合成孔径雷达天线技术的若干关键问题研究
|
摘要
合成孔径雷达(SAR)是一种机载或星载微波成像雷达，具有全天候、全天时、高分辨率、作用距离远等优点，因而在军用、民用上都被广泛应用。SAR天线是决定合成孔径雷达系统性能的最重要、最复杂和最昂贵的子系统之一。在多波段、多极化、多模式、高分辨率宽测绘带的SAR研究中，天线的研究和设计工作占有举足轻重的地位，对SAR天线开展研究是非常有意义的，同时也很有挑战性。
本文正是在SAR的新技术新体制不断提出的背景下，以SAR天线为主要研究对象，重点围绕天线的波束赋形技术、双极化微带天线单元设计、共罩双频段天线阵仿真与耦合分析、天线加权下的模糊比和增益优化技术、宽测绘带天线方向图综合技术等方面开展了具体研究。
论文在分析宽测绘带机载SAR回波特点后，推导出了天线距离向辐射赋形方向图的表达式。通过对比常用的几种赋形方向图综合方法，给出了谢昆若夫单位圆结合零点填充法和现代进化算法(遗传算法和粒子群优化法)综合而得到的五单元和六单元直线阵列的激励幅度和相位，分别设计和加工了两种不同介质配置的五单元微带天线实验样阵，并进行了实验测试，证明了整个综合和阵列实现过程的正确性。
在对比现有微带天线单元实现双极化方法的基础上，提出了一种新型高极化隔离度和低后向辐射的双极化口径耦合微带贴片结构。并在分析了其关键结构参数后，选定一个几何结构进行了实验单元的加工和电性能参数的测试，得到了满足实用需要的高隔离度和高效率的双极化辐射单元。
结合实验室在研课题研究了在现有载机平台上实现的L／X双频段机载SAR系统天线方案，通过设计各自频段天线阵的紧凑结构布局和电磁全波仿真，得到了满足要求的天线指标。针对两天线在同一天线罩电磁耦合问题，从两个方面分析了其电磁耦合效应。
根据星载SAR接收到的回波组成，分析了模糊信号来源，并给出了模糊性能评估参数。通过分析，得知天线加权可抑制干扰信号的幅度，从而能改善星载
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a kind of airborne or spaceborne microwave imaging radar. Its all-weather, day and night imaging capabilities coupled with the achievable high resolutions make it a fundamental instrument for planet observation from far distance in military and civilian fields widely. In practice, antenna is one of the most important, complex and expensive parts in SAR system. It can say that, the study of antenna is the most fundamental, also the most important work, for the development of multi-band, multi-polarization, multi-modes, high resolution and wide swath SAR systems. Therefore, the investigation of SAR antenna is very significant and challenging.
With the new technologies and new modes being successively proposed in the field, the SAR antennas are mainly investigated in the thesis. It includes the design of shaped beam of antenna array, the design of the dual-polarization microstrip patch of dual-polarization SAR, the simulation and analysis of dual-band arrays and their electromagnetic coupling in the same radome, the optimization of antenna gain and Ambiguity-to-Signal Ratio (ASR) of spaceborne SAR based on the antenna array weighted technology and the radiation pattern synthesis of wide swath SAR antenna array.
After analyzing the radar echoes of wideswath airborne SAR, the expression of radiation shaped pattern in the range plane is induced. The exciting magnitude and phase of five elements and six elements in the linear array are obtained with the Schelkunoff's unit-circle method combined with null filling and modern evolutionary
本文正是在SAR的新技术新体制不断提出的背景下，以SAR天线为主要研究对象，重点围绕天线的波束赋形技术、双极化微带天线单元设计、共罩双频段天线阵仿真与耦合分析、天线加权下的模糊比和增益优化技术、宽测绘带天线方向图综合技术等方面开展了具体研究。
论文在分析宽测绘带机载SAR回波特点后，推导出了天线距离向辐射赋形方向图的表达式。通过对比常用的几种赋形方向图综合方法，给出了谢昆若夫单位圆结合零点填充法和现代进化算法(遗传算法和粒子群优化法)综合而得到的五单元和六单元直线阵列的激励幅度和相位，分别设计和加工了两种不同介质配置的五单元微带天线实验样阵，并进行了实验测试，证明了整个综合和阵列实现过程的正确性。
在对比现有微带天线单元实现双极化方法的基础上，提出了一种新型高极化隔离度和低后向辐射的双极化口径耦合微带贴片结构。并在分析了其关键结构参数后，选定一个几何结构进行了实验单元的加工和电性能参数的测试，得到了满足实用需要的高隔离度和高效率的双极化辐射单元。
结合实验室在研课题研究了在现有载机平台上实现的L／X双频段机载SAR系统天线方案，通过设计各自频段天线阵的紧凑结构布局和电磁全波仿真，得到了满足要求的天线指标。针对两天线在同一天线罩电磁耦合问题，从两个方面分析了其电磁耦合效应。
根据星载SAR接收到的回波组成，分析了模糊信号来源，并给出了模糊性能评估参数。通过分析，得知天线加权可抑制干扰信号的幅度，从而能改善星载
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a kind of airborne or spaceborne microwave imaging radar. Its all-weather, day and night imaging capabilities coupled with the achievable high resolutions make it a fundamental instrument for planet observation from far distance in military and civilian fields widely. In practice, antenna is one of the most important, complex and expensive parts in SAR system. It can say that, the study of antenna is the most fundamental, also the most important work, for the development of multi-band, multi-polarization, multi-modes, high resolution and wide swath SAR systems. Therefore, the investigation of SAR antenna is very significant and challenging.
