多输入多输出合成孔径雷达关键技术研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)已经成为遥感领域的前沿科技,受到了世界各国学者的广泛关注,其在军事侦察以及国民经济中发挥着重要作用。作为SAR的两大重要功能需求,高分辨率宽测绘带静态场景成像和运动目标检测与成像一直是SAR领域研究的热点问题。然而,传统单通道SAR中高分辨率和宽测绘带两个指标存在着严重制约关系,同时受强地物杂波的影响,单通道SAR实现地面运动目标的有效检测非常困难。为此,基于单发多收的多通道SAR体制和算法相继提出,其系统自由度取决于接收通道数目。但是,受运动平台尺寸和载荷的限制,接收通道数目和阵列尺寸不能过大,并且下一代SAR对多功能设计和功能复合具有着迫切需求,因此急需提出新思路、新理论和新方法。
MIMO(Multi-Input Multi-Output)雷达是近年来提出的一种新体制雷达,由于使用了多个互异的发射波形探测目标,引入了远多于阵元数目的等效观测通道和信号处理自由度,从而在目标检测、参数估计和目标成像等环节上,相对于传统雷达获得了显著的增益,极大地提高了雷达的总体性能。
融合MIMO雷达与SAR的各自特点,可构成新体制的MIMO-SAR(SAR based MIMO)成像雷达。MIMO-SAR能够充分发挥收发阵列多阵元的优势,进一步提高系统自由度,因此其可为全面提高SAR工作能力提供一条更有效的解决途径。不过,MIMO-SAR作为一种新兴的雷达成像手段,国内外都处于研究起步阶段,许多关键问题还有待深入研究和突破。本文将围绕MIMO-SAR的若干关键技术开展研究,研究工作主要包括以下几个方面:
针对MIMO-SAR对正交波形集高分辨率、良好相关特性及低截获特性的应用需求,提出两类新的正交宽带混合编码波形集,依次为伪随机相位-有符号线性调频(Polyphase Signed-Chirp,PSC)与伪随机相位-离散频率(Polyphase Discrete- Frequency,PDF)编码正交波形集。与传统正交伪随机相位编码(Polyphase Coding,PPC)波形集相比,PSC波形集具有更好的宽带和相关特性;与传统正交离散频率编码(Discrete Frequency-Coding,DFC)波形集相比,PDF波形集具有更好的相关特性。另外,以一次收发等效期间MIMO-SAR等效空间采样均匀及系统自由度最大为优化目标,提出并论证了一种MIMO-SAR优化线性阵列配置方案。
针对MIMO-SAR等效相位中心误差问题,首先定量分析得到MIMO-SAR等效相位中心误差的解析表达式,其次深入分析了等效相位中心误差对SAR方位成像质量的影响,指出周期性的二阶等效相位中心误差将会造成SAR方位像存在“假峰”效应。另外,基于SAR图像质量指标,提出了MIMO-SAR等效相位中心误差界确定方法,从而可为系统设计与后续信号处理提供设计依据。
针对高分辨率宽测绘带静态场景成像的应用需求,基于收发同置和收发分置阵列配置条件,研究了频分MIMO-SAR和码分MIMO-SAR的静态场景成像方案。为提高信号分选能力及成像质量,研究了码分MIMO-SAR优化接收滤波器设计问题。定量分析比较了MIMO-SAR与MPC-SAR两成像系统各指标性能。另外,为指导MIMO-SAR的多功能设计,提出了MIMO-SAR等效空间采样自由度权衡策略。
针对MIMO-SAR运动目标检测与成像的应用需求,提出MIMO-SAR等效通道运动目标回波信号新模型,指出主要受运动目标径向速度影响,运动目标的方位像也会存在“假峰”效应。为有效抑制运动目标“假峰”及静止杂波,分别基于DPCA(Displaced Phase Center Antenna)技术、ATI(Along Track Interferometry)干涉图和CSI(Clutter Suppression Interferometry)技术,提出了三种MIMO-SAR运动目标处理方法。第一种方法在信号域抑制杂波,并以补偿径向速度引入的误差信号的方式来消除“假峰”;第二种在图像域抑制杂波,并从限制“假峰”幅值出发,实现一种利用杂波来抑制“假峰”的技术途径;第三种方法在信号域抑制杂波,并利用“假峰”的干涉相位来提高运动目标定位精度,最终实现运动目标的检测、定位、测速以及聚焦成像的一体化处理。
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has already become the advanced science and technology in the field of remote sensing, and received wide attention by scholars of many countries, which plays an important role in military scout and national economy. As two strong application demands for SAR, the high-resolution and wide-swath imaging as well as the moving target detection and imaging is always a hot topic in the field of radar imaging. However, there exists a tight tradeoff between azimuth high-resolution and wide-swath for the conventional single-channel SAR, which is also difficult to achieve ground moving target indication (GMTI) emerged in the strong background clutter effectively. Therefore, some multi-channel SAR systems with single-transmitting and multi-receiving antennas, as well as corresponding algorithms are proposed in succession, where system degrees of freedom (DOF) is determined by receiving channel number. However, the antenna size and number of receiving channels are restricted by moving platform size and load, besides there exists strong demands on multifunction design for the advanced SAR, so novel thinking, theory and techniques are needed to be proposed urgently.
