by periosteal surgery [J]. Res Vet Sci.2002; 73(3):237-241.
30. Sansone JM, Wilsman NJ, Leiferman EM, et al. The effect of periosteal resection on tibial growth velocity measured by microtransducer technology in lambs [J]. J Pediatr Orthop.2009; 29(1):61-67.
31. Rauch F. Bone growth in length and width:the Yin and Yang of bone stability [J]. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact.2005; 5(3):194-201.
32.刘来奎,李晓箐.下颌骨发生的研究进展[J].国外医学口腔医学分册,2006,33(2)：107-109.
33.王翰章.中华口腔科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2001,46-100.
34. Hans MG, Enlow DH, Noachtar R. Age-related differences in mandibular ramus growth:a histologic study [J]. Angle Orthod.1995,65(5):335-340.
35.周征,李小兵.颅面生长的控制理论[J].大自然探索,1999,18(3)：37-41.
36. Moss ML. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited.1. The role of mechanotransduction [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.1997; 112(1):8-11.
37. Moss ML. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited.2. The role of an osseous connected cellular network [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.1997; 112(2): 221-226.
38. Lavergne J, Petrovic A. Discontinuities in occlusal relationship and the regulation of facial growth [J]. A cybernetic view. Eur J Orthod.1983,5(4):269-278.
39.周征,罗颂椒.大鼠下颌髁突软骨中胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ及其基因的差异性表达--颅面生长伺服系统理论的直接证据[J].华西口腔医学杂志,1998,16(2)：154-165.
40. Leake D, Doykos J, Habal MB, et al. Long-term follow-up of fractures of the mandibular condyle in children [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg.1971; 47(2):127-131.
41. Pirttiniemi P, Peltoma ki T, Muller L, et al. Abnormal mandibular growth and the condylar cartilage [J]. Eur J Orthod.2009; 31(1):1-11.
42. Babuccu B, Babuccu O, Yurdakan G, et al. The effect of the Botulinum toxin-A on craniofacial development:an experimental study [J]. Ann Plast Surg.2009; 63(4): 449-456.
43. Tsai CY, Chiu WC, Liao YH, et al. Effects on craniofacial growth and development of unilateral botulinum neurotoxin injection into the masseter muscle [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.2009; 135(2):142. e1-6; discussion 142-143.
44.黄进军,王晋煌,柳大烈,等.咬肌内注射A型肉毒毒素和曲安奈德对大鼠下颌骨发育影响的实验研究[J].中国美容整形外科杂志,2011,22(3)：173-177.
45. Li M, Amizuka N, Oda K, et al. Histochemical evidence of the initial chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in the periosteum of a rib fractured model:implications of osteocyte involvement in periosteal chondrogenesis [J]. Microsc Res Tech.2004; 64(4):330-342.
46. Utvag SE, Grundnes O, Reikeraos O. Effects of periosteal stripping on healing of segmental fractures in rats [J]. J Orthop Trauma.1996; 10(4):279-284.
47. Kowalski MJ, Schemitsch EH, Kregor PJ, et al. Effect of periosteal stripping on cortical bone perfusion:a laser doppler study in sheep [J]. Calcif Tissue Int.1996; 59(1):24-26.
48. Huh JY, Choi BH, Kim BY, et al. Critical size defect in the canine mandible [J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2005; 100(3):296-301.
49.潘巨利,马金玲,王海涛.单纯骨膜下成骨完成小型猪下颌骨缺损的初步研究[J].中华口腔医学研究杂志,2008,2(1)：15-18.
50. Ma JL, Pan JL, Tan BS, et al. Determination of critical size defect of minipig mandible [J]. J Tissue Eng Regen Med.2009; 3(8):615-622.
51.谢利娜,潘巨利,黄欣,等.骨膜原位成骨促进兔下颌骨缺损修复的研究[J].北京口腔医学,2009,17(6)：301-304.
52. Hattner R, Epker BN, Frost HM. Suggested sequential mode of control of changes in cell behaviour in adult bone remodeling [J]. Nature.1965; 206(983):489-490.
53. Rauch F, Travers R, Glorieux FH. Cellular activity on the seven surfaces of iliac bone:a histomorphometric study in children and adolescents [J]. J Bone Miner Res, 2006; 21 (4):513-519.
54. Urist MR. Bone:formation by autoinduction [J]. Science.1965; 150(3698):893-899.
55. Chen D, Zhao M, Mundy GR. Bone morphogenetic proteins [J]. Growth Factors. 2004; 22(4):233-241.
56.孙兰英,包崇云.体内组织工程骨的BMP4 mRNA表达[J].生物医学工程学杂志,2008,25(3)：589-592.
57. Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, et al. Osteoprotegerin:a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density [J]. Cell.1997; 89(2):309-319.
58. Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N, et al. Identity of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) and osteoprotegerin (OPG):a mechanism by which OPG/OCIF inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro [J]. Endocrinology.1998; 139(3):1329-1337.
59. Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, et al. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation [J]. Cell.1998; 93(2):165-176.
60. Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N, et al. Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerm/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1998; 95(7):3597-3602.
61. Boyce BF, Xing L. Functions of RANKL/RANK/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling [J]. Arch Biochem Biophys.2008; 473(2):139-146.
62. Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis:a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics [J]. Br J Cancer.1972; 26(4):239-257.
63. Landry P, Sadasivan K, Marino A, et al. Apoptosis is coordinately regulated with osteoblast formation during bone healing [J]. Tissue Cell.1997; 29(4):413-419.
64. Jilka RL, Weinstein RS, Bellido T, et al. Osteoblast programmed cell death (apoptosis):modulation by growth factors and cytokines [J]. J Bone Miner Res.1998; 13(5):793-802.
65. Alnemri ES, Livingston DJ, Nicholson DW, et al. Human ICE/CED-3 protease nomenclature [J].Cell.1996; 87(2):171.
66. Porter AG, Janicke RU. Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis [J]. Cell Death Differ.1999; 6(2):99-104.
67. Gerdes J, Schwab U, Lemke H, et al. Production of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with a human nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation [J]. Int J Cancer.1983; 31(1):13-20.
68. Scholzen T, Gerdes J. The Ki-67 protein:from the known and the unknown [J]. J Cell Physiol.2000; 182(3):311-322.
69. Adeyemo WL, Reuther T, Bloch W, et al. Influence of host periosteum and recipient bed perforation on the healing of onlay mandibular bone graft:an experimental pilot study in the sheep [J]. Oral Maxillofac Surg.2008; 12(1):19-28.
70. Arron JR, Choi Y. Bone versus immune system [J]. Nature.2000; 408(6812): 535-536.
71. Pacifici R. The immune system and bone [J]. Arch Biochem Biophys.2010; 503(1): 41-53.
72. Li Y, Toraldo G, Li A, et al. B cells and T cells are critical for the preservation of bone homeostasis and attainment of peak bone mass in vivo [J]. Blood.2007; 109(9): 3839-3848.
73. Wildt. Uber partielle Unterkieferresektion und bildung einer naturlichen prothese durch knochentransplantion [J]. Zentralbl. f. Chir.1896; 23:1177.
74.王兴,张震康,张熙恩.正颌外科手术学[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1999,331.
75.张震康,张煦恩,傅民魁.正颌外科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1996,23-25.
76.冉炜,郭冰,陈松龄,等.下颌神经管全长三维走向的测量及其临床意义[J].解剖学研究.2002,24(2)：116-118.
77. Sarnat BG, Robinson IB. Experimental changes of the mandible:a serial roentgenographic study [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2007; 18(4):917-925.
78.张智勇,刘伟,归来,等.幼龄猪下颌骨体部外板截除术对下颌骨生长发育的影响[J].中华整形外科杂志,2006,22(4)：271-273.
79. Dechow PC, Nail GA, Schwartz-Dabney CL, et al. Elastic properties of human supraorbital and mandibular bone [J]. Am J Phys Anthropol.1993; 90(3):291-306.
80.薄斌,周树夏,李录贤,等.人下颌骨在压缩载荷下的生物力学性质[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2001,17(1)：18-20.
81.薄斌,周树夏,曹建广,等.下颌骨在撞击作用下的力学响应特点[J].中华创伤杂志,1999,15(2)：93-95.
82.赵延峰,归来.去除下颌骨外板对局部生物力学影响的实验研究[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2008,43(2)：111-112.
83. van Eijden TM. Biomechanics of the mandible [J]. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med.2000; 11(1):123-136.
84. Sindet-Pedersen S, Enemark H. Mandibular bone grafts for reconstruction of alveolar clefts [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.1988; 46(7):533-537.
85. Sindet-Pedersen S, Enemark H. Reconstruction of alveolar clefts with mandibular or iliac crest bone grafts:a comparative study [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.1990; 48(6): 554-558; discussion 559-560.
86. Misch CM. Use of the mandibular ramus as a donor site for onlay bone grafting [J]. J Oral Implantol,2000; 26(1):42-49.
87. Soehardi A, Meijer GJ, Strooband VF, et al. The potential of the horizontal ramus of the mandible as a donor site for block and particular grafts in pre-implant surgery [J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2009; 38(11):1173-1178.
