集群企业竞争优势下的学习研究
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摘要
国内外许多研究表明,产业集群的主要竞争力在于集群的创新优势,这种创新优势主要体现在集群内企业之间的相互竞争、相互合作以及相互学习。对于产业集群内已经成长起来的大中型企业来说,随着经济规模的不断扩大,公司内部的自主研发能力得到了很大的加强,因此他们研发的重点已经由合作开发转向独立开发。而对于集群内的大多数企业来说,他们的经济规模不大,还不足以进行独立开发研制,因此,他们就必须借助外部的创新资源,通过建立集群竞争优势下形成的资源网络实现创新,提升自己的综合竞争实力从而更好的利用集群资源再学习。随着产业集群的发展,集群内的竞争越来越激烈,依赖于低成本的竞争将难以维持企业持续稳定的发展,在这种情况下,如何有效的利用集群内的各种创新资源,如何以最小的创新投入获取最大的学习绩效,从而提升企业技术水平和产品档次,是企业的当务之急。
本文通过大量资料文献的阅读,以及对产业集群相关理论集的梳理和总结后,旨在探讨集群企业具有何种独特竞争优势,如何获得这种竞争优势以及获得竞争优势前、后过程中企业如何学习、如何创新、如何利用和发挥自己独特竞争优势进行再学习,如何在整个集群内建立良性、动态、有效的学习环境和学习氛围,从而提升集群企业的综合实力,建立集群区域竞争优势。同时从企业实践角度系统论证和综合分析了企业学习动因、学习模式、学习途径、学习激励和学习系统等一系列提升集群企业学习能力的问题,从中总结其发展的特征和规律,探寻其产生机理,并连同集群结构理论、集群运行机理以及集群竞争优势等方面来进一步丰富集群理论,解决企业创新发展、提升科技实力等实际问题。最后从企业集群内部和外部提出解决上述问题的对策和建议,促进中国产业集群健康、蓬勃的发展,从而为加快区域经济的发展提供借鉴和参考。
全文共分为五个部分:
第一部分,介绍了产业集群中企业由于其所拥有群内的资源禀赋及其资源整合能力所以具有八大竞争优势,在集群优势下企业在生产四个阶段的知识学习过程和创新发展效应,从而揭示集群内企业通过学习和知识技术提升可以具有竞争优势。
第二部分,介绍了产业集群内企业学习的动因。从交易费用理论、知识外溢性理论、资源理论、协同理论对企业学习动因进行分析,从而揭示了集群内企业具有学习的动机和能力即“有能力学”。
第三部分,介绍了产业集群内企业学习的途径。由于集群企业处于资源优势网络中,便于从企业客户、供应商、竞争对手、中介机构、本地大学、研究机构、地方政府七个途径进行学习,从而揭示了企业学习的渠道即“在哪里学”。
第四部分,介绍了产业集群中企业与非集群企业对比有竞争优势,同时也有能力、有途径去学习,但是有些企业仍不去学习这样就考虑如何激励集群内不同位置的企业都去学习即“让它去学”。
第五部分,原创了产业集群中企业学习问题的案例分析。对河北清河羊绒产业集群做了简单介绍,指出其产业集群发展的特点,并且对集群内企业出现的突出问题进行归纳,最后结合案例对解决产业集群中学习问题进行对策建议即构建学习型产业集群,并从硬件设施、软件设施、学习系统三个方面进行构建对策研究。
本文创新之处:第一,对当前集群竞争优势下企业的学习问题进行了系统的整理归纳,并作了某种程度的拓展和深化;第二,对企业学习过程乃至创新发展,从集群竞争优势角度做出分析。第三,运用交易费用理论、知识外溢性理论、资源理论、协同理论对企业学习动因进行分析。第四,原创案例分析了河北清河羊绒产业集群中企业学习制约问题以及解决对策。
本文的不足之处:第一,本文没有建立系统框架对集群企业学习问题进行深度研究,内容还很不完善和全面。第二,论文对企业提升学习绩效的实证研究不足,有待以后继续或其他研究者继续来共同进行。
The domestic and foreign many research indicated that, the industrial colony's main competitive power lies in the colony the innovation superiority, this kind of innovation superiority mainly manifests in the colony between enterprise's mutual competition, cooperates mutually as well as studies mutually.The large and middle scale enterprises already grew which regarding the industrial colony in, along with the economical scale unceasing expansion, company interior independent research and development ability obtained the very big enhancement, therefore they researched and developed with emphasis already change the independent development by the cooperation development. But regarding colony's in majority enterprises, their economical scale is not big, but also is insufficient to carry on the independent development development, therefore, they must draw support from exterior innovation resources, forms the resources network realization innovation through the establishment colony competitive advantage under, thus promotes own synthesis competition strength the better use colony resources to study again.Along with the industrial colony's development, in colony's competition will be more and more intense, relies on with difficulty maintains the enterprise the low cost competition to continue the stable development, in this case, how in will the effective use colony's each kind of innovation resources, how gain the biggest study achievements by the smallest innovation investment, thus the promotion enterprise technical level and the product scale, will be enterprise's urgent matters.
