水陆坦克与背景红外辐射特性研究
|
摘要
目标红外辐射特性研究是国内外在红外领域研究的热点之一,在目标探测、精确跟踪与制导等领域具有重要的意义。本文选择了我国最先进的登陆作战水陆坦克为研究对象,针对其中的主要内容进行研究。本文对影响水陆坦克红外辐射特性的一些主要因素进行分析,对水陆坦克与背景的红外辐射特性的建模方法进行了研究,对水陆坦克与背景红外辐射图像的合成方法进行了探讨。本文的工作主要包括以下几个方面:
(1)对水陆坦克进行了网格划分
根据坦克的几何结构特征,用Delaunay方法实现了水陆坦克表面的非结构化网格的划分,然后用分层的方法实现三棱柱单元的划分。
(2)建立了水陆坦克红外辐射特性模型
考虑水陆坦克与周围背景之间的换热、水陆坦克自身的内热源影响以及水陆坦克各部分之间的热量传递,在构建水陆坦克的车体温度模型、射击和非射击状态下火炮身管温度的计算模型的基础上,建立了水陆坦克整体温度计算模型,系统地建立了水陆坦克红外辐射特性的分析方法,计算了水陆坦克的整体红外辐射特性。
(3)建立了海滩地表背景红外辐射特性模型
考虑海滩地表背景吸收的太阳辐射、大气长波辐射、海滩地表的自身辐射、海滩地表与环境间的显热交换和潜热交换等因素对海滩地表背景红外辐射特性的影响,建立了海滩地表的三维温度场和红外辐射计算模型。提出了利用三维温度和红外辐射模型计算复杂地面背景温度和红外辐射特性的简化方法。
(4)建立了海洋背景的红外辐射特性模型
建立了三维随机海浪的数学模型,并对海浪进行了数值模拟;考虑海面自身的热辐射以及对太阳与大气辐射的反射等因素、建立海面红外辐射的模型,获得了其红外辐射特性热像。
(5)提出了水陆坦克的红外热图像和背景红外热图像的生成方法
根据计算机图形学的基本原理,建立了水陆坦克红外图像的生成方法。生成了背景和水陆坦克的红外模拟图像。
Research on the infrared features of target is one of the most important aspects during infrared application. It is of momentous significance in detecting target and curate tracting targets. The main researching contents of this thesis is the infrared features of the amphibious tank, Main factors that affect the infrared features of the amphibious tank were analyzed in this paper. The method for the simulation of the amphibious tank and the background infrared features was studied. The synthesizing method of the infrared images for the target and background and the simulation method for the missile-target meeting progress were also discussed in the paper. The main work of the paper includes:
(1) meshes on the amphibious tank were generated
Unstructured surface meshes on the amphibious tank were generated by Delaunay method , which was on the basis of the surface geometry. Then 3D rectangle triangular prima elements were generated by dividing the amphibious tank into several layers.
(2) The infrared feature models of the amphibious tank were developed
Considering the effects of the heat exchange with the surround background, the heatgenerations relevant with the working status, and the heat transfer between the different parts of the amphibious tank, a temperature model of the amphibious tank were developed based on the temperature models for the vehicle body, the temperature model for calculating the gun barrel on the shooting state and the non-shooting state have been established. The temperature distribution of the amphibious tank was also calculated. The systematical analysis methods were established for the analysis of the infrared features of the amphibious tank. The infrared feature of the amphibious tank was calculated. The generating mechanism and the changing regulation of the infrared feature of the amphibious tank are revealed.
(3) The infrared feature models of the beach terrain background were established
Considering the short wave solar radiation and the long wave air radiation absorbed bythe beach terrain surface, apparent heat exchange and latent heat exchange between the terrain surface and the background, the temperature and infrared feature models were established for the beach terrain. The method with three-dimensional temperature and infrared model to calculated the temperature and infrared feature of the complex beach terrain background were put forward in the paper.
(4) The infrared feature model of the ocean background was established
The mathematical model of the three-dimensional random waves was developed, three-dimensional random waves were simulated. Considering oceanic radiation and the reflection of radiation of the sun and the sky, the infrared feature model of the ocean background was established, the infrared feature images of the ocean background were achieved.
(5) The generation methods of the infrared images of the amphibious tank and the background were put forward.
The generation methods of the infrared images of the amphibious tank were put forward based on the fundamental of the computer graphics. The simulated infrared images of the amphibious tank and the background were generated.
(1)对水陆坦克进行了网格划分
根据坦克的几何结构特征,用Delaunay方法实现了水陆坦克表面的非结构化网格的划分,然后用分层的方法实现三棱柱单元的划分。
(2)建立了水陆坦克红外辐射特性模型
考虑水陆坦克与周围背景之间的换热、水陆坦克自身的内热源影响以及水陆坦克各部分之间的热量传递,在构建水陆坦克的车体温度模型、射击和非射击状态下火炮身管温度的计算模型的基础上,建立了水陆坦克整体温度计算模型,系统地建立了水陆坦克红外辐射特性的分析方法,计算了水陆坦克的整体红外辐射特性。
(3)建立了海滩地表背景红外辐射特性模型
考虑海滩地表背景吸收的太阳辐射、大气长波辐射、海滩地表的自身辐射、海滩地表与环境间的显热交换和潜热交换等因素对海滩地表背景红外辐射特性的影响,建立了海滩地表的三维温度场和红外辐射计算模型。提出了利用三维温度和红外辐射模型计算复杂地面背景温度和红外辐射特性的简化方法。
(4)建立了海洋背景的红外辐射特性模型
建立了三维随机海浪的数学模型,并对海浪进行了数值模拟;考虑海面自身的热辐射以及对太阳与大气辐射的反射等因素、建立海面红外辐射的模型,获得了其红外辐射特性热像。
(5)提出了水陆坦克的红外热图像和背景红外热图像的生成方法
根据计算机图形学的基本原理,建立了水陆坦克红外图像的生成方法。生成了背景和水陆坦克的红外模拟图像。
Research on the infrared features of target is one of the most important aspects during infrared application. It is of momentous significance in detecting target and curate tracting targets. The main researching contents of this thesis is the infrared features of the amphibious tank, Main factors that affect the infrared features of the amphibious tank were analyzed in this paper. The method for the simulation of the amphibious tank and the background infrared features was studied. The synthesizing method of the infrared images for the target and background and the simulation method for the missile-target meeting progress were also discussed in the paper. The main work of the paper includes:
(1) meshes on the amphibious tank were generated
Unstructured surface meshes on the amphibious tank were generated by Delaunay method , which was on the basis of the surface geometry. Then 3D rectangle triangular prima elements were generated by dividing the amphibious tank into several layers.