88. Braun TW, Sotereanos GC. Autogenous regional bone grafting as an adjunct in orthognathic surgery [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.1984; 42(1):43-48.
89. Jensen J, Reiche-Fischel O, Sindet-Pedersen S. Autogenous mandibular bone grafts for malar augmentation [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.1995; 53(1):88-90.
90.赵延峰,张智勇,俞冰,等.第一、二鳃弓综合征颜面不对称的整形外科矫治[J].中华医学美学美容杂志,2007,13(1)：19-22.
91.赵延峰,陆平,周晓南,等.下颌骨外板与颅骨外板移植后吸收率的比较研究[J].中华整形外科杂志,2008,24(4)：303-306.
92.赵延峰,刘筱菁,陆平,等.应用自体下颌骨外板行颅面部贴附植骨的临床研究[J].华西口腔医学杂志,2008,26(6)：618-621.
93. Zhao YF, Gui L, Liu XJ. Study of the dimension change after grafting of bone from the outer mandibular table to different maxillofacial recipient sites [J]. Ann Plast Surg.2010; 65(5):475-479.
94. Wolfe SA, Ghurani R, Podda S, et al. An examination of posttraumatic, postsurgical orbital deformities:conclusions drawn for improvement of primary treatment [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg.2008; 122(6):1870-1881.
95. Bagatin M. Reconstruction of orbital defects with autogenous bone from mandibular symphysis [J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg.1987; 15(2):103-105.
96. Krishnan V, Johnson JV. Orbital floor reconstruction with autogenous mandibular symphyseal bone grafts [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.1997; 55(4):327-330; discussion 330-332.
97. Baek SM, Kim SS, Bindiger A. The prominent mandibular angle:preoperative management, operative technique, and results in 42 patients [J]. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989; 83(2):272-280.
98.罗金超,归来,张智勇,等.自体下颌骨隆颏术[J].中华整形外科杂志,2004,20(2)：104-105.
99.范海东,王兴,张熙恩,等.改良下颌角矢状劈开去骨术在矫治中轻度下颌角嚼肌良性肥大畸形中的应用[J].现代口腔医学杂志,2001,15(1)：18-22.
100.Clavero J, Lundgren S. Ramus or chin grafts for maxillary sinus inlay and local onlay augmentation:comparison of donor site morbidity and complications [J]. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2003,5(3):154-160.
101.Sanchis JM, Penarrocha M, Soler F. Bifid mandibular canal [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2003; 61(4):422-424.
102.彭继生,苏峰,孙志强,等.我国人体各部位骨膜的组织形态学观察与比较[J].中华骨科杂志,1994,14(5)：306-308.
103.Squier CA, Ghoneim S, Kremenak CR. Ultrastructure of the periosteum from membrane bone [J]. J Anat.1990; 171:233-239.
104.Hohmann EL, Elde RP, Rysavy JA, et al. Innervation of periosteum and bone by sympathetic vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing nerve fibers [J]. Science.1986, 16; 232(4752):868-871.
105.Bilkay U, Tokat C, Helvaci E, et al. Osteogenic capacities of tibial and cranial periosteum:a biochemical and histologic study [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2008; 19(2): 453-458.
106.Dwek JR. The periosteum:what is it, where is it, and what mimics it in its absence [J]? Skeletal Radiol.2010; 39(4):319-323.
107.Tonna EA. Histologic and histochemical studies on the periosteum of male and female rats at different ages [J]. J Gerontol.1958; 13(1):14-19.
108.Tonna EA. Periosteal osteoclasts, skeletal development and ageing [J]. Nature.1960; 185:405-407.
109.Allen MR, Hock JM, Burr DB. Periosteum:biology, regulation, and response to osteoporosis therapies [J]. Bone.2004; 35(5):1003-1012.
110.Feik SA, Storey E, Ellender G. Stress induced periosteal changes [J]. Br J Exp Pathol. 1987; 68(6):803-813.
111.Smpson AH. The blood supply of the periosteum [J]. J Anat.1985; 140(4):697-704.
112.Feik SA, Ellender G, Crowe DM, et al. Periosteal response in translation-induced bone remodeling [J]. J Anat.1990; 171:69-84.
113.Foolen J, van Donkelaar CC, Ito K. Intracellular tension in periosteum/perichondrium cells regulates long bone growth [J]. J Orthop Res.2011; 29(1):84-91.
114.Adekeye EO. Rapid bone regeneration subsequent to subtotal mandibulectomy. Report of an unusual case [J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.1977; 44(4): 521-526.