This article through massive material literature reading, as well as to industrial colony correlation theories collection combing after the summary, is for the purpose of discussing the colony enterprise to have what kind of unique competitive advantage, how obtains this kind of competitive advantage as well as obtains in the competitive advantage before and after process the enterprise how to study, how to innovate, how uses and displays oneself unique competitive advantage to carry on studies again, how establishes benign, the tendency, the effective learning environment and the study atmosphere in the entire colony, thus the promotion colony enterprise's comprehensive strength, establishes the colony region competitive advantage. Meanwhile practiced the angle system proof and the generalized analysis enterprise from the enterprise has studied the agent, the study pattern, the study way, the study drove and studied the system and so on a series of promotion colony enterprise learning capability the question, summarized its development characteristic and the rule, inquired about it produced the mechanism, and together with colony aspects and so on structural theory, colony movement mechanism as well as colony competitive advantage came further the rich colony theory, the solution enterprise innovation development, the promotion science and technology strength and so on the actual problem.Finally from the enterprise colony interior and exterior proposed the solution above question countermeasure and the suggestion, promotes the Chinese industry colony health, the vigorous development, thus for speeds up the region economy the development to provide the model and the reference.
This article innovates the place: First, enterprise's study question has carried on the system reorganization induction to the current colony competitive advantage under, and has made some kind of degree development and the deepening; Second, studies the process and even the innovation development to the enterprise, makes the analysis from the colony competitive advantage angle.Third, using the transaction expense theory, the knowledge overflow innate disposition discusses, the resources theory, the coordination theory studies the agent to the enterprise to carry on the analysis.Fourth, the case has analyzed in the Hebei Qinghe wool industry colony's study restriction question and the solution countermeasure.
This article deficiency: First, this article has not established the system frame to study the question to the colony enterprise to conduct the depth research, the content very is imperfect and is comprehensive.Second, the paper will promote the study achievements to the enterprise the real diagnosis research insufficiency, the pending later to continue or other researchers continues to carry on together.