With the new technologies and new modes being successively proposed in the field, the SAR antennas are mainly investigated in the thesis. It includes the design of shaped beam of antenna array, the design of the dual-polarization microstrip patch of dual-polarization SAR, the simulation and analysis of dual-band arrays and their electromagnetic coupling in the same radome, the optimization of antenna gain and Ambiguity-to-Signal Ratio (ASR) of spaceborne SAR based on the antenna array weighted technology and the radiation pattern synthesis of wide swath SAR antenna array.
After analyzing the radar echoes of wideswath airborne SAR, the expression of radiation shaped pattern in the range plane is induced. The exciting magnitude and phase of five elements and six elements in the linear array are obtained with the Schelkunoff's unit-circle method combined with null filling and modern evolutionary
引文
[1] 王小谟，张光义．雷达与探测：现代战争的火眼金睛．北京：国防工业出版社，2000．
[2] 林为明，高军波，邵长军．信息战与雷达“四抗”．电子对抗，No．6，2000．
[3] 杨士中．合成孔径雷达．北京：国防工业出版社 1981．
[4] 张澄波．综合孔径雷达—原理，系统分析与应用．北京：科学出版社，1998．
[5] 刘永坦．雷达成像技术．北京：科学出版社，1999．
[6] 郭华东等．感知天地—信息获取与处理技术．北京：科学出版社．2000．
[7] 郭华东 雷达对地观测理论与应用 北京：科学出版社．2000．
[8] 魏钟铨，合成孔径雷达卫星，北京：科学出版社．2001．
[9] 王超，张红，刘智．星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量．北京：科学出版社．2002．
[10] 袁孝康．星载合成孔径雷达导论．北京： 国防工业出版社．2003．
[11] 张直中．机载和星载合成孔径雷达导论．北京：电子工业出版社．2004．
[12] 邢孟道等．雷达成像技术．北京：电子工业出版社．2005．
[13]Merrill I．Skolnik著，王军等译．雷达手册．北京：电子工业出版社．2003．
[14] John C.Curlander Robert N.Mcdonough. Synthetic aperture radar systems and signal processing. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1991.
[15] 康行健．天线原理与设计．北京：国防工业出版社．1995．
[16] C.A.Balanis. Antenna theory-analysis and design. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997.
[17] 周朝栋，王元坤．天线与电波．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1999．
[18] 张光义，王德纯等．空间探测相控阵雷达．北京：科学出版社．2001．
[19] 林昌禄．天线工程手册．北京：电子工业出版社．2002．
[20] 张祖稷等．雷达天线技术． 北京：电子工业出版社．2005．
[21] 方大纲．天线理论与微带天线． 北京：科学出版社，2006．
[22] 王继学．星载合成孔径雷达天线的现状与发展．上海航天 2001．6．50-57．
[23] 董庆．粗糙海面电磁散射的极化特征分析与应用研究．中科院遥感应用研究所博士论文，2000．
[1] 魏钟铨．合成孔径雷达卫星．北京：科学出版社．2001．
[2] 郭华东．雷达对地观测理论与应用． 北京：科学出版社． 2000．
[3] 王小青，郭琨毅，盛新庆，朱敏慧．距离向多孔径接收宽测绘带SAR成像方法的研究．电子与信息学报，2004，Vol26(5)，739-745．
[4] 康行健．天线原理与设计．国防工业出版社． 1995．
[5] 林昌禄．天线工程手册．北京：电子工业出版社．2002：455-456．
[6] 肖疆，徐晓文，董涛．多孔毁伤时赋形反射面天线辐射特性的研究．电波科学学报． 2003，18(6)：648-51．
[7] F．T．乌拉比等著，黄培康 汪一飞译．微波遥感(第二卷)．北京：科学出版社．1987．
[8] Thomas A. Milligan. Modern antenna design (Second edition). New York: John Wiley&Sons, 2005.