MIMO (multi-input multi-output) radar is a novel system proposed in recent years. Much more equivalent channels and DOF than the employed antennas can be obtained by transmitting multiple waveforms simultaneously that may be correlated or uncorrelated with each other. Therefore, the diversity gains are offered by MIMO radar in detection, estimation, imaging and etc., so that the radar performance may be significantly improved.
MIMO-SAR, as a novel imaging radar, is an innovative concept proposed recently in the field of radar sensor technology, which integrates the advantages of MIMO radar and SAR. The system DOF can make further increase by utilizing the multiple transmitting elements and receiving elements, and thus MIMO-SAR provides an effective way to improve the performance of conventional SAR. However, as a new branch of radar imaging, researches on MIMO-SAR are starting, and many key problems are needed to be studied and improved deeply. Around this guideline, our research work can be described as follows
Aiming at the demands on high-resolution, good correlation properties and low probability of intercept for orthogonal waveforms of MIMO-SAR, two novel kinds of orthogonal wideband hybrid-coding waveform set are proposed, namely polyphase signed-chirp (PSC) coding waveforms and polyphase discrete frequency (PDF) coding waveforms. Compared with conventional orthogonal polyphase coding (PPC) waveforms, the higher resolution and better correlation properties can be obtained by PSC waveforms. Compared with conventional orthogonal discrete frequency coding (DFC) waveforms, the PDF waveforms have better correlation properties. In addition, according to the designed rule for uniform equivalent spatial samplings and maximum system DOF during a transmitting and receiving (T/R) duration, an optimal uniform linear array configuration for MIMO-SAR is also proposed.
Aiming at the equivalent phase center error, the analytic expressions are derived quantitatively, and then the influence on the azimuth imaging quality is studied. It is shown that the periodical quadratic phase error is a key factor in the equivalent phase center error, and it can bring about the“spurious peaks”effect on azimuth image for MIMO-SAR. In addition, based on evaluation of SAR image quality, the equivalent phase center error bounds in MIMO-SAR are proposed, which may provide reference to system design and successive signal processing for MIMO-SAR.
Aiming at the demand on high-resolution and wide-swath imaging for static scene, two imaging schemes for frequency divided MIMO-SAR and code divided MIMO-SAR are researched, respectively. In order to improve separation capacity of the mixed receiving echoes and successive imaging quality, the optimal receiving filter is considered and used for code divided MIMO-SAR. The imaging indexes are compared between MIMO-SAR and multiple phase centers SAR (MPC-SAR), which show that the tradeoff between azimuth high-resolution and wide-swath can be solved by MIMO-SAR more effectively than the existing MPC-SAR. In addition, the equivalent spatial samplings DOF tradeoff schemes for MIMO-SAR are proposed to realize the multifunctional design.
Aiming at the demand on moving target detection and imaging, a novel equivalent channel signal model of moving target for MIMO-SAR is proposed firstly. Influenced by radial velocity of moving target, a periodically modulated signal will be introduced into the signal model of MIMO-SAR, and then there will also appear the special“spurious peaks”effect in azimuth image. In order to suppress the“spurious peaks”and background clutter, three signal processing methods for MIMO-SAR are proposed based on displaced phase center antenna (DPCA), along track interferometry (ATI) and clutter suppurssion interferometry (CSI) techniques, respectively. The first method will suppress strong background clutter in the rawdata domain, and the“spurious peaks”are eliminated by compensating the error signal caused by radial velocity of moving target. The second method will eliminate strong background clutter in the image domain, and a new way to suppress“spurious peaks”using clutter is carried out, where the magnitudes and interferometry phases of“spurious peaks”can be weakened by modulating system parameters and using strong background clutter, respectively. The third method will also suppress strong background clutter in the rawdata domain, and the integration of detection, location, velocity estimation and imaging for moving target will be achieved, where location precision can be improved by using the infermetric phases of“spurious peaks”.
