森林排列空间结构分形地统计描述及其与热场之间的关系研究
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摘要
本研究根据遥感数据,归纳了5种具有不同空间构形、空间分布状况的森林地段即块状皆伐地类型、斑块类型、线形类型、树枝类型和面状类型,并把它们定义为森林排列。如何表达不同森林排列空间结构信息,建立空间结构与热场之间的关系,以及它们对森林经营管理的意义是本文主要目的意义所在。在第一部分中,研究着眼于森林排列空间结构信息的数学表达,主要利用分形几何与空间统计学如地统计学、尺度方差分析等的相关原理、方法,分别从森林排列空间破碎特征、多尺度特征、空间异质性、空间构形和分布等几个方面研究了不同森林排列空间结构特征及其差异;第二部分主要从遥感数据中反演了不同森林排列的亮温,并采用分形技术分析了不同森林排列的热场空间分布格局,提出构建热场与空间结构之间的定量关系的思想,然后以空间结构分析的结果为基础,以热场作为一个环境因子,建立了热场与空间结构之间的关系并探讨它们在林业中意义;第三部分以Matlab6.1为平台,设计开发完成了遥感数据分形与地统计分析为主的软件系统的主要部分,将空间统计与分形分析中的复杂算法程序化、可视化。通过大量研究,本文取得了以下一些进展和创新:
1、针对森林排列定义的内涵,采用F1、EPP、IPP和FCP四个森林破碎指数,对不同森林排列空间破碎特征及意义进行了分析评价。
2、掌握了不同森林排列空间等级尺度突变的规律,即块状皆伐地和斑块类型在较小的空间等级尺度上尺度方差变化剧烈;线形排列和面状排列在较大的空间等级尺度上发生突变;树枝排列居于二者之间。指出如把起重要作用的尺度作为一个独立变量引入森林经营的具体实践中的重要性,为进行多层次、多尺度森林经营管理从手段和方法上做了尝试和探索。
3、通过球状模型和指数模型的对比分析表明,指数模型γ(h)=C_0+C(1-e~(-h/a)能够更好的用来描述森林排列的空间结构特征。对不同森林排列,模型参数的差异揭示了其空间格局结构的本质区别。对模型参数分析表明,不同森林排列空间异质性尺度具有“斑块状皆伐地类型<斑块排列<线形排列<树枝排列<面状排列”的规律,且空间异质性尺度与尺度方差突变剧烈的尺度基本对应,进一步说明不同排列对生态功能和过程其重要作用的尺度不同。
4、不同森林排列具有分形特征,分形性质客观存在,说明利用分形这一新的非线性理论作为手段描述不同森林排列空间构形、分布及其差异是一条可取的途径。采用并改进盒维数算法和三角棱柱算法两种方法计算了不同森林排列的分形维数,两种算法具有一致的结果即“块状皆伐地>斑块类型>线形>树枝排列>面状排列”的规律。造成不同森林排列分形维数的大小关系的因素包括光谱特征、空间异质性以及空间破碎状况等,说明不同森林排列分形特征形成机制与它们本身的空间结构有关;也说明
In this study, five kinds of forest area with different spatial forms and spatial distribution were intercepted from remote sensing data, which are Blocky clearing cut type (JFD), Block type (BL), Linear type (LT), Tree branch type (TB) and Area type (AT), and define them as Forest Arrangements, In this study the mainly aim is how to obtain and characterize the spatial structure of different forest arrangements, build their relationship with thermal Field, and discuss their meaning to forest management. In part I of the dissertation, the study emphasized on obtaining and characterizing forest arrangements spatial structure information. We mainly made use of the related theory and method of Fractal geometry and Spatial statistics such as Geo-statistics, Scale Variance to analyze and character spatial structure of different forest arrangements, which include spatial fragmentation features, spatial hierarchical scale, spatial heterogeneity and spatial form, distribution etc. In part II of the dissertation, bright temperature of different forest arrangements were retrieved from ETM+ or TM band6, and we adopted fractal technique to analyze the thermal fields spatial pattern of different forest arrangements at the first time, then brought forward the idea to construct the quantitative relationships of spatial structure with thermal fields, and finally, built them and discussed their meaning in forestry. In part III of the dissertation, Fractal and Geo-statistic Analysis software of Remote Sensing (FG ARS) has been designed and developed based on Matlab6.1 in this study.Some results and creative points were obtained in this study as below:1, Taking account of the connotation of forest arrangement, the spatial fragmentation features and meaning of different forest arrangement were assessed by four kinds of fragmentation indices Fl 、 EPP、 IPP and FCP.2, The spatial hierarchical scale variability of different forest arrangement was analyzed. JFD and BL has a strong scale variability in fine scale, LT and AT in large scale, and TB between them.3, The study shows that exponential model can be used to reflect spatial structure of forest arrangements better than spherical model, the difference of spatial patterns of different forest arrangements was exposed by model parameters. According to the analysis of the model parameters such as Range, Sill, nugget etc, the spatial heterogeneity scales of