115.Boyne PJ. The restoration of resected mandibles in children without the use of bone grafts [J]. Head Neck Surg.1983; 6(2):626-631.
116.Knothe UR, Springfield DS. A novel surgical procedure for bridging of massive bone defects [J]. World J Surg Oncol.2005; 3(1):7.
117.陶笙,张伯勋,卢世璧.骨膜的取材方法对游离骨膜移植后成骨的影响[J].解放军医学杂志,2006,26(1)：74-75.
118.Samuel J, Binderman I, Shanon E. Induction of osteogenesis by free periosteum autografts [J]. J Dent Res.1977; 56(9):1070.
119.van den Wildenberg FA, Goris RJ, Boetes C. Revascularized periosteum transplantations [J]. Eur Surg Res.1983; 15(2):110-113.
120.欧阳钧,王前,王国英,钟世镇.人骨膜成骨细胞培养及初步观察[J].中华骨科杂志,1995,15(11)：789-790.
121.Ball MD, Bonzani IC, Bovis MJ, et al. Human periosteum is a source of cells for orthopaedic tissue engineering:a pilot study [J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res.2011; 469(11):3085-3093.
122.Roberts SJ, Geris L, Kerckhofs G, et al. The combined bone forming capacity of human periosteal derived cells and calcium phosphates [J]. Biomaterials.2011; 32(19):4393-4405.
123.Hayashi O, Katsube Y, Hirose M, et al. Comparison of osteogenic ability of rat mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, periosteum, and adipose tissue [J]. Calcif Tissue Int.2008; 82(3):238-247.
124.Shapiro F. Bone development and its relation to fracture repair. The role of mesenchymal osteoblasts and surface osteoblasts [J]. Eur Cell Mater.2008; 15: 53-76.
125.Mercurio AD, Motta T, Green E, et al. Effects of extensive circumferential periosteal stripping on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the murine femoral cortex [J]. J Orthop Res.2012; 30(4):561-568.
126.Oni OO, Gregg PJ. An investigation of the contribution of the extraosseous tissues to the diaphyseal fracture callus using a rabbit tibial fracture model [J]. J Orthop Trauma.1991; 5(4):480-484.
127.Petrochenko P, Narayan RJ. Novel approaches to bone grafting:porosity, bone morphogenetic proteins, stem cells, and the periosteum [J]. J Long Term Eff Med Implants.2010; 20(4):303-315.
128.Bullens PH, Schreuder HW, de Waal Malefijt MC, et al. The presence of periosteum is essential for the healing of large diaphyseal segmental bone defects reconstructed with trabecular metal:a study in the femur of goats [J]. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater.2010; 92(1):24-31.
129.Kojimoto H, Yasui N, Goto T, et al. Bone lengthening in rabbits by callus distraction: the role of periosteum and endosteum [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br.1988; 70(4): 543-549.
130.Schmidt BL, Kung L, Jones C, et al. Induced osteogenesis by periosteal distraction [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2002; 60(10):1170-1175.
131.Kilic E, Alkan A, Demetoglu U, et al. Evaluation of the effects of guided bone regeneration and periosteum on newly formed bone in a distraction gap [J]. J Craniofac Surg.2011; 22(5):1871-1874.
132.Matsushima S, Isogai N, Jacquet R, et al. The nature and role of periosteum in bone and cartilage regeneration [J]. Cells Tissues Organs.2011; 194(2-4):320-325.
133.Liu R, Schindeler A, Little DG. The potential role of muscle in bone repair [J]. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact.2010; 10(1):71-76.
134.Jenkins DH, Cheng DH, Hodgson AR. Stimulation of bone growth by periosteal stripping. A clinical study [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br.1975; 57(4):482-484.
135.Sola CK, Silberman FS, Cabrini RL. Stimulation of the longitudinal growth of long bones by periosteal stripping. An experimental study on dogs and monkeys [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1963; 45:1679-1684.
136.陈继营,卢世璧,王继芳,等.兔胫骨骨膜环切与修复对骨生长的影响[J].中 国矫形外科杂志,1998,5(2)：153-154.
137.Popowics TE, Zhu Z, Herring SW. Mechanical properties of the periosteum in the pig, Sus scrofa [J]. Arch Oral Biol.2002; 47(10):733-741.
138.Bertram JE, Polevoy Y, Cullinane DM. Mechanics of avian fibrous periosteum: Tensile and adhesion properties during growth [J]. Bone.1998; 22(6):669-675.
139.Foolen J, van Donkelaar CC, Murphy P, et al. Residual periosteum tension is insufficient to directly modulate bone growth [J]. J Biomech.2009; 42(2):152-157.