[9] Hansen R.C. Phased array antennas. New York:John Wiley&Sons, 1998.
[10] Shelkunoff, S,A. A mathematical theory of linear arrays. Bell system technology journal. 1943,22,P80-107.
[11] R.S. Elliott. Antenna design and theory, IEEE Press, revised editor,1998.
[12] Orchard H.J. Elliott R.S. Stern G.J. Optimising the synthesis of shaped beam antenna Patterns. Proc. IEE Pt.H V-132(1) 1985: 63-68.
[13] Elliott R.S. Stern G.J. A new technique for shaped beam synthesis of equispaced arrays. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, AP-32(10) 1984: 1129-1133.
[14] 玄光男，程润伟著．于歆杰，周根贵译． 遗传算法与工程优化． 北京：清华大学出版社．2004年．
[15] Hosung Choo. Application of genetic algorithms to the design of microstrip antennas, wire antennas and microwave absorbers. PHD thesis. University of Texas at Austin 2003.
[16] Daniel seth weile. The application of advanced operator genetic algorithms to electromagnetic optimization problems. PHD thesis University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1999.
[17] 任斌，丰镇平．改进遗传算法与粒子群优化算法及其对比分析．南京师范大学学报(工程技术版)2002，v2(2)：14-20．
[18] Buthainah sabeeh N. Multiphase particle swarm optimization. PHD thesis Syracuse University, 2002.
[19] Randy L Haupt, An Introduction to genetic algorithms for lectronmagnetics. IEEE Antenna and Propagation Magazine, 1995, 37(2): 7-15.
[20] Weile D. S. Michielssen E, Genetic algorithm optimization applied to electromagnetics: a review. IEEE Trans. AP-45(3) 1997: 343-353.
[21] Johnson M. Rahmat-Samii Y. Genetic algorithm in engineering electromagnetics. IEEE Antenna and Propagation magazine, 1997, 39(4): 7-21
[22] Kennedy, J. Eberhart, R. C. Particle swarm opti, nization. Proc. IEEE int. conf. on neural networks Vol. Ⅳ, 1995. pp. 1942-1948. IEEE service center, Piscataway, NJ.
[23] Boeringer, D. W. Werner, D. H., Particle swarm optimization versus genetic algorithms for phased array synthesis. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-52(3) 2004: 771-779
[24] Eberhart, R. C. Shi, Y. Particle swarm optimization: developments, applications and resources. Proc. congress on evolutionary computation 2001 IEEE service center, Korea, 2001: 94-97.
[25] Robinson J. Rahmat-Samii Y. Particle swarm optimization in Electronmagnetics. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, AP-52(2) 2004: 397-407.
[26] Marcano D. Duran F. Synthesis of antenna arrays using genetic algorithms, IEEE Antenna and Propagation Magazine, 2001, 42(3): 12-19.
[27] I．J．鲍尔，P．布哈蒂亚 著，梁联倬等 译．微带天线．北京：电子工业出版社．1985．
[28] 钟顺时．微带天线理论与应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1991．
[29] R. J. Mailloux, J. F. Mcllvenna and N. P. Kernweis. Microstrip array technology. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagation 1981, AP-29: 25-37.
[30] 邢文训，谢金星．现代优化计算方法．北京：清华大学出版社．2000．
[1] 刘庭华，章文勋，Tsang K F．双频／双极化贴片天线的研究进展．现代雷达，1999，21(5)：91-99．
[2] Pozar D M. A microstrip antenna aperture coupled to a microstrip line. Electronics Letter, 1985, 21: 49-50.
[3] C. H. Tsao, Y. M. Hwang, ect. Aperture-coupled patch antennas with wide-bandwidth anddual-polarization capabilities. IEEE AP-s Int. Symp., 1988, 936-939.
[4] B. Lindmark. A novel dual polarized aperture coupled patch element with a single layer feed network and high isolation IEEE AP-s Int. Symp., 1997, 2190-2193.
[5] B. Lindmark. A dual polarized dual band microstrip antenna for wireless communications. IEEE AP-s Int. Symp., 1998, 333-338.
[6] F. Rostan, W. Wiesbeck. Dual polarization microstrip patch arrays for the next generation of spaceborne sythethic aperture radars. IEEE AP-s Int. Symp., 1995, 2277-2279.
[7] Sami Hienonen, Arto Lehto, Antti V. Raisanen, Simple broadband dual-polarized aperture-coupled microstrip antenna. IEEE AP-s Int. Symp, 1999, 1228-1231.
[8] Younkyu Chung, Seong-Sik Jeon, et al. High isolation dual-polarized patch antenna usingintegrated defected ground structure. IEEE Microwave and wireless components letters, 2004, 14(1): 4-6.