different forest arrangements had following law: JFDBL>LT>TB>AT. the difference of fractal dimensions were effected by spectrum features, spatial heterogeneity, forest fragmentation and so on, it shown that fractal mechanism of different forest arrangements have relationship with their spatial structure.5, It shows that the difference of spatial forms of different arrangements has positive correlation with Multifractal parameters such as the symmetry of their Multi-spectrum, and the irregular relationship of different arrangements is (JFD) BL>LT>TB>AT. Combine multifractal analysis with fractal dimensions, it further reflects that AT and TB have better fractal structure, and the spatial structure of LT, LT, JFD need develop.6, The Fractal theory was firstly adopted to research the thermal field spatial patterns of different arrangements. It proved that fractal method can reflect correctly the difference of thermal field spatial patterns of different arrangements, and thermal field spatial features are similar to the geographical spatial feature of forest arrangements.7, The idea to construct the quantitative relationships of spatial structure and thermal fields was brought
1、针对森林排列定义的内涵,采用F1、EPP、IPP和FCP四个森林破碎指数,对不同森林排列空间破碎特征及意义进行了分析评价。
2、掌握了不同森林排列空间等级尺度突变的规律,即块状皆伐地和斑块类型在较小的空间等级尺度上尺度方差变化剧烈;线形排列和面状排列在较大的空间等级尺度上发生突变;树枝排列居于二者之间。指出如把起重要作用的尺度作为一个独立变量引入森林经营的具体实践中的重要性,为进行多层次、多尺度森林经营管理从手段和方法上做了尝试和探索。
3、通过球状模型和指数模型的对比分析表明,指数模型γ(h)=C_0+C(1-e~(-h/a)能够更好的用来描述森林排列的空间结构特征。对不同森林排列,模型参数的差异揭示了其空间格局结构的本质区别。对模型参数分析表明,不同森林排列空间异质性尺度具有“斑块状皆伐地类型<斑块排列<线形排列<树枝排列<面状排列”的规律,且空间异质性尺度与尺度方差突变剧烈的尺度基本对应,进一步说明不同排列对生态功能和过程其重要作用的尺度不同。
4、不同森林排列具有分形特征,分形性质客观存在,说明利用分形这一新的非线性理论作为手段描述不同森林排列空间构形、分布及其差异是一条可取的途径。采用并改进盒维数算法和三角棱柱算法两种方法计算了不同森林排列的分形维数,两种算法具有一致的结果即“块状皆伐地>斑块类型>线形>树枝排列>面状排列”的规律。造成不同森林排列分形维数的大小关系的因素包括光谱特征、空间异质性以及空间破碎状况等,说明不同森林排列分形特征形成机制与它们本身的空间结构有关;也说明
In this study, five kinds of forest area with different spatial forms and spatial distribution were intercepted from remote sensing data, which are Blocky clearing cut type (JFD), Block type (BL), Linear type (LT), Tree branch type (TB) and Area type (AT), and define them as Forest Arrangements, In this study the mainly aim is how to obtain and characterize the spatial structure of different forest arrangements, build their relationship with thermal Field, and discuss their meaning to forest management. In part I of the dissertation, the study emphasized on obtaining and characterizing forest arrangements spatial structure information. We mainly made use of the related theory and method of Fractal geometry and Spatial statistics such as Geo-statistics, Scale Variance to analyze and character spatial structure of different forest arrangements, which include spatial fragmentation features, spatial hierarchical scale, spatial heterogeneity and spatial form, distribution etc. In part II of the dissertation, bright temperature of different forest arrangements were retrieved from ETM+ or TM band6, and we adopted fractal technique to analyze the thermal fields spatial pattern of different forest arrangements at the first time, then brought forward the idea to construct the quantitative relationships of spatial structure with thermal fields, and finally, built them and discussed their meaning in forestry. In part III of the dissertation, Fractal and Geo-statistic Analysis software of Remote Sensing (FG ARS) has been designed and developed based on Matlab6.1 in this study.Some results and creative points were obtained in this study as below:1, Taking account of the connotation of forest arrangement, the spatial fragmentation features and meaning of different forest arrangement were assessed by four kinds of fragmentation indices Fl 、 EPP、 IPP and FCP.2, The spatial hierarchical scale variability of different forest arrangement was analyzed. JFD and BL has a strong scale variability in fine scale, LT and AT in large scale, and TB between them.3, The study shows that exponential model can be used to reflect spatial structure of forest arrangements better than spherical model, the difference of spatial patterns of different forest arrangements was exposed by model parameters. According to the analysis of the model parameters such as Range, Sill, nugget etc, the spatial heterogeneity scales of
different forest arrangements had following law: JFD
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