本文通过大量资料文献的阅读,以及对产业集群相关理论集的梳理和总结后,旨在探讨集群企业具有何种独特竞争优势,如何获得这种竞争优势以及获得竞争优势前、后过程中企业如何学习、如何创新、如何利用和发挥自己独特竞争优势进行再学习,如何在整个集群内建立良性、动态、有效的学习环境和学习氛围,从而提升集群企业的综合实力,建立集群区域竞争优势。同时从企业实践角度系统论证和综合分析了企业学习动因、学习模式、学习途径、学习激励和学习系统等一系列提升集群企业学习能力的问题,从中总结其发展的特征和规律,探寻其产生机理,并连同集群结构理论、集群运行机理以及集群竞争优势等方面来进一步丰富集群理论,解决企业创新发展、提升科技实力等实际问题。最后从企业集群内部和外部提出解决上述问题的对策和建议,促进中国产业集群健康、蓬勃的发展,从而为加快区域经济的发展提供借鉴和参考。
全文共分为五个部分:
第一部分,介绍了产业集群中企业由于其所拥有群内的资源禀赋及其资源整合能力所以具有八大竞争优势,在集群优势下企业在生产四个阶段的知识学习过程和创新发展效应,从而揭示集群内企业通过学习和知识技术提升可以具有竞争优势。
第二部分,介绍了产业集群内企业学习的动因。从交易费用理论、知识外溢性理论、资源理论、协同理论对企业学习动因进行分析,从而揭示了集群内企业具有学习的动机和能力即“有能力学”。
第三部分,介绍了产业集群内企业学习的途径。由于集群企业处于资源优势网络中,便于从企业客户、供应商、竞争对手、中介机构、本地大学、研究机构、地方政府七个途径进行学习,从而揭示了企业学习的渠道即“在哪里学”。
第四部分,介绍了产业集群中企业与非集群企业对比有竞争优势,同时也有能力、有途径去学习,但是有些企业仍不去学习这样就考虑如何激励集群内不同位置的企业都去学习即“让它去学”。
第五部分,原创了产业集群中企业学习问题的案例分析。对河北清河羊绒产业集群做了简单介绍,指出其产业集群发展的特点,并且对集群内企业出现的突出问题进行归纳,最后结合案例对解决产业集群中学习问题进行对策建议即构建学习型产业集群,并从硬件设施、软件设施、学习系统三个方面进行构建对策研究。
本文创新之处:第一,对当前集群竞争优势下企业的学习问题进行了系统的整理归纳,并作了某种程度的拓展和深化;第二,对企业学习过程乃至创新发展,从集群竞争优势角度做出分析。第三,运用交易费用理论、知识外溢性理论、资源理论、协同理论对企业学习动因进行分析。第四,原创案例分析了河北清河羊绒产业集群中企业学习制约问题以及解决对策。
本文的不足之处:第一,本文没有建立系统框架对集群企业学习问题进行深度研究,内容还很不完善和全面。第二,论文对企业提升学习绩效的实证研究不足,有待以后继续或其他研究者继续来共同进行。
The domestic and foreign many research indicated that, the industrial colony's main competitive power lies in the colony the innovation superiority, this kind of innovation superiority mainly manifests in the colony between enterprise's mutual competition, cooperates mutually as well as studies mutually.The large and middle scale enterprises already grew which regarding the industrial colony in, along with the economical scale unceasing expansion, company interior independent research and development ability obtained the very big enhancement, therefore they researched and developed with emphasis already change the independent development by the cooperation development. But regarding colony's in majority enterprises, their economical scale is not big, but also is insufficient to carry on the independent development development, therefore, they must draw support from exterior innovation resources, forms the resources network realization innovation through the establishment colony competitive advantage under, thus promotes own synthesis competition strength the better use colony resources to study again.Along with the industrial colony's development, in colony's competition will be more and more intense, relies on with difficulty maintains the enterprise the low cost competition to continue the stable development, in this case, how in will the effective use colony's each kind of innovation resources, how gain the biggest study achievements by the smallest innovation investment, thus the promotion enterprise technical level and the product scale, will be enterprise's urgent matters.
