嵌入全球竞争的学习型企业集群
|
摘要
企业集群的普遍存在和蓬勃发展是福建省区域经济发展的一个重要特色。但是,面对全球化竞争,这些集群将会面临诸如区域开放性、路径依赖、过度根植性等一系列问题,从而影响到其产业升级和可持续发展,解决这些问题以提高集群持续竞争优势的有效办法就是要构建学习型的企业集群。因此,本文着眼于集群学习能力的提高,探讨了集群学习的问题,目的在于总结一种能有效整合集群内外部各学习主体的学习机制,来推动集群整体学习能力的提高,以增强集群的可持续竞争优势。
本文首先通过分析福建省企业集群发展中存在的问题和集群学习研究的理论背景,来揭示构建学习型企业集群的现实意义和理论价值。然后,就企业集群学习机制所包括的学习主体要素、知识互动网络、集群知识集成、学习的途径和过程等展开论述。接下来,针对集群中实际存在的学习能力“贫富差距”现状,提出了较为理想的企业集群雁阵学习模式,并以此为基础研究高低位势企业的学习激励问题。考虑到集群活动不仅是经济活动,又是社会活动,本文还从社会经济学的角度,研究了社会资本对集群学习效果的影响。最后以集群学习知识互动网络为基础,从核心网络学习环境优化、辅助网络学习环境优化和外围支持网络优化的三个方面提出完善学习型企业集群的对策,并得出了本文的结论及以后研究的展望。
本论文的研究基于案例研究的方法,在前面的理论探讨过程中,先后解剖了石狮服装业企业集群的学习网络、安踏鞋业有限公司的学习合作、晋江鞋业集群的雁阵学习模式及学习激励问题,其结论较好地支持了本文的理论探索。
In Fujian province, a large number of enterprise clusters have played a significant role in regional economic development. However, in the global competition, these clusters will face a series of problems, such as regional opening , path dependence , excessive embeddedness etc., which hamper the upgrading of industry and sustainable development of region. The effective method to solve these problems for raising cluster's competitive advantage continuously is to structure the learning enterprise cluster. So, this dissertation focuses on the improvement of learning capability of these clusters and starts out to discuss the issue of learning of them. The total objective of our discussion is to conclude a reasonable and effective learning mechanism for these clusters that can integrate domestic and foreign members of clusters to coordinated learning activities so as to push the capability development of these clusters and strengthen the sustainably competing advantage of these clusters.
First, through the analysis of the problems existing in the growing process of the enterprises’clusters in Fujian province and the academic background of the research about learning activities in clusters, the dissertation shows the academic and practical meaning of construction of the learning enterprise cluster. The second, the dissertation studies the learning mechanism for these clusters which include domestic and foreign members of clusters, the interdynamic network of knowledge, cluster knowledge integration, the way and course of study. Then, according to the current situation of " gap between rich and poor " of learning ability existing actually in cluster, the dissertation puts forward the comparatively ideal studying mode of flying geese in the process of enterprise's cluster study, and studies the issue of learning motivation about high-level-capability enterprises and low-level-capability enterprises. Considering the cluster activity, which is not merely an economic activity, and social activity, the dissertation has studied the impact of the social capital on cluster learning still from the socioeconomic angle. At last, we bring forward the countermeasure of the consummating for the learning enterprise cluster from three sides: the optimizing of the core network, the supplementary network, the periphery-network, and the conclusion and academic prospect are educed too.
Accompanied with the theoretical exploration, empirical studies are also conducted in the dissertation, which are in the form of case study. The analyzed cases include the clothing industry cluster of Shishi, Anta shoes Co., Ltd, and the shoes industry cluster of Jinjiang. The conclusion of above case studies has satisfyingly supported the theoretical discussion.