(2) The infrared feature models of the amphibious tank were developed
Considering the effects of the heat exchange with the surround background, the heatgenerations relevant with the working status, and the heat transfer between the different parts of the amphibious tank, a temperature model of the amphibious tank were developed based on the temperature models for the vehicle body, the temperature model for calculating the gun barrel on the shooting state and the non-shooting state have been established. The temperature distribution of the amphibious tank was also calculated. The systematical analysis methods were established for the analysis of the infrared features of the amphibious tank. The infrared feature of the amphibious tank was calculated. The generating mechanism and the changing regulation of the infrared feature of the amphibious tank are revealed.
(3) The infrared feature models of the beach terrain background were established
Considering the short wave solar radiation and the long wave air radiation absorbed bythe beach terrain surface, apparent heat exchange and latent heat exchange between the terrain surface and the background, the temperature and infrared feature models were established for the beach terrain. The method with three-dimensional temperature and infrared model to calculated the temperature and infrared feature of the complex beach terrain background were put forward in the paper.
(4) The infrared feature model of the ocean background was established
The mathematical model of the three-dimensional random waves was developed, three-dimensional random waves were simulated. Considering oceanic radiation and the reflection of radiation of the sun and the sky, the infrared feature model of the ocean background was established, the infrared feature images of the ocean background were achieved.
(5) The generation methods of the infrared images of the amphibious tank and the background were put forward.
The generation methods of the infrared images of the amphibious tank were put forward based on the fundamental of the computer graphics. The simulated infrared images of the amphibious tank and the background were generated.
引文
[1]弗兰克.P.英克鲁佩勒,戴维.P.戴威特.传热的基本原理.第1版.合肥:安徽教育出版社,1985
[2]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学.第2版.北京.高等教育出版,1998
[3]郭廷玮,刘鉴民,M.DAGUENET.太阳能的利用.第1版.北京:科学技术文献出版社,1987
[4]孔祥谦.有限单元法在传热中的应用.第3版.北京:科学出版社,1998
[5]陶文铨.计算传热学的近代进展.第1版.北京:科学出版社,2000
[6]何春华,孙共辉.63A式水陆坦克构造与使用.第1版.北京:解放军出版社,1999
[7]杨楚泉.水陆坦克车辆原理与设计.第1版.北京:国防工业出版社,2003
[8]金志明,袁亚雄,宋明.现代内弹道学.第1版.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1992
[9]鲍廷钰,邱文坚.内弹道学.第1版.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1995
[10]卞伯绘.辐射换热的分析与计算.第1版.北京:清华大学出版社,1988
[11]陶文铨.数值传热学.第2版.西安:西安交通大学出版社.2001
[12]王勖成,邵敏.有限单元法基本原理和数值方法.第2版.北京:清华大学出版社.1997
[13]W.M.罗森诺.传热学基础手册(上册).第1版.北京:科学出版社.1992
[14]E.U.施林德尔.换热器设计手册(第二卷)流体力学与传热学.第1版.北京:机械工业出版社.1989
[15]王普法,陈柏飞.武器传热学.第1版.北京:机械委兵工教材编审室出版,1987
[16]徐德伦,于定勇.随机海浪理论.第1版.北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[17]文圣常,余宙文.海浪理论与计算原理.第1版.北京:科学出版社,1984.
[18]俞聿修.随机波浪及其工程应用.大连:理工大学出版社,1992.
[19]郭齐胜,董志明.战场环境仿真.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社.2005
[20]宣益民,韩玉阁,蔡兰波.地面目标与背景的红外特征.第1版.北京.国防工业出版社.2004
[21]李庆扬,关治,白峰衫.数值计算原理.第1版.北京.清华大学出版社.2000
[22]Pieter A.Jacobs著,吴文健,胡碧茹,满亚辉译.地面目标和背景的热红外特性.第1版.北京.国防工业出版社.2004
[23]徐士良.FORTRAN常用算法程序集.第2版.北京.清华大学出版社.1995
[24]徐根兴,姚连兴,仇维礼.目标与环境的光学特性.第1版.北京:宇航出版社, 1995
[25]宣益民,韩玉阁,吴轩.坦克红外热像理论建模和计算机模拟.弹道学报,1997,9(1):17-21