MIMO(Multi-Input Multi-Output)雷达是近年来提出的一种新体制雷达,由于使用了多个互异的发射波形探测目标,引入了远多于阵元数目的等效观测通道和信号处理自由度,从而在目标检测、参数估计和目标成像等环节上,相对于传统雷达获得了显著的增益,极大地提高了雷达的总体性能。
融合MIMO雷达与SAR的各自特点,可构成新体制的MIMO-SAR(SAR based MIMO)成像雷达。MIMO-SAR能够充分发挥收发阵列多阵元的优势,进一步提高系统自由度,因此其可为全面提高SAR工作能力提供一条更有效的解决途径。不过,MIMO-SAR作为一种新兴的雷达成像手段,国内外都处于研究起步阶段,许多关键问题还有待深入研究和突破。本文将围绕MIMO-SAR的若干关键技术开展研究,研究工作主要包括以下几个方面:
针对MIMO-SAR对正交波形集高分辨率、良好相关特性及低截获特性的应用需求,提出两类新的正交宽带混合编码波形集,依次为伪随机相位-有符号线性调频(Polyphase Signed-Chirp,PSC)与伪随机相位-离散频率(Polyphase Discrete- Frequency,PDF)编码正交波形集。与传统正交伪随机相位编码(Polyphase Coding,PPC)波形集相比,PSC波形集具有更好的宽带和相关特性;与传统正交离散频率编码(Discrete Frequency-Coding,DFC)波形集相比,PDF波形集具有更好的相关特性。另外,以一次收发等效期间MIMO-SAR等效空间采样均匀及系统自由度最大为优化目标,提出并论证了一种MIMO-SAR优化线性阵列配置方案。
针对MIMO-SAR等效相位中心误差问题,首先定量分析得到MIMO-SAR等效相位中心误差的解析表达式,其次深入分析了等效相位中心误差对SAR方位成像质量的影响,指出周期性的二阶等效相位中心误差将会造成SAR方位像存在“假峰”效应。另外,基于SAR图像质量指标,提出了MIMO-SAR等效相位中心误差界确定方法,从而可为系统设计与后续信号处理提供设计依据。
针对高分辨率宽测绘带静态场景成像的应用需求,基于收发同置和收发分置阵列配置条件,研究了频分MIMO-SAR和码分MIMO-SAR的静态场景成像方案。为提高信号分选能力及成像质量,研究了码分MIMO-SAR优化接收滤波器设计问题。定量分析比较了MIMO-SAR与MPC-SAR两成像系统各指标性能。另外,为指导MIMO-SAR的多功能设计,提出了MIMO-SAR等效空间采样自由度权衡策略。
针对MIMO-SAR运动目标检测与成像的应用需求,提出MIMO-SAR等效通道运动目标回波信号新模型,指出主要受运动目标径向速度影响,运动目标的方位像也会存在“假峰”效应。为有效抑制运动目标“假峰”及静止杂波,分别基于DPCA(Displaced Phase Center Antenna)技术、ATI(Along Track Interferometry)干涉图和CSI(Clutter Suppression Interferometry)技术,提出了三种MIMO-SAR运动目标处理方法。第一种方法在信号域抑制杂波,并以补偿径向速度引入的误差信号的方式来消除“假峰”;第二种在图像域抑制杂波,并从限制“假峰”幅值出发,实现一种利用杂波来抑制“假峰”的技术途径;第三种方法在信号域抑制杂波,并利用“假峰”的干涉相位来提高运动目标定位精度,最终实现运动目标的检测、定位、测速以及聚焦成像的一体化处理。
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has already become the advanced science and technology in the field of remote sensing, and received wide attention by scholars of many countries, which plays an important role in military scout and national economy. As two strong application demands for SAR, the high-resolution and wide-swath imaging as well as the moving target detection and imaging is always a hot topic in the field of radar imaging. However, there exists a tight tradeoff between azimuth high-resolution and wide-swath for the conventional single-channel SAR, which is also difficult to achieve ground moving target indication (GMTI) emerged in the strong background clutter effectively. Therefore, some multi-channel SAR systems with single-transmitting and multi-receiving antennas, as well as corresponding algorithms are proposed in succession, where system degrees of freedom (DOF) is determined by receiving channel number. However, the antenna size and number of receiving channels are restricted by moving platform size and load, besides there exists strong demands on multifunction design for the advanced SAR, so novel thinking, theory and techniques are needed to be proposed urgently.