本文首先通过分析福建省企业集群发展中存在的问题和集群学习研究的理论背景,来揭示构建学习型企业集群的现实意义和理论价值。然后,就企业集群学习机制所包括的学习主体要素、知识互动网络、集群知识集成、学习的途径和过程等展开论述。接下来,针对集群中实际存在的学习能力“贫富差距”现状,提出了较为理想的企业集群雁阵学习模式,并以此为基础研究高低位势企业的学习激励问题。考虑到集群活动不仅是经济活动,又是社会活动,本文还从社会经济学的角度,研究了社会资本对集群学习效果的影响。最后以集群学习知识互动网络为基础,从核心网络学习环境优化、辅助网络学习环境优化和外围支持网络优化的三个方面提出完善学习型企业集群的对策,并得出了本文的结论及以后研究的展望。
本论文的研究基于案例研究的方法,在前面的理论探讨过程中,先后解剖了石狮服装业企业集群的学习网络、安踏鞋业有限公司的学习合作、晋江鞋业集群的雁阵学习模式及学习激励问题,其结论较好地支持了本文的理论探索。
In Fujian province, a large number of enterprise clusters have played a significant role in regional economic development. However, in the global competition, these clusters will face a series of problems, such as regional opening , path dependence , excessive embeddedness etc., which hamper the upgrading of industry and sustainable development of region. The effective method to solve these problems for raising cluster's competitive advantage continuously is to structure the learning enterprise cluster. So, this dissertation focuses on the improvement of learning capability of these clusters and starts out to discuss the issue of learning of them. The total objective of our discussion is to conclude a reasonable and effective learning mechanism for these clusters that can integrate domestic and foreign members of clusters to coordinated learning activities so as to push the capability development of these clusters and strengthen the sustainably competing advantage of these clusters.
First, through the analysis of the problems existing in the growing process of the enterprises’clusters in Fujian province and the academic background of the research about learning activities in clusters, the dissertation shows the academic and practical meaning of construction of the learning enterprise cluster. The second, the dissertation studies the learning mechanism for these clusters which include domestic and foreign members of clusters, the interdynamic network of knowledge, cluster knowledge integration, the way and course of study. Then, according to the current situation of " gap between rich and poor " of learning ability existing actually in cluster, the dissertation puts forward the comparatively ideal studying mode of flying geese in the process of enterprise's cluster study, and studies the issue of learning motivation about high-level-capability enterprises and low-level-capability enterprises. Considering the cluster activity, which is not merely an economic activity, and social activity, the dissertation has studied the impact of the social capital on cluster learning still from the socioeconomic angle. At last, we bring forward the countermeasure of the consummating for the learning enterprise cluster from three sides: the optimizing of the core network, the supplementary network, the periphery-network, and the conclusion and academic prospect are educed too.
Accompanied with the theoretical exploration, empirical studies are also conducted in the dissertation, which are in the form of case study. The analyzed cases include the clothing industry cluster of Shishi, Anta shoes Co., Ltd, and the shoes industry cluster of Jinjiang. The conclusion of above case studies has satisfyingly supported the theoretical discussion.
引文
[1] Angel, D. The labor market for engineers in the US semiconductor industry[J]. Economic Geography. 1989, 65(2):99-112.
[2] Asheim,B.T., and Arne Isaksen, Regional innovation system: The Integration of Local ‘Sticky’and Global‘Ubiquitous’Knowledge[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2002.
[3] Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A. and Maskell, P., 2002: “Clusters and Knowledge: Local Buzz, Global Pipelines and the Process of Knowledge Creation”,Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics (DRUID) Working Papers 02-12.
[4] Bianchi P. and Bellini, Public policies for local networks of innovators. Research Policy, 1991,20:487-497.
[5] Bresnahan, T., Gambardella, A. and Saxenian, A., 2001: “‘Old economy’inputs for ‘new economy’outcomes: cluster formation in the new Silicon Valleys”. Industrial and Corporate Change 10: 835-860.
[6] Burt, Ronald S. (1992) Structural Holes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[7] Cohen, WM and DA Levinthal. Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly.1990,35, pp.128-52.
[8] Cooke P, Umnga MG, Etxeb.M.G.Regional systems of innovation: evolutionary perspective [J].Environment and Planning ,1998.
[9] Drucker P. Post-capitalist society[M]. London: Butterworth Heinemann, 1993. 25-27.
[10] Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. London: Hamish Hamilton.
[11] Granovetter,M., Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness[J].American Journal of Sociology, 1985.
[12] Howells , J. The location and organization of research and development: new horizons[J]. Research Policy. 1990, 19: 133-146.
[13] Hubert Schmitz, Does Local Co-operation Matter? Evidence from Industrial Clusters in South Asia and Latin America[J]. Oxford Development Studies, 2000,(3).