[26]宣益民,王玉林.车辆热特征分析与热系统设计.南京理工大学学报.1996(6):282-288
[27]懂雁冰,刘浩.坦克红外辐射理论建模研究.军用目标特性和传输特性“八五技术成果交流会”.北京.1996
[28]赵以闲,毕小平,刘西侠等.装甲车辆传热仿真研究.兵工学报.2004(1):5-8
[29]T.Gonda et al.“PRISM model of the T62 using the faceted region editor(FRED),Phase I”,Proceedings of the 1989 KRC symposium on ground vehicle signaturee.1990
[30]Mohan K V,Aricl O,Yang Songlin＜Johnson J H.A computer simulation of the tuebocharged vehicle engine cooling system simulation.SAE Paper 971804,1997
[31]Arici O,Johnson J H,Kulkami A J.The vehicle engine cooling system simulation part1-model development.SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0240,1999
[32]颜威利.三维稳态温度场的有限元法.河北工学院学报.1984(2):28-37
[33]颜威利.三维非线性磁场有限元计算方法.河北工学院学报.1983(2):20-32
[34]张大为,汤蕴巯,迟速等.大型水轮发电机定子最热段三维温度场的有限元计算.哈尔滨电工学院学报.1992(3):186-194
[35]付敏,孔祥春.水轮发电机定子三维温度场的有限元计算.电机与控制学报.2000(4)193-197
[36]李伟力,付敏,周封等.基于流体相似理论和三维有限元法计算大中型异步电动机的定子三维温度场.中国电机工程学报.2000(5):14-21
[37]李伟力,宋凯,付敏等.用三维有限元法计算大中型异步电动机定子三维温度场.黑龙江大学自然科学学报.1999(2):33-36
[38]姜瑾,沈国土,杨宝成等.海面3～5微米红外热像的模拟.华东师范大学学报.2003(4):49-54
[39]高兰香,沈国土,杨宝成等.热像理论建模中的厚壳船体效应研究.华东师范大学学报.2003(1):55-61
[40]杨宝成,沈国土,毛宏霞等.海面目标红外辐射场的理论模拟和计算软件.计算物理.2001(3):219-224
[41]张俊华,沈国土,杨宝成等.真实自然地表的红外辐射特性研究.红外与激光工程.2007(4):484-487
[42]杨宝成,沈国土,洪镇青等.舰船热像理论模拟中的物理模型和数学模型.华东师 范大学学报.2001(2):58-64
[43]施伟,候海平.三维随机海浪模拟研究.浙江海洋学院学报.2006(4):410-413
[44]杨怀平,孙家广.基于海浪谱的海浪模拟.系统仿真学报.2002(9):1175-1178
[45]聂卫东,康凤举,楮彦军等.基于线性海浪理论的海浪数值模拟.系统仿真学报.2005(5):1037-11039
[46]白连平,陈秀真.三维随机海浪的数值模拟.海洋工程.2000(4):32-35
[47]毛宏霞,杨宝成,沈国土等.海浪反射特性.华东师范大学学报.2000(3):56-61
[48]宣益民,韩玉阁.坦克与地面背景红外热像理论建模及应用仿真技术总结报告.南京理工大学.2000.12
[49]宣益民,王玉林.车辆热特征分析与热系统设计.南京理工大学学报.1996.6:282-288
[50]罗来科,宣益民,李金泉.抛物面型辐射制冷器的辐射热交换系数计算.南京理工大学学报.2002(4):385-38
[51]罗来科,朱训慧,王耀北.红外隐身技术及发展趋势.军事学术.2003(10):75-76
[52]罗来科,宣益民,韩玉阁.坦克炮管温度场的有限元计算.兵工学报.2005(1)6-9
[53]罗来科,朱训慧,王耀北.坦克炮身管温度变化对射击精度的影响.弹道学术交流会.北海.2003
[54]韩玉阁,宣益民.地面目标与背景红外热像模拟的现状,问题及对策.红外技术.2003(5):22-25
[55]韩玉阁,宣益民.天然地形的随机生成及其红外辐射特性对比研究,红外与毫米波学报,2000(2):129-133
[56]韩玉阁,宣益民,汤瑞峰.丛林随机生成模型和丛林红外特征模拟.红外与毫米波学报,1999,18(4):299-304
[57]韩玉阁,宣益民.自然地表红外图像模拟,红外与激光工程.2000,29(2):57-59
[58]韩玉阁,宣益民.坦克动力舱内的热特性.红外技术.2000(3):23-26
[59]韩玉阁,宣益民.装甲车辆的履带与车轮温度分布.应用光学.1999(6):6-10
[60]宣益民,韩玉阁,罗来科.坦克及战车的红外隐身特征分析计算方法急软件开发.GF报告,4131006022.2005
[61]董雁冰,刘浩.坦克红外辐射理论建模研究.军用目标特性和传输特性“八五技术成果交流会”,北京,1996
[62]张忠诚,孟庆华,沈振康.红外目标特征分析.激光与红外,1992(2):166-169
[63]王普法.膛内对流近似分析.兵工学报,1985,6(2):32-38
[64]朱文勇.国内外红外理论建模内容和方法概述.目标与环境特性研究,1998(2):49-52
[65]张建奇,方小平,张海兴.自然环境下地表红外辐射特性对比研究.红外与毫米波学报,1994(6):418-424
[66]阮立明,崔国民.求坦克表面单元的太阳入射投影面积及太阳入射传递系数的蒙特卡洛法.军用目标特性和传输特性“八五技术成果交流会”.北京.1996
[67]阮立明,崔国民.求坦克表面单元与单元间,单元与天地背景间辐射传递系数的蒙特卡洛-区域法.军用目标特性和传输特性“八五技术成果交流会”,北京,1996
[68]罗来科,朱训慧.坦克外形非结构化网格划分及软件开发研究.GF报告,BZ-2005-0305.2006
[69]朱培烨.空间曲面的非结构网格生成.宇航学报.2001(2):151-154
[70]Price M A,Armstrong C G.Hexahedral mesh generation by medial surface subdivision:part Ⅰ.International Journal for Numerical Method in Engineering.1995(19):3335-3359
[71]D.E Watson.Computing the n-dimensional Delaunay tessellation with application to Voronoi polytopes.The Comput.J.1982:167-172
[72]韩玉阁.海洋表面红外成像模拟.系统仿真学报.2004(8):1742-1743
[73]关振群,宋超,顾元宪.有限元网格生成方法研究的新进展.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2003(1):1-14
[74]傅沛福,吴淑芳,胡平,李运兴.三角形有限元网格生成的数据结构.吉林工业大学学报.1996(1):48-52
[75]欧阳兴,陈中奎,施法中.有限元网格结点编号.北京航空航天大学学报.2002(3):339-342
[76]魏玺章,黎湘,庄钊文.红外目标背景及温度场的计算态热分析.红外与毫米波学报.2000(2):139-141
[77]韩玉阁.装甲车辆与地面背景的红外辐射特征分析.南京理工大学博士学位论文,2003
[78]王章野.地面目标的红外成像仿真及多光谱成像真实成像合成.浙江大学博士学位论文,2002
[79]者江,孙晗,李现昌等.水喷射淬冷高温壁面的传热实验研究[J].工程热物理学报,1997,18(5):629-633.
