高分辨ISAR成像新技术研究
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摘要
逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR, Inverse synthetic aperture radar)是一种重要的高分辨雷达,可以全天候、全天时、远距离的获取非合作目标的图像,具有重要的军事和民用价值。随着实际需求的不断发展,对ISAR成像技术的研究也在不断的深入。本论文主要针对高分辨ISAR成像处理中的新技术进行了研究,包括信号形式、成像算法、成像体制和目标特征提取等几部分。
第一章介绍了本文工作的研究背景和意义,并对ISAR成像的发展历史和研究现状进行了评述。
第二章介绍了ISAR成像的距离高分辨和方位高分辨的原理,并对国内外有关ISAR成像算法方面的研究成果进行了综述。
第三章对线性调频步进信号处理进行了讨论。在对合成距离包络法进行介绍的基础上,提出了两种基于CLEAN技术的目标抽取算法。利用发射信号构造二维参考函数,利用遗传算法对脉组回波数据进行全局搜索来估计目标上散射点的参数(如位置、幅度和速度),通过CLEAN迭代处理将已提取出的散射点从回波数据中消除,从而可以重构出目标的高分辨一维距离像。最后用仿真结果对本方法的有效性进行了验证。
第四章对线性调频步进信号的带宽合成方法(时域、频域带宽合成)及其两种应用——高速目标和舰船目标ISAR成像进行了研究。首先,简要介绍了调频步进频信号的时域带宽合成方法和频域带宽合成方法。其次,提出了一种利用调频步进信号频域带宽合成方法对高速目标进行ISAR成像处理的方法,并用仿真结果进行了验证。最后,针对调频步进信号频域带宽合成方法对舰船目标进行ISAR成像,本章提出了一种简单、有效的调频步进信号带宽合成算法。此算法将线性调频信号子脉冲在频域进行拼接以获得距离高分辨。利用一组步进频信号中相邻两个子脉冲频谱重叠的部分估计出两个子脉冲间的相位差,然后进行相位补偿实现子脉冲信号之间的相参化。相对于传统的带宽合成方法,本方法不再需要运动补偿。仿真和实测数据结果验证了本方法的有效性。
第五章提出了一种新的舰船目标ISAR成像方法。常规的ISAR成像方法是利用散射点的多普勒频率来成像。对于复杂运动目标,如三维转动(偏航、横滚和俯仰)的舰船,可能会因为其散射点在某些时刻的瞬时多普勒频率很小而无法获得有效的图像,然而此刻散射点的瞬时多普勒调频率往往很大,因此,本章中提出了一种利用散射点的调频率进行ISAR成像的方法,称为距离-瞬时调频率(RIC, range instantaneous chirp)方法。利用此方法,可以获得目标在同一时刻不同视角的图像,从而获得目标更多的信息,改善对高机动目标的成像和识别效果。实测和仿真结果证明了此方法的有效性
第六章对双基ISAR成像体制进行了研究。本章首先在波数域对双基地逆合成孔径雷达模型进行了分析。与单基地雷达ISAR成像对比可以发现,双基雷达ISAR的特殊性主要体现在双基地角和等效视线方位角这两个参数中。利用双基地角等值线将雷达观测区域划分为四类,双基地角和等效视线方位角在各类区域内有不同的变化规律。通过对各类区域内参数的讨论确定了合适的双基ISAR成像算法。研究了双基体制进行高分辨ISAR成像时双基地角变化对回波信号的影响。当分辨率较低时,双基角的变化基本可以忽略,但是当分辨率较高时,双基角的变化有可能导致散射点发生距离徙动,文中给出了双基角变化影响可以忽略的条件和距离徙动校正方法。本章中分析的正确性和所提方法的有效性均用仿真结果进行了验证。
第七章研究了目标三维图像重构。建立了在目标与天线电轴间存在较大斜角情况下的干涉式逆合成孔径雷达(InISAR)三维成像模型,并给出了运动补偿的详细步骤,针对因目标运动补偿误差导致的干涉测量误差,提出了利用估计出的目标重心相位对相位差进行补偿的方法。测量得到的目标三维坐标并不是在直角坐标系下得到的,文中给出了正确重构目标三维图像所需要坐标转换的公式。最后用仿真结果验证了本文方法的有效性。
Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) is a useful all-weather high-resolution radar system for moving target imaging and target recognition in a long-distance all-weather conditions. It is with great military and civil values. To meet the rising demand, the researches about ISAR technologies are rapidly developing. The main research in this dissertation is the new technologies of the ISAR imaging, which including the new waveforms, imaging algorithm, imaging system and the scatterering center extraction. The summary of this dissertation is as follows:
Chapter 1 is the introduction. It reviews the history of ISAR development and introduces the dissertation’s research background and main work.