[9] Tzung-Wem Chiou, Kin-Lu Wong. Broad-band dual-polarized single microstrip patch antenna with high isolation and low cross polarization. IEEE Trans on AP 2002, 50(3): 399-401.
[10] Himdi M., Daniel J. P., Terret C. Transmission line analysis of aperture coupled microstrip antenna. Electron letter n25, 1989: 1229-1230.
[11] 杨显强．一种新型口径耦合微带天线的研制．北京理工大学硕士论文．1995．
[1] Rolando L. Jordan, Bryan L. Huneycutt, Marian Werner. The SIR-C/X-SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar system. IEEE Trans. Geoscience and remote sensing, Vol33(4) 1995: 829-839.
[2] Ellern R. Stofan Diane L. Evans, Christianna Schmullius ect. Overview of results of spacebome imaging radar-C, X-Band synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), IEEE Trans. Geoseience and remote sensing, Vol33(4) 1995: 817-828.
[3] http://www.crl.go.jp/ck/ck521/
[4] 钟顺时．微带天线理论与应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1991．
[5] David M. Pozar. Microstrip antennas, Proceedings of the IEEE, 1992, 80(1): 79-91.
[6] 张均，刘克诚，张贤铎，赫崇骏．微带天线理论与工程．北京：国防工业出版社，1988．
[7] 肖疆，朱敏慧．双频段机载SAR天线紧凑设计的研究，电子与信息学报，2004，9，增刊9-13．
[8] Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bhartia, Inder Bahl ect. Microstrip antenna design handbook. Norwood: Artech House, 2001. Chapter 9.
[9] 林昌禄．天线工程手册．北京：电子工业出版社．2002．
[10] C. A. Balanis, Antenna theory-analysis and design. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997.
[11] John Huang. A parallel-series-fed microstrip array with high efficiency and low cross-polarization. vol. 5, no. 5, 1992: 230-233.
[12] Xiao Jiang, Zhu Minhui. A novel aperture coupled microstrip antenna array with low cross-polaration, low sidelobe and low backlobe. ICMMT2004: 223-226.
[13] Xiao Jiang, Dong Ge, Zhu Minhui. Design of a compact and wideband microstrip antenna array. ICCEA2004: 171-173.
[1] 袁孝康．星载合成孔径雷达导论．北京：国防工业出版社．2003．
[2] 张澄波．综合孔径雷达—原理，系统分析与应用．北京：科学出版社．1998．
[3] 袁孝康．论合成孔径雷达的模糊性．空间电子．2001：78-90．
[4] 王睿．星载合成孔径雷达系统与模拟软件研究．中科院电子学研究所．博士论文，2003．
[5] 王峨峨，谢亚楠．星载合成孔径雷达模糊性研究．上海航天．2002(4)：13-17．
[6] F. K. LI, W. T. K. Johnson. Ambiguities in spacebome synthetic radar systems. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Vol. AES-19 (5), 1983: 389-397.
[7] 荆麟角．星载SA R距离模糊分布规律及其改进设计．电子科学学刊．1994，16(5)，490-496．
[8] 张志敏．星载合成孔径雷达方位模糊研究．中国科学院电子学研究所硕 士论文．1995．
[9] S. Barbarossa, G. Levrini. An antenna pattern synthesis technique for spaceborne SAR performance optimization, IEEETrans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Vol. AES-29(2), 1991: 254-259.
[10] 康行健．天线原理与设计．北京：国防工业出版社．1995年．
[11] 林昌禄．天线工程手册．北京：电子工业出版社．2002年．
[12] 傅英定，成孝予，唐应辉．最优化理论与方法。成都：电子科技大学出版社．1996．
[13] Srinivas, N. Deb, K. Multiobjective function optimization using nondominated sorting algorithms. Evolutionary Computation. Vol. 2, 1993: 221-248.
[14] Deb K. etc. A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-Ⅱ. IEEE Tran. Evolutionary Computation, 2002, 6(2): 182-197.
[15] Deb K. etc. Controlled elitist non-domninated sorting genetic algorithm for better convergence. Technical Report No. 2000004. Kanpur Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, IIT Kanpur, India.
[16] Deb K. etc. Simulated binary crossover for continuous search space, complex systems, 1995: 115-148.
[17] 魏钟铨．合成孔径雷达卫星．北京：科学出版社．2001．
[18] 种劲松，王宏崎，周孝宽．自然数编码遗传算法在图像相关匹配中的应用．电子与信息学报．2001，Vol23(7)，：644-649．
[1] 张澄波．综合孔径雷达原理—系统分析与应用．北京：科学出版社．1989．
[2] 袁孝康．星载合成孔径雷达导论．北京：国防工业出版社．2003．
[3] Jain A. Multibeam synthetic aperture radar for global oceanography IEEE Trans. Antenna and propagation, 1979, AP-27(4): 535-538.