[80]Nathan Gerber,Mark J.Bundy.Heating of a Tank Gun Barrel:Numerical Study,AD-A241136,1991
[81]Rapp,J.R.Gun Tube Temperature Predication Model,AD-B 145792,1990
[82]Wren,G.P.et al,Analysis Of Bore Surface Temperature in ElectrothermalChemical Guns:Final report,AD-A242198,1991
[83]N.Ben-Yosef,B.Rahat,and G.Feigin.Simulation Of IR images Of natural backgrounds.APPLIED OPTICS,1983,22(1):190-193
[84]D.J.Thomas,G.M.Martin.Thermal modeling of background and targets for air-to-air and ground-to-ground vehicle applications.SPIE.Infrared imaging,1989,1110:166-176
[85]J.P.Gambotto,V.Leroy.IR scene generation under various conditioning from segmented real scenes.SPIE proceeding,Vol.1967,1993
[86]Carlo Quaranta,Gina Daniele,Giorgio Balzarotti.Numerical Method for IR Background and Clutter Simulation.SPIE,3062:10-19.
[87]B.Morey.Prodicting Temperature for IR Image Simulation Based on Solids Modeling.AD-A208532,1988.
[88]McGuire,M.J.,Ballck,L.K.,Smith,J.A.,Hutchison,B.A.Modeling directional thermal radiance from a forest canopy.AD-A289668,1989.
[89]Kimes D S,Smith J A.Simulation of Solar Radiation Absorption in Vegetation Canopies.Applied Optics,1980,19(16):2801 -2811
[90]Balick,L.k? A forest canopy height surface model for scenes simulation.Simulation,1987,49(1):5-12
[91]Vaitekunas D A,ALEXAN K,Lawrence O E.Incorporation of Time-dependent Thermal Dynamic Models and Radiation Propagation Models into IR 3D Synthetic Image Generation Model.SPIE,1996,2744:411-424
[92]Greenleaf W QSiniard S M,Tait M B.Generation of Realistic Infrared(IR) Images of Tactical Targets in Obscured Enviornments.SPIE,1991,1486:364-372
[93]DEARDORFF J W.Efficient Prediction of Ground Surface Temperature and Moisture with Inclusion of a Lager of Vegetation.J Geophys Res,1978,83;1889
[94]Fritz G Wollenweber.Weather impact on background temperatures as predicted by an IR-background model.In:Proceedings of SPIE on Characterization,Propaagation,and Simulation of Infrared Scenes,Orlando,Florida,1990,1311:119-128
[95]F M Brend.An analytical model for the cloud-free atmosphere/ocean system reflectance.REMOTE SENS ENVION,1993,43:179-192
[96]Jaehne,Bernd.Two dimentional wave number spectra of small-scale water surface waves.Journal of geophysical Research,95(C7):11531-11546
[97]J.Hindereer.model for Generating Synthetic three-dimensional(3D) Images of SmallcVehicles,Proc.SPIE,1987,782:9-12
[98]Jan S.De and Abraham J.Maas,Measurement and analysis of thermal image sequences of natural backgrounds,Oroc.SPIE,1992,1687:265-273
[99]Fritz GWollenwebe,Weather Impact on Background Temperatures as Predicted by an IR Background Model.proc.SPIE,1990,1311:119-128
[100]Yao Yang,Zhenshen Wu,Lianxin Yao.Texture analysis of 3-5-um and 8-12-um simulated Infared image of sea surface,Proc.SPIE,2001,4548:319-324
[101]Jianqi Zhang,Haiyang Zhang,Changcheng Bai,et al.Thermal background model studies.Infrared Physics Technology,1995(2):577-583
[102]Richard A.Weiss,Randy K.Scoggins.Infrared Target background analytical models.AD-B136087,1987
[103]J.M.Cathcart,et al.Target and background Infrared signature Modeling for Complex Synthetic Scenes.SPIE,Infrared Systems and Components,1988,Vol.890:95-103
[104]GI.Marchuk GA.Mikhailov,M.A.Nazaraliev,et al.The Monte Carlo Methods in Atmospheric Optics.Springer-Verlin Heidelberg New York Press,1980
[105]Scoggins,R.K.et al.Plan for Developing Hierarchical Three-Dimensional Landscape Signature Model.AD-A257550,1992
[106]Passerat de Silans,A.et al.Numerical Modelling of Couple Heat and Water Flows During Drying in a Stratified Bare Soil.J.Hyclro.,1989,105:109-138
[107]Deardorff,J.W.A Paramterization of Ground Surface Moisture Content for Use in Atmospheric Pridection Model.J.Appl.Meteorol,1977,16:1189-1185
[108]Deardofff,J.W.Efficent Prediction of Ground Surface Temperature and Moisture with Inclusion of a Layer of Vegetation.J.Geophys.Res.,1978,20:1889-1903
[109]Kress,M.R.Information Base Procedures for Generation of Synthetic Thermal Scene.AD-A259202,1992
[110]W.Reynolds.Validation and accuracy assessment of the physically reasonable inreared signature model(PRISM).Proceedings of the TACOM/KRC ground vehicle symposium,1988(8):27-28
[111]P.A.M.Jacobs.The thermal behavior of a three-dimensional target placed in the open field.Thesis at the Agricultural University of Wageningen,Netherlands,1982
[112]Yimin Xuan,Yuge Han.Transient temperatures of rotating cylinders and a plate subject to frictional heating.11th International Heat Transfer Conference,Kyongju,Korea,1998,8:47-52
[113]Gonda Terry,Gerhart R Grant.A comprehensive methodology for thermal signature simulation of targets and background.SPIE Characterization,Propagation,and simulation of Source and Backgrounds,1989,1098:23-27
[114]McGrath C P ,Jensen D R,Ostrowski P P.Naval command ,control and ocean surveillance Center RDT &E division.USA :Surface Ship Infrared Signature Model Evaluation ,AD - A282672 ,1994.