MIMO (multi-input multi-output) radar is a novel system proposed in recent years. Much more equivalent channels and DOF than the employed antennas can be obtained by transmitting multiple waveforms simultaneously that may be correlated or uncorrelated with each other. Therefore, the diversity gains are offered by MIMO radar in detection, estimation, imaging and etc., so that the radar performance may be significantly improved.
MIMO-SAR, as a novel imaging radar, is an innovative concept proposed recently in the field of radar sensor technology, which integrates the advantages of MIMO radar and SAR. The system DOF can make further increase by utilizing the multiple transmitting elements and receiving elements, and thus MIMO-SAR provides an effective way to improve the performance of conventional SAR. However, as a new branch of radar imaging, researches on MIMO-SAR are starting, and many key problems are needed to be studied and improved deeply. Around this guideline, our research work can be described as follows
Aiming at the demands on high-resolution, good correlation properties and low probability of intercept for orthogonal waveforms of MIMO-SAR, two novel kinds of orthogonal wideband hybrid-coding waveform set are proposed, namely polyphase signed-chirp (PSC) coding waveforms and polyphase discrete frequency (PDF) coding waveforms. Compared with conventional orthogonal polyphase coding (PPC) waveforms, the higher resolution and better correlation properties can be obtained by PSC waveforms. Compared with conventional orthogonal discrete frequency coding (DFC) waveforms, the PDF waveforms have better correlation properties. In addition, according to the designed rule for uniform equivalent spatial samplings and maximum system DOF during a transmitting and receiving (T/R) duration, an optimal uniform linear array configuration for MIMO-SAR is also proposed.
Aiming at the equivalent phase center error, the analytic expressions are derived quantitatively, and then the influence on the azimuth imaging quality is studied. It is shown that the periodical quadratic phase error is a key factor in the equivalent phase center error, and it can bring about the“spurious peaks”effect on azimuth image for MIMO-SAR. In addition, based on evaluation of SAR image quality, the equivalent phase center error bounds in MIMO-SAR are proposed, which may provide reference to system design and successive signal processing for MIMO-SAR.
Aiming at the demand on high-resolution and wide-swath imaging for static scene, two imaging schemes for frequency divided MIMO-SAR and code divided MIMO-SAR are researched, respectively. In order to improve separation capacity of the mixed receiving echoes and successive imaging quality, the optimal receiving filter is considered and used for code divided MIMO-SAR. The imaging indexes are compared between MIMO-SAR and multiple phase centers SAR (MPC-SAR), which show that the tradeoff between azimuth high-resolution and wide-swath can be solved by MIMO-SAR more effectively than the existing MPC-SAR. In addition, the equivalent spatial samplings DOF tradeoff schemes for MIMO-SAR are proposed to realize the multifunctional design.
Aiming at the demand on moving target detection and imaging, a novel equivalent channel signal model of moving target for MIMO-SAR is proposed firstly. Influenced by radial velocity of moving target, a periodically modulated signal will be introduced into the signal model of MIMO-SAR, and then there will also appear the special“spurious peaks”effect in azimuth image. In order to suppress the“spurious peaks”and background clutter, three signal processing methods for MIMO-SAR are proposed based on displaced phase center antenna (DPCA), along track interferometry (ATI) and clutter suppurssion interferometry (CSI) techniques, respectively. The first method will suppress strong background clutter in the rawdata domain, and the“spurious peaks”are eliminated by compensating the error signal caused by radial velocity of moving target. The second method will eliminate strong background clutter in the image domain, and a new way to suppress“spurious peaks”using clutter is carried out, where the magnitudes and interferometry phases of“spurious peaks”can be weakened by modulating system parameters and using strong background clutter, respectively. The third method will also suppress strong background clutter in the rawdata domain, and the integration of detection, location, velocity estimation and imaging for moving target will be achieved, where location precision can be improved by using the infermetric phases of“spurious peaks”.
引文
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