[4] K. Tomiyasu. Conceptual performance of a satellite borne width swath synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Trans Geosciences and Remote Sens., April 1981, GE-19, (2): 108-116.
[5] Moore, R. K., Claassen, J. P., Lin, Y. H., Scanning spaceborne synthetic aperture radar with integrated radiometer, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 1981 AES-17(3): 410-421.
[6] JEAN B. R., ROUSE, J. W., A multiple beam synthetic aperture radar design concept for geoscience applications, IEEE Trans. Geosciences and Remote Sens, April 1983, GE-21, (2): 201-207.
[7] D. Hounam, K. zeller, G. Graf S. Karnevi. A wide-swath survey mode sar based on ERS-1 technology. Proceeding of IGARSS'90 Symp., 1990: 2033-2036.
[8] Malliot, H. A. Wide swath SAR and radar altimeter. Aerospace Applications Conference, 1993. Digest. IEEE 31 Jan.-5 1993: 87-97.
[9] H. D. Griffiths, P. Mancini. Ambiguity suppression in SARs using adaptive array techniques. Proceedings of IGARSS'91 Symp., 1991. 1015-1018.
[10] A. Currie, M. A. Brown. Wide-swath SAR. Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. F. Vol 139. No. 2. April 1992: 122-135.
[11] 藤坂贵彦 著，王淑兰 译．方位向高分辨力宽测绘带的多波束合成孔径雷达．空载雷达，2000(4)：36-44．
[12] G. D. Callaghan, I. D. Longstaff. Wide-swath Space-Borne SAR and Range Ambiguity. Radar 1997, 449(14), 248-251.
[13] G. D. Callaghan and I. D. Longstaff. Wide-swath space-born SAR using a quad-element array. IEE Proc.-Radar, Sonar Navg, V146(3), 1999: 159-165.
[14] M. Suess, B. Grafmueller, R. Zahn. A novel high resolution, wide swath SAR system SAR system. IGARSS'2001, 2001, Vol. 3: 1013-1015.
[15] M. Suess, M. Zubler, R. Zahn. Performance investigation on the high resolution, wide swath SAR system. EUSAR'2002: 187-190.
[16] N. A. Goodman, D. Rajakrishna, J. Stiles. Wide Swath, High Resolution SAR Using Multiple Receive Aperture. Proceeding of IGARSS'99 Symp., 1999: 1767-1770.
[17] N. A. Goodman, S. C. Lin, D. Rajakrishna ect.. Processing of multiple-receive spaceborne arrays for wide-area SAR. IEEE Trans Geosciences and Remote Sens., 2002, GE-40(4): 841-851.
[18] M. Younis C. Fischer W. Wiesbeck. Digital beamforming in SAR systems. IEEE Trans Geosciences and Remote Sens., 2003, GE-41 (6): 1735-1739.
[19] 王小青．宽测绘带SAR方法及其仿真研究．中科院电子学研究所博士论文，2005．
[20] 郭琨毅．超宽测绘带微波成像若干体制的并行仿真研究．中科院电子学研究所博士论文，2005．
[21] 李世强．高分辨率宽测绘带合成孔径雷达系统研究．中科院电子所博士论文，2004．
[22] 周荫清，徐华平，陈杰．分布式小卫星合成孔径雷达研究进展．电子学报．2003 12(A)：1939-1944．
[23] 梁甸农，朱炬波，董臻．小卫星分布式雷达2004．中国基础科学 (6)：7-10．
[24] 雷万明，刘光炎，黄顺吉．基于波束形成的分布式卫星SAR成像．电波科学学报，2002，17(1)：64—68．
[25] Li Zhenfang, Wang Hongyang, Su Tao, Bao Zheng. Generation of wide-swath and high-resolution SAR images from multichannel small spaceborne SAR systems. IEEE Geosciences and Remote Sensing Letters, 2005, V2(1): 82-86.
[26] M. Zink, G. Krieger, T. Aminot. Interferometric performance of a Cartwheel constellation for TerraSAR-L. Pro. of Fringe 2003 Workshop: 1-7.
[27] 王小青，郭琨毅，盛新庆，朱敏慧．基于距离向多孔径接收的宽测绘带SAR成像方法的研究．电子与信息学报，2004，Vol．26No．5：739-745．
[28] Deb K. etc. A fast multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for finding well-spread pareto-optimal solutions. Technical Report No. 2003002. Kanpur Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, IIT Kanpur, India.
[29] Laumanns M., etc. Combining convergence and diversity in evolutionary multi-objective optimization. 2002, Vol10(2): 1-21.