[115]Rogne T J,Matise B J,Smith F G.Development of the TACOM Thermal Imaging Model.TACOM Technical Report,1984.
[116]D E Hasselmann.Directional wave spectra observed during JONS WAP .J Phys Oceanogr,1980 ,10 :1264-1280.
[117]GMiosga et al.,RGS 17 Joint Trials test plan.1988
[118]D Wilson.A method of computing ship contrast temperatures.NTIS AD - A078794 ,1979,4:621-635
[119]J.M.Grazano.Use of the Tacom thermal imaging model.AD-A154060,1985
[120]T.J.Rogne et al,U.S.Army Tank-Automotive Command(TACOM) Thermal Image ModekSPIE Imaging Infrared,1989,1110:210-215
[121]CAnjuna Rao.IR Image Simulation,SPIE,1987,819:55-62
[122]B.Morey.Predicting Temperature for IR Image Simulation Based on Solids Modeling.AD-A208532,1988
[123]B.E.Morey.Sensitivity Analysis of Reflection Errors in Infrared Image Simulation.AD-A208600,1988
[124]J.D.Howe.Thermal Imaging Systems Modeling - Present Staatus and Future Challengrs.SPIE Infrared Technology XX,1994,2269:538-550
[125]William C.Straka.SMPRAD-a Simplified Three Dimension Cloud Radiance Model.SPIE,1989,1110:177-182
[126]Richter,R.Simulation of the Influence of Atmospheric Parameters on Infrared Target Signature,.N86-29661,1985
[127]Sabol,B.M.,Rivera,S.Environmental Characterization for Target Acquisition Report 2:Analysis of Thermal and Visible Imagery.AD-A275414,1993
[128]Balick,L.K.et al.Thermal Modeling of Terrain Surface Elements.AD-A098019,1981
[129]Witono,H.et al.Use of Remotely Sensed Soil-Moisture Content as Boundary Condition in Soil-Atmosphere Water Transport Modeling.Water Resour.Res.,1989,25:2423-2435
[130]DeardofffJ.W.Efficent Prediction of Ground Surface Temperature and Moisture with Inclusion of a Layer of Vegetation.J.Geophys.Res.,1978,20:1889-1903
[131]Entekhabi,D.et al.Land Surface Hydrology Parameterization for Atmospheric General Cir-culation Models Including Subgrid Scale Spatial Variability.J.Climate,1989,(2):816-831
[132]Terry Gonda,Grant,R.Gerhart.A Comprehensive Methodology for Thermal Signature Simulation of Targetsand Backgrounds.SPIE,1098:23-27
[133]Weiss,R.A.,Sabol,B.M.,Smith,J.A.,Bales,J.W.Physics-Based Infrared Terrain Radiance Texture Model.Final report,AD-A293464,1995
[134]Cox c,WMunk.Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter.J Mar Res ,1954,a(43):198-227
[135]D E Hasselmann.Directional wave spectra observed during JONSWAP.J Phys Oceanogr,1980 ,10 :1264-1280
[136]D Wilson.A method of computing ship contrast temperatures.NTIS AD - A078794 ,1979 ,4 :621-635
[137]I wilf,YManor.Simulation of sea surface images in the infrared.Applied optics ,1984,23 (18):3174-1180
[138]Mohan K V,Ariel O ,Yang Songlin,Johnson J H.A computer simulation of the turbocharged vehicle engine cooling system simulation.SAE Paper 971804 ,1997.
[139]Kaplan J A ,Heywood J B.Modeling the spark ignition engine warm-up process to predict component temperatures and hydrocarbon emissions.SAE Paper 910302,1991.
[140]Siders J A ,Tiuey D G.Optimizing cooling system performance using computer simulation.SAE Paper 971802 ,1997.
[141]Arid OJohnson J H,Kulkarni A J.The vehicle engine cooling system simulation partl-model development.SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0240,1999
[142]Kahle,A.B.A simple thermal model of the earth's surface for geologic mapping by remote sensing.J.of Geophysical Reserch,1977,82(11):1673-1680.
[143]Rashid,M.,and Seireg,A.Heat Partition and Transient Temperature Distribution in Layered Concentrated Contacts part Ⅱ Dimensionless Relationships and Numerical Results.J.of Tribology,1987,109:496-502
[2]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学.第2版.北京.高等教育出版,1998
[3]郭廷玮,刘鉴民,M.DAGUENET.太阳能的利用.第1版.北京:科学技术文献出版社,1987
[4]孔祥谦.有限单元法在传热中的应用.第3版.北京:科学出版社,1998
[5]陶文铨.计算传热学的近代进展.第1版.北京:科学出版社,2000
[6]何春华,孙共辉.63A式水陆坦克构造与使用.第1版.北京:解放军出版社,1999
[7]杨楚泉.水陆坦克车辆原理与设计.第1版.北京:国防工业出版社,2003
[8]金志明,袁亚雄,宋明.现代内弹道学.第1版.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1992
[9]鲍廷钰,邱文坚.内弹道学.第1版.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1995
[10]卞伯绘.辐射换热的分析与计算.第1版.北京:清华大学出版社,1988
[11]陶文铨.数值传热学.第2版.西安:西安交通大学出版社.2001
[12]王勖成,邵敏.有限单元法基本原理和数值方法.第2版.北京:清华大学出版社.1997
[13]W.M.罗森诺.传热学基础手册(上册).第1版.北京:科学出版社.1992
[14]E.U.施林德尔.换热器设计手册(第二卷)流体力学与传热学.第1版.北京:机械工业出版社.1989
[15]王普法,陈柏飞.武器传热学.第1版.北京:机械委兵工教材编审室出版,1987
[16]徐德伦,于定勇.随机海浪理论.第1版.北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[17]文圣常,余宙文.海浪理论与计算原理.第1版.北京:科学出版社,1984.
[18]俞聿修.随机波浪及其工程应用.大连:理工大学出版社,1992.