Chapter 2 introduces the principles of high range and cross-range resolution in ISAR imaging. It overviews the research achievements about ISAR imaging algorithm both at home and abroad.
Chapter 3 studies the processing of SFW (stepped frequency waveform). Based on the discussion of SRP (synthetic range profile) method, two target extraction algorithm base on CLEAN technique are proposed. The two-dimensional reference function is constructed with the emitted signal. The parameters (i.e., position, amplitude and velocity) of a point scatterer can be found by global searching with genetic algorithm. And an iterative CLEAN processing is used to eliminate the extracted point from the received data of one SFW burst. Then the high range resolution profile (HRRP) of the target can be reconstructed with the estimated parameters. Finally the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by the simulation results.
Chapter 4 introduces the bandwidth synthetic method (time domain and frequency domain bandwidth synthetic) of SFW and two applications, the ISAR imaging of high speed moving targets and ship targets based on SFW. First of all, the time domain and frequency domain bandwidth synthetic methods are introduced. Then using the frequency domain bandwidth synthetic method, the ISAR imaging procedure of high speed moving target based on SFW are given out. The simulation results fully demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Finally, a simple and successful bandwidth synthetic processing of SFW for ISAR imaging of ship targets is presented. The high range resolution is obtained by combining the sub-pulses of SFW in the frequency domain. The overlapping bandwidth of the two adjacent sub-pulses is used to estimate phase errors. And the usual motion compensation approach is avoided if the band coherent processing is used. Furthermore, the experimental results of the ship target are shown.
Chapter 5 presents a novel ISAR imaging algorithm for ship target. The conventional ISAR imaging method is based on the instantaneous Doppler of scatterers. For a high maneuvering target, such as ship with yaw, pitch and roll motions, the instantaneous Doppler of scatterers may be small and the satisfactory may be unobtainable at some time instants. Meanwhile, a large instantaneous chirp rate is often present for the same scatterer at the same instant. In order to get some additional information of target, a novel ISAR imaging approach, referred to as range instantaneous chirp (RIC), is proposed based on instantaneous chirp rate of scatterer to provide cross range resolution. Therefore, RIC image is generated with a different 'view'. It may provide some additional information and a better target recognition and identification can be achieved for high maneuvering targets. The proposed RIC algorithm is verified by results of simulation and raw radar data.
Chapter 6 studies the bistatic radar system for ISAR imaging. The model of bistatic ISAR is analyzed in wave-number domain. Comparing with the monostatic radar, the bistatic angle and azimuth angle of equivalent LOS (line of sight), these two angles demonstrate the characteristic of bistatic radar. Because the variation of the two angles is changed with the target's location, the observation region is partitioned into four parts using the bistatic angle isoline. The proper bistatic ISAR imagery algorithm in a specific region can be determined through the discussion of these two angles in this region.The range migration problem may occurred due to the bistatic angle change when the high resolution bistatic ISAR image need to be obtained. The critical condition that the variation of bistatic angle can be ignored is given out, and the range migration correction method is presented. The correctness of the analysis in this Chapter are proved by simulation results.
Chapter 7 introduces the 3D scatterering center extraction and image reconstruction of target. The model of interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar (InISAR) three-dimensional imaging is proposed when the angle between the target and the antenna axis is considerable. And the motion compensation scheme is discussed in detail. To deal with the measurement error induced by the motion compensation error, the phase of the target's barycentre is estimated to compensate the phase differences. The measured scatterers' height and width are wrong because they are not obtained in rectangular coordinates. The formula to transform the measured coordinates into rectangular coordinates and generate a correct 3D image is given in this chapter. Finally, the simulation results are given.