[14] Inglehart, Ronald (1997) Modernization and Postmodernization:Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
[15] Jaffe A, Trajtenberg M, Henderson R.Geographic location of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1993.
[16] Keeble D, Lawson C, Moore B and Wilkinson F. Collective learning process, networking and‘institutional thickness’in the Cambridge region[J].Regional Studies,1999.
[17] Krugman P.Increasing returns and economic geography[J].Journal of Political Economy,1991.
[18] Lawson C and Lorenz E. Collective learning, tacit knowledge and regional innovative capacity[J]. Regional Studies,1999.
[19] Lewicki, R.J. and Bunker, B.B. (1996). "Developing and maintaining trust in working relationships". In Kramer, R.K. and Tyler, T.R., eds. Trust in organizations. London: Sage, 114 -139.
[20] Longhi C., Networks, collective learning and technology development in innovative high technology regions: the case of Sophia-Antipolis. Regional Studies, 1999,Vol. 33, Issue 4:333 (1).
[21] Michael.E.Porter.Clusters and the New Economics of Competition[J].Harvard Business Review, 1998.
[22] Macevily B and Zaheer A, Bridging ties: a source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capacity[J], Strategic Management Journal,1999.
[23] Nonaka Umenoto, Senoo. From information processing to knowledge creation: A paradigm shift in business management[J]. Technology In Society, 1996, 18(2): 203-218.
[24] Padmore T.and H.Gibson.Modeling systems of innovation:Ⅱ.A framework for industrial cluster analysis in regions[J].Research Policy,1998.
[25] Putnam, R. D (2000). Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community[M], New York: Simon and Schuster.
[26] Richardson,G.B., The Organization of Industry, Economic Journal, 1972,82.
[27] Saxenian L., Regional advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128[M],Harvard Univ.Press,Cambridge1994.
[28] Shin, M., Holden, T. Schmidt, R. From knowledge theory to management practice: towards an integrated approach[J]. Journal of Information Processing and Management, 2001, 37, 335-355.
[29] Stuart I, Deckert P, Mccutecheon D and Kunst R. A leveraged learning network[J]. Sloan Management Review,1998.
[30] 阿尔弗雷德.韦伯.工业区位论[M],李刚剑等译.北京商务印书馆,1997年.
[31] 安娜利·萨克森尼安. 班加罗尔:亚洲的硅谷?[J]. 比较制度分析,2001(2):78-88.
[32] 奥尔森.集体行动的逻辑[M],陈郁译.上海三联书店与上海人民出版社,1995年.
[33] 彼得·圣吉,第五项修炼——学习型组织的艺术与务实[M].第二版,上海:上海三联书店,1998.
[34] 彼得·圣吉等,变革之舞——学习型组织持续发展面临的挑战[M].北京:东方出版社,2001.
[35] 陈明森.福建省产业升级新思路[J].理论经纬,2001,(3).
[36] 陈明森.自主成长与外向推动:产业结构演进模式比较[J].东南学术,2003,(3).
[37] 陈莉平. 建立企业竞争优势的战略三构面[J].福建论坛,2003,(7).
[38] 仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海,复旦大学出版社,1999 年.
[39] 傅京燕,郑杰.中小企业集群成长中政府作用[J].广东商学院学报,2003, (2).
[40] 福山(Fukuyama,Francis).信任:社会道德与繁荣的创造[M],李菀蓉译.远方出版社,1998 年.
[41] 黄文馨. 晋江市乡镇企业的重整[J].福州大学学报,2001,(4).
[42] 黄文馨. 福建民企国际化经营的战略选择[J].开方潮,2003,Z1.
[43] 黄文馨. 福建省民营经济的改革与发展[J].福州大学学报,2004,(2).
[44] 科斯.论企业的性质[M].北京商务印书馆,1996 年.
[45] 李军晓.集群——中小企业生存和发展的战略选择[J].工业技术经济,2004,(3).
[46] 李军晓,黄文馨.嵌入全球竞争的学习型企业集群[J] .科学学与科学技术管理,2005,(5).
[47] 罗文军,傅平,陆玮.战略联盟的组织学习机制[J] .经济管理·新管理,2004(6):16-20.
[48] 罗婉容. 提升中小企业竞争力的模式:价值链集聚[J]. 福建行政学院福建经济管理干部学院学报,2001,(4).
[49] 林元庆.寡占企业合作型竞争的博弈问题[J].福州大学学报,2000,(4).