This article through massive material literature reading, as well as to industrial colony correlation theories collection combing after the summary, is for the purpose of discussing the colony enterprise to have what kind of unique competitive advantage, how obtains this kind of competitive advantage as well as obtains in the competitive advantage before and after process the enterprise how to study, how to innovate, how uses and displays oneself unique competitive advantage to carry on studies again, how establishes benign, the tendency, the effective learning environment and the study atmosphere in the entire colony, thus the promotion colony enterprise's comprehensive strength, establishes the colony region competitive advantage. Meanwhile practiced the angle system proof and the generalized analysis enterprise from the enterprise has studied the agent, the study pattern, the study way, the study drove and studied the system and so on a series of promotion colony enterprise learning capability the question, summarized its development characteristic and the rule, inquired about it produced the mechanism, and together with colony aspects and so on structural theory, colony movement mechanism as well as colony competitive advantage came further the rich colony theory, the solution enterprise innovation development, the promotion science and technology strength and so on the actual problem.Finally from the enterprise colony interior and exterior proposed the solution above question countermeasure and the suggestion, promotes the Chinese industry colony health, the vigorous development, thus for speeds up the region economy the development to provide the model and the reference.
This article innovates the place: First, enterprise's study question has carried on the system reorganization induction to the current colony competitive advantage under, and has made some kind of degree development and the deepening; Second, studies the process and even the innovation development to the enterprise, makes the analysis from the colony competitive advantage angle.Third, using the transaction expense theory, the knowledge overflow innate disposition discusses, the resources theory, the coordination theory studies the agent to the enterprise to carry on the analysis.Fourth, the case has analyzed in the Hebei Qinghe wool industry colony's study restriction question and the solution countermeasure.
This article deficiency: First, this article has not established the system frame to study the question to the colony enterprise to conduct the depth research, the content very is imperfect and is comprehensive.Second, the paper will promote the study achievements to the enterprise the real diagnosis research insufficiency, the pending later to continue or other researchers continues to carry on together.
引文
[1]中间性体制组织包括合资、合作、亚交易、特许专营、卡特尔(cartel)、辛迪加(syndicate)、托拉斯(trust)、康采恩(koncem)、企业集团(enterprise group)、中小企业集群(enterprise cluster).虚拟企业组织(Virtual organization)等。
[2]一般来说,企业内部的创新活动主要包括技术推动和需求推动两种类型,前者主要见于许多大中型企业,而对于中小型企业来说,需求推动是开具创新的主要推动力。
[3]知识和信息流通常又可细分为隐性知识(非编码化的知识)和显性知识(编码化的知识),尤其是隐性知识的流动在产业集群内是非常重要的。由于作图的限制,在模型中作者未区分隐性知识和显性知识。
[4]在本地区内,错综复杂的亲戚、朋友、同学关系网络相互交织,各组织或个人之间很容易建立起联系。
[5]转引自:盖文启《创新网络一区域经济发展新思维》北京:北京大学出版社,2002年版,第136页。
[6]由于嵊州是一个传统产业集群,再加上当地风险投资机制尚不完善,因此,在该地几乎没有风险投资机构,这种情祝在浙江许多传统产业集群内都存在。
[7]Harris.R Clark等人(1996)根据技术的价值不同把技术分成四类:关键技术(key technologies),新兴技术(emerging technologies).基础技术(basic technologies)和产品化技术(commod ity technologies)。关键技术是指能够使企业区别于其它企业的核心技术能力。尽管对于一些高科技企业产业集群(如美国的硅谷、北京的中关村)而言,区域内流动的知识可能存在大量新兴技术,但对于浙江传统产业集群而言,新兴技术的流动还是非常少的,而大多数还是产品化技术。
[8]尽管对于一些行业而言,原型阶段可以忽略不计,但对于大多数制造业企业而言,原型阶段是产品化之前的一个重要要阶段。
[9]与科学知识相对应的是,一些前沿技术的研究也是新技术或新产品的主要来源之一,Bell 和Albu(1999)认为与国际前沿技术的地理距离是影响产业知识体系的一个重要因素。例如,韩国和日本处于国际电子产品技术的前沿,因此韩国和日本的电子企业能够通过技术扩散和技术学习,很轻易的就获取新技术知识。他们进一步认为,随着时间的推移,产业集群将变得日益与国际前沿技术在地理位置上接近。这只能有两种途径,要么不断增强本地产业前沿技术的研究能力,使得国际前沿技术逐渐向本地靠拢,要么就是产业集群逐渐向国际前沿技术所在地转移,使得本地的产业集群向产业价值链的下游移动。
[10]Bent Dalum,Christian.R..Pedersen&Gert Villumsen:Technological life cycles:regional clusters facing disruption,2002.