[2] 林为明，高军波，邵长军．信息战与雷达“四抗”．电子对抗，No．6，2000．
[3] 杨士中．合成孔径雷达．北京：国防工业出版社 1981．
[4] 张澄波．综合孔径雷达—原理，系统分析与应用．北京：科学出版社，1998．
[5] 刘永坦．雷达成像技术．北京：科学出版社，1999．
[6] 郭华东等．感知天地—信息获取与处理技术．北京：科学出版社．2000．
[7] 郭华东 雷达对地观测理论与应用 北京：科学出版社．2000．
[8] 魏钟铨，合成孔径雷达卫星，北京：科学出版社．2001．
[9] 王超，张红，刘智．星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量．北京：科学出版社．2002．
[10] 袁孝康．星载合成孔径雷达导论．北京： 国防工业出版社．2003．
[11] 张直中．机载和星载合成孔径雷达导论．北京：电子工业出版社．2004．
[12] 邢孟道等．雷达成像技术．北京：电子工业出版社．2005．
[13]Merrill I．Skolnik著，王军等译．雷达手册．北京：电子工业出版社．2003．
[14] John C.Curlander Robert N.Mcdonough. Synthetic aperture radar systems and signal processing. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1991.
[15] 康行健．天线原理与设计．北京：国防工业出版社．1995．
[16] C.A.Balanis. Antenna theory-analysis and design. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997.
[17] 周朝栋，王元坤．天线与电波．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1999．
[18] 张光义，王德纯等．空间探测相控阵雷达．北京：科学出版社．2001．
[19] 林昌禄．天线工程手册．北京：电子工业出版社．2002．
[20] 张祖稷等．雷达天线技术． 北京：电子工业出版社．2005．
[21] 方大纲．天线理论与微带天线． 北京：科学出版社，2006．
[22] 王继学．星载合成孔径雷达天线的现状与发展．上海航天 2001．6．50-57．
[23] 董庆．粗糙海面电磁散射的极化特征分析与应用研究．中科院遥感应用研究所博士论文，2000．
[1] 魏钟铨．合成孔径雷达卫星．北京：科学出版社．2001．
[2] 郭华东．雷达对地观测理论与应用． 北京：科学出版社． 2000．
[3] 王小青，郭琨毅，盛新庆，朱敏慧．距离向多孔径接收宽测绘带SAR成像方法的研究．电子与信息学报，2004，Vol26(5)，739-745．
[4] 康行健．天线原理与设计．国防工业出版社． 1995．
[5] 林昌禄．天线工程手册．北京：电子工业出版社．2002：455-456．
[6] 肖疆，徐晓文，董涛．多孔毁伤时赋形反射面天线辐射特性的研究．电波科学学报． 2003，18(6)：648-51．
[7] F．T．乌拉比等著，黄培康 汪一飞译．微波遥感(第二卷)．北京：科学出版社．1987．
[8] Thomas A. Milligan. Modern antenna design (Second edition). New York: John Wiley&Sons, 2005.
[9] Hansen R.C. Phased array antennas. New York:John Wiley&Sons, 1998.
[10] Shelkunoff, S,A. A mathematical theory of linear arrays. Bell system technology journal. 1943,22,P80-107.
[11] R.S. Elliott. Antenna design and theory, IEEE Press, revised editor,1998.
[12] Orchard H.J. Elliott R.S. Stern G.J. Optimising the synthesis of shaped beam antenna Patterns. Proc. IEE Pt.H V-132(1) 1985: 63-68.
[13] Elliott R.S. Stern G.J. A new technique for shaped beam synthesis of equispaced arrays. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, AP-32(10) 1984: 1129-1133.
[14] 玄光男，程润伟著．于歆杰，周根贵译． 遗传算法与工程优化． 北京：清华大学出版社．2004年．
[15] Hosung Choo. Application of genetic algorithms to the design of microstrip antennas, wire antennas and microwave absorbers. PHD thesis. University of Texas at Austin 2003.
[16] Daniel seth weile. The application of advanced operator genetic algorithms to electromagnetic optimization problems. PHD thesis University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1999.
[17] 任斌，丰镇平．改进遗传算法与粒子群优化算法及其对比分析．南京师范大学学报(工程技术版)2002，v2(2)：14-20．
[18] Buthainah sabeeh N. Multiphase particle swarm optimization. PHD thesis Syracuse University, 2002.
[19] Randy L Haupt, An Introduction to genetic algorithms for lectronmagnetics. IEEE Antenna and Propagation Magazine, 1995, 37(2): 7-15.
[20] Weile D. S. Michielssen E, Genetic algorithm optimization applied to electromagnetics: a review. IEEE Trans. AP-45(3) 1997: 343-353.
[21] Johnson M. Rahmat-Samii Y. Genetic algorithm in engineering electromagnetics. IEEE Antenna and Propagation magazine, 1997, 39(4): 7-21
[22] Kennedy, J. Eberhart, R. C. Particle swarm opti, nization. Proc. IEEE int. conf. on neural networks Vol. Ⅳ, 1995. pp. 1942-1948. IEEE service center, Piscataway, NJ.