[50] 马歇尔(英).经济学原理(1938 年)[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1997.
[51] 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M] .北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[52] 聂鸣,蔡铂.学习、集群化与区域创新体系[J] .研究与发展管理,2002,(5).
[53] 谯薇.中小企业集群存在与发展的理论基础[J].兰州商学院学报,2002,(1).
[54] 王丰,宣国良.资源基础观点及其在企业理论中的应用[J].经济理论与经济管理,2002,(4).
[55] 王缉慈等.创新的空间:企业集群与区域发展[M].北京大学出版社,2001.
[56] 王天霞,马鸣萧,张元智.论集群层面上的集体学习[J] .科学学与科学技术管理,2003,(11).
[57] 威廉姆森.市场和等级组织[M].北京商务印书馆,1997 年.
[58] 威廉姆森.市场与科层、资本主义经济制度[M].北京商务印书馆,1998 年.
[59] 魏江.传统产业集群创新系统的结构和运行模式——以温州低压电器业集群为例[J]科学学与科学技术管理,2003,(1).
[60] 魏江,叶波.文化视野内的小企业集群技术学习研究[J].科学学研究,2001,(4).
[61] 魏江,叶波.企业集群中的技术学习分工和知识流动[J] .科学学与科学技术管理,2002,(9).
[62] 魏江,叶波.企业集群的创新集成:集群学习与挤压效应[J] .中国软科学,2002,(12).
[63] 伍长南.农工党福建省委会经济科技工作委员会,《加快海峡西岸经济区制造业产业集群发展的建议》,2004 年10 月.
[64] 伍长南.对接两大“三角洲”建设海峡西岸经济区[J] .福建论坛·人文社会科学版,2004,(6).
[65] 伍长南.新型工业化与产业竞争力互动关系研究—兼论新型工业化与福建产业发展[J] .东南学术,2003,(5).
[66] 吴秋明,李必强.集成与管理的辩证关系[J].系统辨证学学报,2004,(1).
[67] 吴晓波, 耿帅. 区域集群自稔性风险成因分析[J]. 经济地理,2003,(6).
[68] 项保华.企业战略管理若干问题试析[J].南开管理评论,1999,(4).
[69] 薛求知,孔德洋.创新视角的企业持续竞争优势[J].经济理论与经济管理,2004,(3).
[70] 许庆瑞,毛凯军.试论企业集群形成的条件[J].科研管理,2003,(1).
[71] 熊.彼特.经济发展理论[M].北京商务印书馆,1998 年.
[72] 亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M].北京商务印书馆,1997 年.
[73] 叶波.面向整体技术能力演进的企业集群技术学习机制研究[D] .浙江大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[74] 叶建亮. 知识溢出与企业集群[J] .经济科学,2001,( 3).
[75] 姚海琳.企业集群成长中的地方政府作用[J].当代财经,2003,(4).
[76] 中共浙江省政策研究室,《关于提高我省区域特色经济组织化程度的建议》,1998 年3 月18 日,第11 项,第2 页.
[77] 张方华,林仁方,陈劲.企业的社会资本与隐性知识[J].研究与发展管理,2003(6).
[78] 郑文力.论知识经济与人力资源管理[J].福建论坛,1998,(11).
[79] 周小虎,陈传明.企业社会资本与持续竞争优势[J].中国工业经济,2004,(5).
[80] 朱祖平.刍议知识管理及其体系框架[J] .科研管理,2000(1):20-21.
[2] Asheim,B.T., and Arne Isaksen, Regional innovation system: The Integration of Local ‘Sticky’and Global‘Ubiquitous’Knowledge[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2002.
[3] Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A. and Maskell, P., 2002: “Clusters and Knowledge: Local Buzz, Global Pipelines and the Process of Knowledge Creation”,Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics (DRUID) Working Papers 02-12.
[4] Bianchi P. and Bellini, Public policies for local networks of innovators. Research Policy, 1991,20:487-497.
[5] Bresnahan, T., Gambardella, A. and Saxenian, A., 2001: “‘Old economy’inputs for ‘new economy’outcomes: cluster formation in the new Silicon Valleys”. Industrial and Corporate Change 10: 835-860.
[6] Burt, Ronald S. (1992) Structural Holes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[7] Cohen, WM and DA Levinthal. Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly.1990,35, pp.128-52.