Chapter 8 is the summary of the dissertation. It also discusses future research areas to be further studied.
第一章介绍了本文工作的研究背景和意义,并对ISAR成像的发展历史和研究现状进行了评述。
第二章介绍了ISAR成像的距离高分辨和方位高分辨的原理,并对国内外有关ISAR成像算法方面的研究成果进行了综述。
第三章对线性调频步进信号处理进行了讨论。在对合成距离包络法进行介绍的基础上,提出了两种基于CLEAN技术的目标抽取算法。利用发射信号构造二维参考函数,利用遗传算法对脉组回波数据进行全局搜索来估计目标上散射点的参数(如位置、幅度和速度),通过CLEAN迭代处理将已提取出的散射点从回波数据中消除,从而可以重构出目标的高分辨一维距离像。最后用仿真结果对本方法的有效性进行了验证。
第四章对线性调频步进信号的带宽合成方法(时域、频域带宽合成)及其两种应用——高速目标和舰船目标ISAR成像进行了研究。首先,简要介绍了调频步进频信号的时域带宽合成方法和频域带宽合成方法。其次,提出了一种利用调频步进信号频域带宽合成方法对高速目标进行ISAR成像处理的方法,并用仿真结果进行了验证。最后,针对调频步进信号频域带宽合成方法对舰船目标进行ISAR成像,本章提出了一种简单、有效的调频步进信号带宽合成算法。此算法将线性调频信号子脉冲在频域进行拼接以获得距离高分辨。利用一组步进频信号中相邻两个子脉冲频谱重叠的部分估计出两个子脉冲间的相位差,然后进行相位补偿实现子脉冲信号之间的相参化。相对于传统的带宽合成方法,本方法不再需要运动补偿。仿真和实测数据结果验证了本方法的有效性。
第五章提出了一种新的舰船目标ISAR成像方法。常规的ISAR成像方法是利用散射点的多普勒频率来成像。对于复杂运动目标,如三维转动(偏航、横滚和俯仰)的舰船,可能会因为其散射点在某些时刻的瞬时多普勒频率很小而无法获得有效的图像,然而此刻散射点的瞬时多普勒调频率往往很大,因此,本章中提出了一种利用散射点的调频率进行ISAR成像的方法,称为距离-瞬时调频率(RIC, range instantaneous chirp)方法。利用此方法,可以获得目标在同一时刻不同视角的图像,从而获得目标更多的信息,改善对高机动目标的成像和识别效果。实测和仿真结果证明了此方法的有效性
第六章对双基ISAR成像体制进行了研究。本章首先在波数域对双基地逆合成孔径雷达模型进行了分析。与单基地雷达ISAR成像对比可以发现,双基雷达ISAR的特殊性主要体现在双基地角和等效视线方位角这两个参数中。利用双基地角等值线将雷达观测区域划分为四类,双基地角和等效视线方位角在各类区域内有不同的变化规律。通过对各类区域内参数的讨论确定了合适的双基ISAR成像算法。研究了双基体制进行高分辨ISAR成像时双基地角变化对回波信号的影响。当分辨率较低时,双基角的变化基本可以忽略,但是当分辨率较高时,双基角的变化有可能导致散射点发生距离徙动,文中给出了双基角变化影响可以忽略的条件和距离徙动校正方法。本章中分析的正确性和所提方法的有效性均用仿真结果进行了验证。
第七章研究了目标三维图像重构。建立了在目标与天线电轴间存在较大斜角情况下的干涉式逆合成孔径雷达(InISAR)三维成像模型,并给出了运动补偿的详细步骤,针对因目标运动补偿误差导致的干涉测量误差,提出了利用估计出的目标重心相位对相位差进行补偿的方法。测量得到的目标三维坐标并不是在直角坐标系下得到的,文中给出了正确重构目标三维图像所需要坐标转换的公式。最后用仿真结果验证了本文方法的有效性。
Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) is a useful all-weather high-resolution radar system for moving target imaging and target recognition in a long-distance all-weather conditions. It is with great military and civil values. To meet the rising demand, the researches about ISAR technologies are rapidly developing. The main research in this dissertation is the new technologies of the ISAR imaging, which including the new waveforms, imaging algorithm, imaging system and the scatterering center extraction. The summary of this dissertation is as follows:
Chapter 1 is the introduction. It reviews the history of ISAR development and introduces the dissertation’s research background and main work.