[23] Boeringer, D. W. Werner, D. H., Particle swarm optimization versus genetic algorithms for phased array synthesis. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-52(3) 2004: 771-779
[24] Eberhart, R. C. Shi, Y. Particle swarm optimization: developments, applications and resources. Proc. congress on evolutionary computation 2001 IEEE service center, Korea, 2001: 94-97.
[25] Robinson J. Rahmat-Samii Y. Particle swarm optimization in Electronmagnetics. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, AP-52(2) 2004: 397-407.
[26] Marcano D. Duran F. Synthesis of antenna arrays using genetic algorithms, IEEE Antenna and Propagation Magazine, 2001, 42(3): 12-19.
[27] I．J．鲍尔，P．布哈蒂亚 著，梁联倬等 译．微带天线．北京：电子工业出版社．1985．
[28] 钟顺时．微带天线理论与应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1991．
[29] R. J. Mailloux, J. F. Mcllvenna and N. P. Kernweis. Microstrip array technology. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagation 1981, AP-29: 25-37.
[30] 邢文训，谢金星．现代优化计算方法．北京：清华大学出版社．2000．
[1] 刘庭华，章文勋，Tsang K F．双频／双极化贴片天线的研究进展．现代雷达，1999，21(5)：91-99．
[2] Pozar D M. A microstrip antenna aperture coupled to a microstrip line. Electronics Letter, 1985, 21: 49-50.
[3] C. H. Tsao, Y. M. Hwang, ect. Aperture-coupled patch antennas with wide-bandwidth anddual-polarization capabilities. IEEE AP-s Int. Symp., 1988, 936-939.
[4] B. Lindmark. A novel dual polarized aperture coupled patch element with a single layer feed network and high isolation IEEE AP-s Int. Symp., 1997, 2190-2193.
[5] B. Lindmark. A dual polarized dual band microstrip antenna for wireless communications. IEEE AP-s Int. Symp., 1998, 333-338.
[6] F. Rostan, W. Wiesbeck. Dual polarization microstrip patch arrays for the next generation of spaceborne sythethic aperture radars. IEEE AP-s Int. Symp., 1995, 2277-2279.
[7] Sami Hienonen, Arto Lehto, Antti V. Raisanen, Simple broadband dual-polarized aperture-coupled microstrip antenna. IEEE AP-s Int. Symp, 1999, 1228-1231.
[8] Younkyu Chung, Seong-Sik Jeon, et al. High isolation dual-polarized patch antenna usingintegrated defected ground structure. IEEE Microwave and wireless components letters, 2004, 14(1): 4-6.
[9] Tzung-Wem Chiou, Kin-Lu Wong. Broad-band dual-polarized single microstrip patch antenna with high isolation and low cross polarization. IEEE Trans on AP 2002, 50(3): 399-401.
[10] Himdi M., Daniel J. P., Terret C. Transmission line analysis of aperture coupled microstrip antenna. Electron letter n25, 1989: 1229-1230.
[11] 杨显强．一种新型口径耦合微带天线的研制．北京理工大学硕士论文．1995．
[1] Rolando L. Jordan, Bryan L. Huneycutt, Marian Werner. The SIR-C/X-SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar system. IEEE Trans. Geoscience and remote sensing, Vol33(4) 1995: 829-839.
[2] Ellern R. Stofan Diane L. Evans, Christianna Schmullius ect. Overview of results of spacebome imaging radar-C, X-Band synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), IEEE Trans. Geoseience and remote sensing, Vol33(4) 1995: 817-828.
[3] http://www.crl.go.jp/ck/ck521/
[4] 钟顺时．微带天线理论与应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1991．
[5] David M. Pozar. Microstrip antennas, Proceedings of the IEEE, 1992, 80(1): 79-91.
[6] 张均，刘克诚，张贤铎，赫崇骏．微带天线理论与工程．北京：国防工业出版社，1988．
[7] 肖疆，朱敏慧．双频段机载SAR天线紧凑设计的研究，电子与信息学报，2004，9，增刊9-13．
[8] Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bhartia, Inder Bahl ect. Microstrip antenna design handbook. Norwood: Artech House, 2001. Chapter 9.
[9] 林昌禄．天线工程手册．北京：电子工业出版社．2002．
[10] C. A. Balanis, Antenna theory-analysis and design. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997.
[11] John Huang. A parallel-series-fed microstrip array with high efficiency and low cross-polarization. vol. 5, no. 5, 1992: 230-233.
[12] Xiao Jiang, Zhu Minhui. A novel aperture coupled microstrip antenna array with low cross-polaration, low sidelobe and low backlobe. ICMMT2004: 223-226.