[8] Cooke P, Umnga MG, Etxeb.M.G.Regional systems of innovation: evolutionary perspective [J].Environment and Planning ,1998.
[9] Drucker P. Post-capitalist society[M]. London: Butterworth Heinemann, 1993. 25-27.
[10] Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. London: Hamish Hamilton.
[11] Granovetter,M., Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness[J].American Journal of Sociology, 1985.
[12] Howells , J. The location and organization of research and development: new horizons[J]. Research Policy. 1990, 19: 133-146.
[13] Hubert Schmitz, Does Local Co-operation Matter? Evidence from Industrial Clusters in South Asia and Latin America[J]. Oxford Development Studies, 2000,(3).
[14] Inglehart, Ronald (1997) Modernization and Postmodernization:Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
[15] Jaffe A, Trajtenberg M, Henderson R.Geographic location of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1993.
[16] Keeble D, Lawson C, Moore B and Wilkinson F. Collective learning process, networking and‘institutional thickness’in the Cambridge region[J].Regional Studies,1999.
[17] Krugman P.Increasing returns and economic geography[J].Journal of Political Economy,1991.
[18] Lawson C and Lorenz E. Collective learning, tacit knowledge and regional innovative capacity[J]. Regional Studies,1999.
[19] Lewicki, R.J. and Bunker, B.B. (1996). "Developing and maintaining trust in working relationships". In Kramer, R.K. and Tyler, T.R., eds. Trust in organizations. London: Sage, 114 -139.
[20] Longhi C., Networks, collective learning and technology development in innovative high technology regions: the case of Sophia-Antipolis. Regional Studies, 1999,Vol. 33, Issue 4:333 (1).
[21] Michael.E.Porter.Clusters and the New Economics of Competition[J].Harvard Business Review, 1998.
[22] Macevily B and Zaheer A, Bridging ties: a source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capacity[J], Strategic Management Journal,1999.
[23] Nonaka Umenoto, Senoo. From information processing to knowledge creation: A paradigm shift in business management[J]. Technology In Society, 1996, 18(2): 203-218.
[24] Padmore T.and H.Gibson.Modeling systems of innovation:Ⅱ.A framework for industrial cluster analysis in regions[J].Research Policy,1998.
[25] Putnam, R. D (2000). Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community[M], New York: Simon and Schuster.
[26] Richardson,G.B., The Organization of Industry, Economic Journal, 1972,82.
[27] Saxenian L., Regional advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128[M],Harvard Univ.Press,Cambridge1994.
[28] Shin, M., Holden, T. Schmidt, R. From knowledge theory to management practice: towards an integrated approach[J]. Journal of Information Processing and Management, 2001, 37, 335-355.
[29] Stuart I, Deckert P, Mccutecheon D and Kunst R. A leveraged learning network[J]. Sloan Management Review,1998.
[30] 阿尔弗雷德.韦伯.工业区位论[M],李刚剑等译.北京商务印书馆,1997年.
[31] 安娜利·萨克森尼安. 班加罗尔:亚洲的硅谷?[J]. 比较制度分析,2001(2):78-88.
[32] 奥尔森.集体行动的逻辑[M],陈郁译.上海三联书店与上海人民出版社,1995年.
[33] 彼得·圣吉,第五项修炼——学习型组织的艺术与务实[M].第二版,上海:上海三联书店,1998.
[34] 彼得·圣吉等,变革之舞——学习型组织持续发展面临的挑战[M].北京:东方出版社,2001.
[35] 陈明森.福建省产业升级新思路[J].理论经纬,2001,(3).
[36] 陈明森.自主成长与外向推动:产业结构演进模式比较[J].东南学术,2003,(3).
[37] 陈莉平. 建立企业竞争优势的战略三构面[J].福建论坛,2003,(7).
[38] 仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海,复旦大学出版社,1999 年.
[39] 傅京燕,郑杰.中小企业集群成长中政府作用[J].广东商学院学报,2003, (2).
[40] 福山(Fukuyama,Francis).信任:社会道德与繁荣的创造[M],李菀蓉译.远方出版社,1998 年.
[41] 黄文馨. 晋江市乡镇企业的重整[J].福州大学学报,2001,(4).
[42] 黄文馨. 福建民企国际化经营的战略选择[J].开方潮,2003,Z1.
