高准直高辐照强度的太阳模拟技术研究
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摘要
太阳模拟器是一种在室内环境中模拟不同大气质量条件下太阳光辐照特性如辐照强度、辐照均匀性、辐照稳定性等的试验或定标设备。太阳模拟技术的产生和发展与空间科学技术的发展息息相关，随着航天器姿态控制器的精度越来越高，对太阳模拟器的要求也越来越高，同时随着CPV太阳电池的发展，都需要一种能够真实反应太阳32′张角的太阳模拟器即高准直太阳模拟器。
为研制一种高准直高辐照度的太阳模拟器，本文对太阳模拟器技术进行了较为详细的研究。首先，本文研究了太阳模拟器的光学系统，针对光学系统中的椭球面聚光镜本文研究了其光学参数确定的依据，其聚光特性，并在此基础上创新性的提出了一种变形椭球面聚光镜、针对光学系统中的光学积分器本文研究了元素透镜数量及元素透镜形状对辐照面均匀性的影响、针对光学系统中的准直物镜本文研究了其结构形式，并提出将摄远物镜应用于太阳模拟器准直系统，这种物镜具有短的后截距，非常适用于要求结构紧凑的太阳模拟器光学系统，在光学系统研究的基础上，本文对某一高准直的太阳模拟光学系统进行了设计，创新性的提出了将小放大倍率的椭球面聚光镜应用于高准直太阳模拟光学系统中，不再以实现大包容角来收评价能量利用率，而是以充分利用轴上发光点附近能量为标准，经仿真比较验证了应用这种小放大倍率的椭球面聚光镜可以大幅提高高准直太阳模拟器的辐照强度；其次本文结合我所太阳模拟器的研制经历研究了太阳模拟器的机械结构形式和系统组成；再次，本文对椭球面聚光镜的加工和检测方法进行了研究，最后，本文对太阳模拟器的技术指标检测方法进行了研究。
本文进行分析时采用的方法包括基于MATLAB的数值分析、基于ZEMAX的光学系统优化和基于LIGHTTOOLS的蒙特卡洛光线追迹仿真分析。
本文的创新之处如下：
1提出一种可提高太阳模拟器均匀性的变形椭球面聚光镜，该变形椭球面聚光镜由标准椭球面方程变形而来，可以通过三个变形系数可控制其面形，选择合适的变形系数可以提高太阳模拟器辐照面的均匀性。
2提出将摄远型物镜应用于太阳模拟器准直系统，改变以往采用倒置望远物镜而形成的“长脖子”，采用摄远型物镜可以大大缩短系统长度，非常适用于要求结构紧凑的太阳模拟器。
3提出将小放大倍率的椭球面聚光镜应用到高准直太阳模拟光学系统中的思想，不再以大包容角为评价能量收集效率指标，而是将充分利用轴上发光点附近的能量为指标，该思想通过在LIGHTTOOLS中建立的仿真比较模型得到了验证。
高准直的太阳模拟器是太阳敏感器地面精度测量和CPV电池标定的必备仪器，但是由于这种太阳模拟器的准直角极小，因此通过光学系统的能量被极小的准直光阑限制，所以要达到高的辐照强度是极具难度的，本文研究的高准直高辐照强度的太阳模拟技术是具有重要意义的研究领域。
Solar Simulator is an important test or calibration equipment used to simulate thecharacteristics of the solar radiation under various conditions of air mass in the room.The development of solar simulation technology is closely related to the developmentof space science and technology in our country, as the precision of spacecraft attitudecontroller is increasingly high, requirements for solar simulators are becoming moresophisticated, and with the development of CPV solar cells, a solar simulation devicecalled highly collimated solar simulator, which can reflect the true sun32' inclination,is demanded.