Chapter 2 introduces the principles of high range and cross-range resolution in ISAR imaging. It overviews the research achievements about ISAR imaging algorithm both at home and abroad.
Chapter 3 studies the processing of SFW (stepped frequency waveform). Based on the discussion of SRP (synthetic range profile) method, two target extraction algorithm base on CLEAN technique are proposed. The two-dimensional reference function is constructed with the emitted signal. The parameters (i.e., position, amplitude and velocity) of a point scatterer can be found by global searching with genetic algorithm. And an iterative CLEAN processing is used to eliminate the extracted point from the received data of one SFW burst. Then the high range resolution profile (HRRP) of the target can be reconstructed with the estimated parameters. Finally the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by the simulation results.
Chapter 4 introduces the bandwidth synthetic method (time domain and frequency domain bandwidth synthetic) of SFW and two applications, the ISAR imaging of high speed moving targets and ship targets based on SFW. First of all, the time domain and frequency domain bandwidth synthetic methods are introduced. Then using the frequency domain bandwidth synthetic method, the ISAR imaging procedure of high speed moving target based on SFW are given out. The simulation results fully demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Finally, a simple and successful bandwidth synthetic processing of SFW for ISAR imaging of ship targets is presented. The high range resolution is obtained by combining the sub-pulses of SFW in the frequency domain. The overlapping bandwidth of the two adjacent sub-pulses is used to estimate phase errors. And the usual motion compensation approach is avoided if the band coherent processing is used. Furthermore, the experimental results of the ship target are shown.
Chapter 5 presents a novel ISAR imaging algorithm for ship target. The conventional ISAR imaging method is based on the instantaneous Doppler of scatterers. For a high maneuvering target, such as ship with yaw, pitch and roll motions, the instantaneous Doppler of scatterers may be small and the satisfactory may be unobtainable at some time instants. Meanwhile, a large instantaneous chirp rate is often present for the same scatterer at the same instant. In order to get some additional information of target, a novel ISAR imaging approach, referred to as range instantaneous chirp (RIC), is proposed based on instantaneous chirp rate of scatterer to provide cross range resolution. Therefore, RIC image is generated with a different 'view'. It may provide some additional information and a better target recognition and identification can be achieved for high maneuvering targets. The proposed RIC algorithm is verified by results of simulation and raw radar data.
Chapter 6 studies the bistatic radar system for ISAR imaging. The model of bistatic ISAR is analyzed in wave-number domain. Comparing with the monostatic radar, the bistatic angle and azimuth angle of equivalent LOS (line of sight), these two angles demonstrate the characteristic of bistatic radar. Because the variation of the two angles is changed with the target's location, the observation region is partitioned into four parts using the bistatic angle isoline. The proper bistatic ISAR imagery algorithm in a specific region can be determined through the discussion of these two angles in this region.The range migration problem may occurred due to the bistatic angle change when the high resolution bistatic ISAR image need to be obtained. The critical condition that the variation of bistatic angle can be ignored is given out, and the range migration correction method is presented. The correctness of the analysis in this Chapter are proved by simulation results.
Chapter 7 introduces the 3D scatterering center extraction and image reconstruction of target. The model of interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar (InISAR) three-dimensional imaging is proposed when the angle between the target and the antenna axis is considerable. And the motion compensation scheme is discussed in detail. To deal with the measurement error induced by the motion compensation error, the phase of the target's barycentre is estimated to compensate the phase differences. The measured scatterers' height and width are wrong because they are not obtained in rectangular coordinates. The formula to transform the measured coordinates into rectangular coordinates and generate a correct 3D image is given in this chapter. Finally, the simulation results are given.
Chapter 8 is the summary of the dissertation. It also discusses future research areas to be further studied.
引文
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