[43] 黄文馨. 福建省民营经济的改革与发展[J].福州大学学报,2004,(2).
[44] 科斯.论企业的性质[M].北京商务印书馆,1996 年.
[45] 李军晓.集群——中小企业生存和发展的战略选择[J].工业技术经济,2004,(3).
[46] 李军晓,黄文馨.嵌入全球竞争的学习型企业集群[J] .科学学与科学技术管理,2005,(5).
[47] 罗文军,傅平,陆玮.战略联盟的组织学习机制[J] .经济管理·新管理,2004(6):16-20.
[48] 罗婉容. 提升中小企业竞争力的模式:价值链集聚[J]. 福建行政学院福建经济管理干部学院学报,2001,(4).
[49] 林元庆.寡占企业合作型竞争的博弈问题[J].福州大学学报,2000,(4).
[50] 马歇尔(英).经济学原理(1938 年)[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1997.
[51] 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M] .北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[52] 聂鸣,蔡铂.学习、集群化与区域创新体系[J] .研究与发展管理,2002,(5).
[53] 谯薇.中小企业集群存在与发展的理论基础[J].兰州商学院学报,2002,(1).
[54] 王丰,宣国良.资源基础观点及其在企业理论中的应用[J].经济理论与经济管理,2002,(4).
[55] 王缉慈等.创新的空间:企业集群与区域发展[M].北京大学出版社,2001.
[56] 王天霞,马鸣萧,张元智.论集群层面上的集体学习[J] .科学学与科学技术管理,2003,(11).
[57] 威廉姆森.市场和等级组织[M].北京商务印书馆,1997 年.
[58] 威廉姆森.市场与科层、资本主义经济制度[M].北京商务印书馆,1998 年.
[59] 魏江.传统产业集群创新系统的结构和运行模式——以温州低压电器业集群为例[J]科学学与科学技术管理,2003,(1).
[60] 魏江,叶波.文化视野内的小企业集群技术学习研究[J].科学学研究,2001,(4).
[61] 魏江,叶波.企业集群中的技术学习分工和知识流动[J] .科学学与科学技术管理,2002,(9).
[62] 魏江,叶波.企业集群的创新集成:集群学习与挤压效应[J] .中国软科学,2002,(12).
[63] 伍长南.农工党福建省委会经济科技工作委员会,《加快海峡西岸经济区制造业产业集群发展的建议》,2004 年10 月.
[64] 伍长南.对接两大“三角洲”建设海峡西岸经济区[J] .福建论坛·人文社会科学版,2004,(6).
[65] 伍长南.新型工业化与产业竞争力互动关系研究—兼论新型工业化与福建产业发展[J] .东南学术,2003,(5).
[66] 吴秋明,李必强.集成与管理的辩证关系[J].系统辨证学学报,2004,(1).
[67] 吴晓波, 耿帅. 区域集群自稔性风险成因分析[J]. 经济地理,2003,(6).
[68] 项保华.企业战略管理若干问题试析[J].南开管理评论,1999,(4).
[69] 薛求知,孔德洋.创新视角的企业持续竞争优势[J].经济理论与经济管理,2004,(3).
[70] 许庆瑞,毛凯军.试论企业集群形成的条件[J].科研管理,2003,(1).
[71] 熊.彼特.经济发展理论[M].北京商务印书馆,1998 年.
[72] 亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M].北京商务印书馆,1997 年.
[73] 叶波.面向整体技术能力演进的企业集群技术学习机制研究[D] .浙江大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[74] 叶建亮. 知识溢出与企业集群[J] .经济科学,2001,( 3).
[75] 姚海琳.企业集群成长中的地方政府作用[J].当代财经,2003,(4).
[76] 中共浙江省政策研究室,《关于提高我省区域特色经济组织化程度的建议》,1998 年3 月18 日,第11 项,第2 页.
[77] 张方华,林仁方,陈劲.企业的社会资本与隐性知识[J].研究与发展管理,2003(6).
[78] 郑文力.论知识经济与人力资源管理[J].福建论坛,1998,(11).
[79] 周小虎,陈传明.企业社会资本与持续竞争优势[J].中国工业经济,2004,(5).
[80] 朱祖平.刍议知识管理及其体系框架[J] .科研管理,2000(1):20-21.