[19]郭齐胜,董志明.战场环境仿真.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社.2005
[20]宣益民,韩玉阁,蔡兰波.地面目标与背景的红外特征.第1版.北京.国防工业出版社.2004
[21]李庆扬,关治,白峰衫.数值计算原理.第1版.北京.清华大学出版社.2000
[22]Pieter A.Jacobs著,吴文健,胡碧茹,满亚辉译.地面目标和背景的热红外特性.第1版.北京.国防工业出版社.2004
[23]徐士良.FORTRAN常用算法程序集.第2版.北京.清华大学出版社.1995
[24]徐根兴,姚连兴,仇维礼.目标与环境的光学特性.第1版.北京:宇航出版社, 1995
[25]宣益民,韩玉阁,吴轩.坦克红外热像理论建模和计算机模拟.弹道学报,1997,9(1):17-21
[26]宣益民,王玉林.车辆热特征分析与热系统设计.南京理工大学学报.1996(6):282-288
[27]懂雁冰,刘浩.坦克红外辐射理论建模研究.军用目标特性和传输特性“八五技术成果交流会”.北京.1996
[28]赵以闲,毕小平,刘西侠等.装甲车辆传热仿真研究.兵工学报.2004(1):5-8
[29]T.Gonda et al.“PRISM model of the T62 using the faceted region editor(FRED),Phase I”,Proceedings of the 1989 KRC symposium on ground vehicle signaturee.1990
[30]Mohan K V,Aricl O,Yang Songlin＜Johnson J H.A computer simulation of the tuebocharged vehicle engine cooling system simulation.SAE Paper 971804,1997
[31]Arici O,Johnson J H,Kulkami A J.The vehicle engine cooling system simulation part1-model development.SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0240,1999
[32]颜威利.三维稳态温度场的有限元法.河北工学院学报.1984(2):28-37
[33]颜威利.三维非线性磁场有限元计算方法.河北工学院学报.1983(2):20-32
[34]张大为,汤蕴巯,迟速等.大型水轮发电机定子最热段三维温度场的有限元计算.哈尔滨电工学院学报.1992(3):186-194
[35]付敏,孔祥春.水轮发电机定子三维温度场的有限元计算.电机与控制学报.2000(4)193-197
[36]李伟力,付敏,周封等.基于流体相似理论和三维有限元法计算大中型异步电动机的定子三维温度场.中国电机工程学报.2000(5):14-21
[37]李伟力,宋凯,付敏等.用三维有限元法计算大中型异步电动机定子三维温度场.黑龙江大学自然科学学报.1999(2):33-36
[38]姜瑾,沈国土,杨宝成等.海面3～5微米红外热像的模拟.华东师范大学学报.2003(4):49-54
[39]高兰香,沈国土,杨宝成等.热像理论建模中的厚壳船体效应研究.华东师范大学学报.2003(1):55-61
[40]杨宝成,沈国土,毛宏霞等.海面目标红外辐射场的理论模拟和计算软件.计算物理.2001(3):219-224
[41]张俊华,沈国土,杨宝成等.真实自然地表的红外辐射特性研究.红外与激光工程.2007(4):484-487
[42]杨宝成,沈国土,洪镇青等.舰船热像理论模拟中的物理模型和数学模型.华东师 范大学学报.2001(2):58-64
[43]施伟,候海平.三维随机海浪模拟研究.浙江海洋学院学报.2006(4):410-413
[44]杨怀平,孙家广.基于海浪谱的海浪模拟.系统仿真学报.2002(9):1175-1178
[45]聂卫东,康凤举,楮彦军等.基于线性海浪理论的海浪数值模拟.系统仿真学报.2005(5):1037-11039
[46]白连平,陈秀真.三维随机海浪的数值模拟.海洋工程.2000(4):32-35
[47]毛宏霞,杨宝成,沈国土等.海浪反射特性.华东师范大学学报.2000(3):56-61
[48]宣益民,韩玉阁.坦克与地面背景红外热像理论建模及应用仿真技术总结报告.南京理工大学.2000.12
[49]宣益民,王玉林.车辆热特征分析与热系统设计.南京理工大学学报.1996.6:282-288
[50]罗来科,宣益民,李金泉.抛物面型辐射制冷器的辐射热交换系数计算.南京理工大学学报.2002(4):385-38
[51]罗来科,朱训慧,王耀北.红外隐身技术及发展趋势.军事学术.2003(10):75-76
[52]罗来科,宣益民,韩玉阁.坦克炮管温度场的有限元计算.兵工学报.2005(1)6-9
[53]罗来科,朱训慧,王耀北.坦克炮身管温度变化对射击精度的影响.弹道学术交流会.北海.2003
[54]韩玉阁,宣益民.地面目标与背景红外热像模拟的现状,问题及对策.红外技术.2003(5):22-25
[55]韩玉阁,宣益民.天然地形的随机生成及其红外辐射特性对比研究,红外与毫米波学报,2000(2):129-133
[56]韩玉阁,宣益民,汤瑞峰.丛林随机生成模型和丛林红外特征模拟.红外与毫米波学报,1999,18(4):299-304
[57]韩玉阁,宣益民.自然地表红外图像模拟,红外与激光工程.2000,29(2):57-59
[58]韩玉阁,宣益民.坦克动力舱内的热特性.红外技术.2000(3):23-26
[59]韩玉阁,宣益民.装甲车辆的履带与车轮温度分布.应用光学.1999(6):6-10
[60]宣益民,韩玉阁,罗来科.坦克及战车的红外隐身特征分析计算方法急软件开发.GF报告,4131006022.2005
[61]董雁冰,刘浩.坦克红外辐射理论建模研究.军用目标特性和传输特性“八五技术成果交流会”,北京,1996
[62]张忠诚,孟庆华,沈振康.红外目标特征分析.激光与红外,1992(2):166-169
[63]王普法.膛内对流近似分析.兵工学报,1985,6(2):32-38
[64]朱文勇.国内外红外理论建模内容和方法概述.目标与环境特性研究,1998(2):49-52
[65]张建奇,方小平,张海兴.自然环境下地表红外辐射特性对比研究.红外与毫米波学报,1994(6):418-424
[66]阮立明,崔国民.求坦克表面单元的太阳入射投影面积及太阳入射传递系数的蒙特卡洛法.军用目标特性和传输特性“八五技术成果交流会”.北京.1996
[67]阮立明,崔国民.求坦克表面单元与单元间,单元与天地背景间辐射传递系数的蒙特卡洛-区域法.军用目标特性和传输特性“八五技术成果交流会”,北京,1996
[68]罗来科,朱训慧.坦克外形非结构化网格划分及软件开发研究.GF报告,BZ-2005-0305.2006
[69]朱培烨.空间曲面的非结构网格生成.宇航学报.2001(2):151-154
[70]Price M A,Armstrong C G.Hexahedral mesh generation by medial surface subdivision:part Ⅰ.International Journal for Numerical Method in Engineering.1995(19):3335-3359
[71]D.E Watson.Computing the n-dimensional Delaunay tessellation with application to Voronoi polytopes.The Comput.J.1982:167-172
[72]韩玉阁.海洋表面红外成像模拟.系统仿真学报.2004(8):1742-1743
[73]关振群,宋超,顾元宪.有限元网格生成方法研究的新进展.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2003(1):1-14
[74]傅沛福,吴淑芳,胡平,李运兴.三角形有限元网格生成的数据结构.吉林工业大学学报.1996(1):48-52
[75]欧阳兴,陈中奎,施法中.有限元网格结点编号.北京航空航天大学学报.2002(3):339-342
[76]魏玺章,黎湘,庄钊文.红外目标背景及温度场的计算态热分析.红外与毫米波学报.2000(2):139-141
[77]韩玉阁.装甲车辆与地面背景的红外辐射特征分析.南京理工大学博士学位论文,2003
[78]王章野.地面目标的红外成像仿真及多光谱成像真实成像合成.浙江大学博士学位论文,2002
[79]者江,孙晗,李现昌等.水喷射淬冷高温壁面的传热实验研究[J].工程热物理学报,1997,18(5):629-633.
[80]Nathan Gerber,Mark J.Bundy.Heating of a Tank Gun Barrel:Numerical Study,AD-A241136,1991
[81]Rapp,J.R.Gun Tube Temperature Predication Model,AD-B 145792,1990
[82]Wren,G.P.et al,Analysis Of Bore Surface Temperature in ElectrothermalChemical Guns:Final report,AD-A242198,1991
[83]N.Ben-Yosef,B.Rahat,and G.Feigin.Simulation Of IR images Of natural backgrounds.APPLIED OPTICS,1983,22(1):190-193
[84]D.J.Thomas,G.M.Martin.Thermal modeling of background and targets for air-to-air and ground-to-ground vehicle applications.SPIE.Infrared imaging,1989,1110:166-176