In order to develop a highly collimated solar simulator with high intensity, thesolar simulation technology is studied in detail in this paper. Firstly, the solarsimulation optical system is studied, for the ellipsoidal condenser in this opticalsystem, its parameters and its concentrating characteristics are researched, and adeformed ellipsoid condenser is innovatively presented based on the theory above, forthe optical integrator in the optical system, the impact of the numbers and shapes ofthe elements to the surface irradiance uniformity is also studied, for the collimatinglens in the optical system, its structures are studied, and telephoto lens which can beused as solar simulator collimating lens are proposed in the paper, this lens have ashort back focal, and it is very suitable for the applications requiring a compact solarsimulation optical System. On the basis of the solar simulation optical system research,a highly collimated solar simulation optical system is designed, and the theory using small magnification ellipsoid condenser to the highly collimated solar simulationoptical system is innovatively proposed, the efficiency evaluation by achieving aninclusive angle to collect energy is no longer appropriate, instead the evaluation bytaking advantages of near-axis point energy is useful, and the theory that smallmagnification ellipsoidal condenser can significantly improve the radiation intensityof the highly collimated solar simulator is verified after comparing two simulationmodels. Secondly the solar simulator mechanical structure and system components arestudied combined with our solar simulator development; Again, the processing anddetection methods of ellipsoidal condenser are studied in this paper, finally, the solarsimulator technical indicator detection methods are studied as well.
In this paper, the analysis methods including numerical analysis using MATLAB,optimization based on ZEMAX, and Monte Carlo ray tracing simulation analysisbased LIGHTTOOLS are used.
The innovations in this paper are as follows:
1. A deformed is proposed, it can improve the uniformity of the solar simulator,the deformed condenser is derived from the standard ellipsoid condenser, its surfaceshape can be controlled by three deformation coefficients, and it can increase thesurface irradiation uniformity of the solar simulator if the appropriate deformationcoefficients are selected.
2. The telephoto lens used in solar simulators as collimation system is proposed,it can change the "long neck" of the solar simulator by using the inverted dualseparated lens, the length of the solar simulator is greatly becoming short by using atelephoto type lens, which is very suitable for the applications requiring for a compactsolar simulation device.
3. The small magnification applied to the highly collimated solar simulationoptical system is proposed, the ellipsoid condenser with large collection angle is nolonger energy efficiency evaluation, while the evaluation by taking full advantages ofnear-axis luminous point is instead, the theory is verified by two comparingsimulation models created in LIGHTTOOLS software.
The highly collimated solar simulator is an essential equipment applied to theprecision measurement of the sun sensor and the calibration of CPV cells, howeverbecause of the tiny collimation angles of the highly collimated solar simulator, theenergy emitting from the collimator aperture is very small, so it is very difficult toachieve high intensity for highly collimated solar simulators, the technology ofhighly collimated solar simulator with high intensity is of great significance.
为研制一种高准直高辐照度的太阳模拟器，本文对太阳模拟器技术进行了较为详细的研究。首先，本文研究了太阳模拟器的光学系统，针对光学系统中的椭球面聚光镜本文研究了其光学参数确定的依据，其聚光特性，并在此基础上创新性的提出了一种变形椭球面聚光镜、针对光学系统中的光学积分器本文研究了元素透镜数量及元素透镜形状对辐照面均匀性的影响、针对光学系统中的准直物镜本文研究了其结构形式，并提出将摄远物镜应用于太阳模拟器准直系统，这种物镜具有短的后截距，非常适用于要求结构紧凑的太阳模拟器光学系统，在光学系统研究的基础上，本文对某一高准直的太阳模拟光学系统进行了设计，创新性的提出了将小放大倍率的椭球面聚光镜应用于高准直太阳模拟光学系统中，不再以实现大包容角来收评价能量利用率，而是以充分利用轴上发光点附近能量为标准，经仿真比较验证了应用这种小放大倍率的椭球面聚光镜可以大幅提高高准直太阳模拟器的辐照强度；其次本文结合我所太阳模拟器的研制经历研究了太阳模拟器的机械结构形式和系统组成；再次，本文对椭球面聚光镜的加工和检测方法进行了研究，最后，本文对太阳模拟器的技术指标检测方法进行了研究。
本文进行分析时采用的方法包括基于MATLAB的数值分析、基于ZEMAX的光学系统优化和基于LIGHTTOOLS的蒙特卡洛光线追迹仿真分析。
本文的创新之处如下：
1提出一种可提高太阳模拟器均匀性的变形椭球面聚光镜，该变形椭球面聚光镜由标准椭球面方程变形而来，可以通过三个变形系数可控制其面形，选择合适的变形系数可以提高太阳模拟器辐照面的均匀性。
2提出将摄远型物镜应用于太阳模拟器准直系统，改变以往采用倒置望远物镜而形成的“长脖子”，采用摄远型物镜可以大大缩短系统长度，非常适用于要求结构紧凑的太阳模拟器。
3提出将小放大倍率的椭球面聚光镜应用到高准直太阳模拟光学系统中的思想，不再以大包容角为评价能量收集效率指标，而是将充分利用轴上发光点附近的能量为指标，该思想通过在LIGHTTOOLS中建立的仿真比较模型得到了验证。