[11]本案例根据李新春的《企业联盟与网络》一书中的相关资料整理而成。
[12]创新的簇群效应是指创新具有在一定的时间和空间成群出现的特性。时间上的创新簇群效应主要表现为由于需求的全面旺盛或其它有利条件的共同刺激,在同一时期集中出现成群的技术土并无直接联系的创新。空间上的创新簇群效应主要表现为当一项或少数几项重要的技术创新出现以后,会随之涌现出一系列的在技术上与之相关的创新。例如,当电子计算机出现以后,围绕计算机软件、硬件技术的创新层出不穷。
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[2]一般来说,企业内部的创新活动主要包括技术推动和需求推动两种类型,前者主要见于许多大中型企业,而对于中小型企业来说,需求推动是开具创新的主要推动力。
[3]知识和信息流通常又可细分为隐性知识(非编码化的知识)和显性知识(编码化的知识),尤其是隐性知识的流动在产业集群内是非常重要的。由于作图的限制,在模型中作者未区分隐性知识和显性知识。
[4]在本地区内,错综复杂的亲戚、朋友、同学关系网络相互交织,各组织或个人之间很容易建立起联系。
[5]转引自:盖文启《创新网络一区域经济发展新思维》北京:北京大学出版社,2002年版,第136页。
[6]由于嵊州是一个传统产业集群,再加上当地风险投资机制尚不完善,因此,在该地几乎没有风险投资机构,这种情祝在浙江许多传统产业集群内都存在。
[7]Harris.R Clark等人(1996)根据技术的价值不同把技术分成四类:关键技术(key technologies),新兴技术(emerging technologies).基础技术(basic technologies)和产品化技术(commod ity technologies)。关键技术是指能够使企业区别于其它企业的核心技术能力。尽管对于一些高科技企业产业集群(如美国的硅谷、北京的中关村)而言,区域内流动的知识可能存在大量新兴技术,但对于浙江传统产业集群而言,新兴技术的流动还是非常少的,而大多数还是产品化技术。
[8]尽管对于一些行业而言,原型阶段可以忽略不计,但对于大多数制造业企业而言,原型阶段是产品化之前的一个重要要阶段。
[9]与科学知识相对应的是,一些前沿技术的研究也是新技术或新产品的主要来源之一,Bell 和Albu(1999)认为与国际前沿技术的地理距离是影响产业知识体系的一个重要因素。例如,韩国和日本处于国际电子产品技术的前沿,因此韩国和日本的电子企业能够通过技术扩散和技术学习,很轻易的就获取新技术知识。他们进一步认为,随着时间的推移,产业集群将变得日益与国际前沿技术在地理位置上接近。这只能有两种途径,要么不断增强本地产业前沿技术的研究能力,使得国际前沿技术逐渐向本地靠拢,要么就是产业集群逐渐向国际前沿技术所在地转移,使得本地的产业集群向产业价值链的下游移动。
[10]Bent Dalum,Christian.R..Pedersen&Gert Villumsen:Technological life cycles:regional clusters facing disruption,2002.
[11]本案例根据李新春的《企业联盟与网络》一书中的相关资料整理而成。
[12]创新的簇群效应是指创新具有在一定的时间和空间成群出现的特性。时间上的创新簇群效应主要表现为由于需求的全面旺盛或其它有利条件的共同刺激,在同一时期集中出现成群的技术土并无直接联系的创新。空间上的创新簇群效应主要表现为当一项或少数几项重要的技术创新出现以后,会随之涌现出一系列的在技术上与之相关的创新。例如,当电子计算机出现以后,围绕计算机软件、硬件技术的创新层出不穷。
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