[85]J.P.Gambotto,V.Leroy.IR scene generation under various conditioning from segmented real scenes.SPIE proceeding,Vol.1967,1993
[86]Carlo Quaranta,Gina Daniele,Giorgio Balzarotti.Numerical Method for IR Background and Clutter Simulation.SPIE,3062:10-19.
[87]B.Morey.Prodicting Temperature for IR Image Simulation Based on Solids Modeling.AD-A208532,1988.
[88]McGuire,M.J.,Ballck,L.K.,Smith,J.A.,Hutchison,B.A.Modeling directional thermal radiance from a forest canopy.AD-A289668,1989.
[89]Kimes D S,Smith J A.Simulation of Solar Radiation Absorption in Vegetation Canopies.Applied Optics,1980,19(16):2801 -2811
[90]Balick,L.k? A forest canopy height surface model for scenes simulation.Simulation,1987,49(1):5-12
[91]Vaitekunas D A,ALEXAN K,Lawrence O E.Incorporation of Time-dependent Thermal Dynamic Models and Radiation Propagation Models into IR 3D Synthetic Image Generation Model.SPIE,1996,2744:411-424
[92]Greenleaf W QSiniard S M,Tait M B.Generation of Realistic Infrared(IR) Images of Tactical Targets in Obscured Enviornments.SPIE,1991,1486:364-372
[93]DEARDORFF J W.Efficient Prediction of Ground Surface Temperature and Moisture with Inclusion of a Lager of Vegetation.J Geophys Res,1978,83;1889
[94]Fritz G Wollenweber.Weather impact on background temperatures as predicted by an IR-background model.In:Proceedings of SPIE on Characterization,Propaagation,and Simulation of Infrared Scenes,Orlando,Florida,1990,1311:119-128
[95]F M Brend.An analytical model for the cloud-free atmosphere/ocean system reflectance.REMOTE SENS ENVION,1993,43:179-192
[96]Jaehne,Bernd.Two dimentional wave number spectra of small-scale water surface waves.Journal of geophysical Research,95(C7):11531-11546
[97]J.Hindereer.model for Generating Synthetic three-dimensional(3D) Images of SmallcVehicles,Proc.SPIE,1987,782:9-12
[98]Jan S.De and Abraham J.Maas,Measurement and analysis of thermal image sequences of natural backgrounds,Oroc.SPIE,1992,1687:265-273
[99]Fritz GWollenwebe,Weather Impact on Background Temperatures as Predicted by an IR Background Model.proc.SPIE,1990,1311:119-128
[100]Yao Yang,Zhenshen Wu,Lianxin Yao.Texture analysis of 3-5-um and 8-12-um simulated Infared image of sea surface,Proc.SPIE,2001,4548:319-324
[101]Jianqi Zhang,Haiyang Zhang,Changcheng Bai,et al.Thermal background model studies.Infrared Physics Technology,1995(2):577-583
[102]Richard A.Weiss,Randy K.Scoggins.Infrared Target background analytical models.AD-B136087,1987
[103]J.M.Cathcart,et al.Target and background Infrared signature Modeling for Complex Synthetic Scenes.SPIE,Infrared Systems and Components,1988,Vol.890:95-103
[104]GI.Marchuk GA.Mikhailov,M.A.Nazaraliev,et al.The Monte Carlo Methods in Atmospheric Optics.Springer-Verlin Heidelberg New York Press,1980
[105]Scoggins,R.K.et al.Plan for Developing Hierarchical Three-Dimensional Landscape Signature Model.AD-A257550,1992
[106]Passerat de Silans,A.et al.Numerical Modelling of Couple Heat and Water Flows During Drying in a Stratified Bare Soil.J.Hyclro.,1989,105:109-138
[107]Deardorff,J.W.A Paramterization of Ground Surface Moisture Content for Use in Atmospheric Pridection Model.J.Appl.Meteorol,1977,16:1189-1185
[108]Deardofff,J.W.Efficent Prediction of Ground Surface Temperature and Moisture with Inclusion of a Layer of Vegetation.J.Geophys.Res.,1978,20:1889-1903
[109]Kress,M.R.Information Base Procedures for Generation of Synthetic Thermal Scene.AD-A259202,1992
[110]W.Reynolds.Validation and accuracy assessment of the physically reasonable inreared signature model(PRISM).Proceedings of the TACOM/KRC ground vehicle symposium,1988(8):27-28
[111]P.A.M.Jacobs.The thermal behavior of a three-dimensional target placed in the open field.Thesis at the Agricultural University of Wageningen,Netherlands,1982
[112]Yimin Xuan,Yuge Han.Transient temperatures of rotating cylinders and a plate subject to frictional heating.11th International Heat Transfer Conference,Kyongju,Korea,1998,8:47-52
[113]Gonda Terry,Gerhart R Grant.A comprehensive methodology for thermal signature simulation of targets and background.SPIE Characterization,Propagation,and simulation of Source and Backgrounds,1989,1098:23-27
[114]McGrath C P ,Jensen D R,Ostrowski P P.Naval command ,control and ocean surveillance Center RDT &E division.USA :Surface Ship Infrared Signature Model Evaluation ,AD - A282672 ,1994.