高准直的太阳模拟器是太阳敏感器地面精度测量和CPV电池标定的必备仪器，但是由于这种太阳模拟器的准直角极小，因此通过光学系统的能量被极小的准直光阑限制，所以要达到高的辐照强度是极具难度的，本文研究的高准直高辐照强度的太阳模拟技术是具有重要意义的研究领域。
Solar Simulator is an important test or calibration equipment used to simulate thecharacteristics of the solar radiation under various conditions of air mass in the room.The development of solar simulation technology is closely related to the developmentof space science and technology in our country, as the precision of spacecraft attitudecontroller is increasingly high, requirements for solar simulators are becoming moresophisticated, and with the development of CPV solar cells, a solar simulation devicecalled highly collimated solar simulator, which can reflect the true sun32' inclination,is demanded.
In order to develop a highly collimated solar simulator with high intensity, thesolar simulation technology is studied in detail in this paper. Firstly, the solarsimulation optical system is studied, for the ellipsoidal condenser in this opticalsystem, its parameters and its concentrating characteristics are researched, and adeformed ellipsoid condenser is innovatively presented based on the theory above, forthe optical integrator in the optical system, the impact of the numbers and shapes ofthe elements to the surface irradiance uniformity is also studied, for the collimatinglens in the optical system, its structures are studied, and telephoto lens which can beused as solar simulator collimating lens are proposed in the paper, this lens have ashort back focal, and it is very suitable for the applications requiring a compact solarsimulation optical System. On the basis of the solar simulation optical system research,a highly collimated solar simulation optical system is designed, and the theory using small magnification ellipsoid condenser to the highly collimated solar simulationoptical system is innovatively proposed, the efficiency evaluation by achieving aninclusive angle to collect energy is no longer appropriate, instead the evaluation bytaking advantages of near-axis point energy is useful, and the theory that smallmagnification ellipsoidal condenser can significantly improve the radiation intensityof the highly collimated solar simulator is verified after comparing two simulationmodels. Secondly the solar simulator mechanical structure and system components arestudied combined with our solar simulator development; Again, the processing anddetection methods of ellipsoidal condenser are studied in this paper, finally, the solarsimulator technical indicator detection methods are studied as well.
In this paper, the analysis methods including numerical analysis using MATLAB,optimization based on ZEMAX, and Monte Carlo ray tracing simulation analysisbased LIGHTTOOLS are used.
The innovations in this paper are as follows:
1. A deformed is proposed, it can improve the uniformity of the solar simulator,the deformed condenser is derived from the standard ellipsoid condenser, its surfaceshape can be controlled by three deformation coefficients, and it can increase thesurface irradiation uniformity of the solar simulator if the appropriate deformationcoefficients are selected.
2. The telephoto lens used in solar simulators as collimation system is proposed,it can change the "long neck" of the solar simulator by using the inverted dualseparated lens, the length of the solar simulator is greatly becoming short by using atelephoto type lens, which is very suitable for the applications requiring for a compactsolar simulation device.
3. The small magnification applied to the highly collimated solar simulationoptical system is proposed, the ellipsoid condenser with large collection angle is nolonger energy efficiency evaluation, while the evaluation by taking full advantages ofnear-axis luminous point is instead, the theory is verified by two comparingsimulation models created in LIGHTTOOLS software.
The highly collimated solar simulator is an essential equipment applied to theprecision measurement of the sun sensor and the calibration of CPV cells, howeverbecause of the tiny collimation angles of the highly collimated solar simulator, theenergy emitting from the collimator aperture is very small, so it is very difficult toachieve high intensity for highly collimated solar simulators, the technology ofhighly collimated solar simulator with high intensity is of great significance.
引文
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