[115]Rogne T J,Matise B J,Smith F G.Development of the TACOM Thermal Imaging Model.TACOM Technical Report,1984.
[116]D E Hasselmann.Directional wave spectra observed during JONS WAP .J Phys Oceanogr,1980 ,10 :1264-1280.
[117]GMiosga et al.,RGS 17 Joint Trials test plan.1988
[118]D Wilson.A method of computing ship contrast temperatures.NTIS AD - A078794 ,1979,4:621-635
[119]J.M.Grazano.Use of the Tacom thermal imaging model.AD-A154060,1985
[120]T.J.Rogne et al,U.S.Army Tank-Automotive Command(TACOM) Thermal Image ModekSPIE Imaging Infrared,1989,1110:210-215
[121]CAnjuna Rao.IR Image Simulation,SPIE,1987,819:55-62
[122]B.Morey.Predicting Temperature for IR Image Simulation Based on Solids Modeling.AD-A208532,1988
[123]B.E.Morey.Sensitivity Analysis of Reflection Errors in Infrared Image Simulation.AD-A208600,1988
[124]J.D.Howe.Thermal Imaging Systems Modeling - Present Staatus and Future Challengrs.SPIE Infrared Technology XX,1994,2269:538-550
[125]William C.Straka.SMPRAD-a Simplified Three Dimension Cloud Radiance Model.SPIE,1989,1110:177-182
[126]Richter,R.Simulation of the Influence of Atmospheric Parameters on Infrared Target Signature,.N86-29661,1985
[127]Sabol,B.M.,Rivera,S.Environmental Characterization for Target Acquisition Report 2:Analysis of Thermal and Visible Imagery.AD-A275414,1993
[128]Balick,L.K.et al.Thermal Modeling of Terrain Surface Elements.AD-A098019,1981
[129]Witono,H.et al.Use of Remotely Sensed Soil-Moisture Content as Boundary Condition in Soil-Atmosphere Water Transport Modeling.Water Resour.Res.,1989,25:2423-2435
[130]DeardofffJ.W.Efficent Prediction of Ground Surface Temperature and Moisture with Inclusion of a Layer of Vegetation.J.Geophys.Res.,1978,20:1889-1903
[131]Entekhabi,D.et al.Land Surface Hydrology Parameterization for Atmospheric General Cir-culation Models Including Subgrid Scale Spatial Variability.J.Climate,1989,(2):816-831
[132]Terry Gonda,Grant,R.Gerhart.A Comprehensive Methodology for Thermal Signature Simulation of Targetsand Backgrounds.SPIE,1098:23-27
[133]Weiss,R.A.,Sabol,B.M.,Smith,J.A.,Bales,J.W.Physics-Based Infrared Terrain Radiance Texture Model.Final report,AD-A293464,1995
[134]Cox c,WMunk.Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter.J Mar Res ,1954,a(43):198-227
[135]D E Hasselmann.Directional wave spectra observed during JONSWAP.J Phys Oceanogr,1980 ,10 :1264-1280
[136]D Wilson.A method of computing ship contrast temperatures.NTIS AD - A078794 ,1979 ,4 :621-635
[137]I wilf,YManor.Simulation of sea surface images in the infrared.Applied optics ,1984,23 (18):3174-1180
[138]Mohan K V,Ariel O ,Yang Songlin,Johnson J H.A computer simulation of the turbocharged vehicle engine cooling system simulation.SAE Paper 971804 ,1997.
[139]Kaplan J A ,Heywood J B.Modeling the spark ignition engine warm-up process to predict component temperatures and hydrocarbon emissions.SAE Paper 910302,1991.
[140]Siders J A ,Tiuey D G.Optimizing cooling system performance using computer simulation.SAE Paper 971802 ,1997.
[141]Arid OJohnson J H,Kulkarni A J.The vehicle engine cooling system simulation partl-model development.SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0240,1999
[142]Kahle,A.B.A simple thermal model of the earth's surface for geologic mapping by remote sensing.J.of Geophysical Reserch,1977,82(11):1673-1680.
[143]Rashid,M.,and Seireg,A.Heat Partition and Transient Temperature Distribution in Layered Concentrated Contacts part Ⅱ Dimensionless Relationships and Numerical Results.J.of Tribology,1987,109:496-502