[13] Xiao Jiang, Dong Ge, Zhu Minhui. Design of a compact and wideband microstrip antenna array. ICCEA2004: 171-173.
[1] 袁孝康．星载合成孔径雷达导论．北京：国防工业出版社．2003．
[2] 张澄波．综合孔径雷达—原理，系统分析与应用．北京：科学出版社．1998．
[3] 袁孝康．论合成孔径雷达的模糊性．空间电子．2001：78-90．
[4] 王睿．星载合成孔径雷达系统与模拟软件研究．中科院电子学研究所．博士论文，2003．
[5] 王峨峨，谢亚楠．星载合成孔径雷达模糊性研究．上海航天．2002(4)：13-17．
[6] F. K. LI, W. T. K. Johnson. Ambiguities in spacebome synthetic radar systems. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Vol. AES-19 (5), 1983: 389-397.
[7] 荆麟角．星载SA R距离模糊分布规律及其改进设计．电子科学学刊．1994，16(5)，490-496．
[8] 张志敏．星载合成孔径雷达方位模糊研究．中国科学院电子学研究所硕 士论文．1995．
[9] S. Barbarossa, G. Levrini. An antenna pattern synthesis technique for spaceborne SAR performance optimization, IEEETrans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Vol. AES-29(2), 1991: 254-259.
[10] 康行健．天线原理与设计．北京：国防工业出版社．1995年．
[11] 林昌禄．天线工程手册．北京：电子工业出版社．2002年．
[12] 傅英定，成孝予，唐应辉．最优化理论与方法。成都：电子科技大学出版社．1996．
[13] Srinivas, N. Deb, K. Multiobjective function optimization using nondominated sorting algorithms. Evolutionary Computation. Vol. 2, 1993: 221-248.
[14] Deb K. etc. A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-Ⅱ. IEEE Tran. Evolutionary Computation, 2002, 6(2): 182-197.
[15] Deb K. etc. Controlled elitist non-domninated sorting genetic algorithm for better convergence. Technical Report No. 2000004. Kanpur Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, IIT Kanpur, India.
[16] Deb K. etc. Simulated binary crossover for continuous search space, complex systems, 1995: 115-148.
[17] 魏钟铨．合成孔径雷达卫星．北京：科学出版社．2001．
[18] 种劲松，王宏崎，周孝宽．自然数编码遗传算法在图像相关匹配中的应用．电子与信息学报．2001，Vol23(7)，：644-649．
[1] 张澄波．综合孔径雷达原理—系统分析与应用．北京：科学出版社．1989．
[2] 袁孝康．星载合成孔径雷达导论．北京：国防工业出版社．2003．
[3] Jain A. Multibeam synthetic aperture radar for global oceanography IEEE Trans. Antenna and propagation, 1979, AP-27(4): 535-538.
[4] K. Tomiyasu. Conceptual performance of a satellite borne width swath synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Trans Geosciences and Remote Sens., April 1981, GE-19, (2): 108-116.
[5] Moore, R. K., Claassen, J. P., Lin, Y. H., Scanning spaceborne synthetic aperture radar with integrated radiometer, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 1981 AES-17(3): 410-421.
[6] JEAN B. R., ROUSE, J. W., A multiple beam synthetic aperture radar design concept for geoscience applications, IEEE Trans. Geosciences and Remote Sens, April 1983, GE-21, (2): 201-207.
[7] D. Hounam, K. zeller, G. Graf S. Karnevi. A wide-swath survey mode sar based on ERS-1 technology. Proceeding of IGARSS'90 Symp., 1990: 2033-2036.
[8] Malliot, H. A. Wide swath SAR and radar altimeter. Aerospace Applications Conference, 1993. Digest. IEEE 31 Jan.-5 1993: 87-97.
[9] H. D. Griffiths, P. Mancini. Ambiguity suppression in SARs using adaptive array techniques. Proceedings of IGARSS'91 Symp., 1991. 1015-1018.
[10] A. Currie, M. A. Brown. Wide-swath SAR. Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. F. Vol 139. No. 2. April 1992: 122-135.
[11] 藤坂贵彦 著，王淑兰 译．方位向高分辨力宽测绘带的多波束合成孔径雷达．空载雷达，2000(4)：36-44．
[12] G. D. Callaghan, I. D. Longstaff. Wide-swath Space-Borne SAR and Range Ambiguity. Radar 1997, 449(14), 248-251.
[13] G. D. Callaghan and I. D. Longstaff. Wide-swath space-born SAR using a quad-element array. IEE Proc.-Radar, Sonar Navg, V146(3), 1999: 159-165.
[14] M. Suess, B. Grafmueller, R. Zahn. A novel high resolution, wide swath SAR system SAR system. IGARSS'2001, 2001, Vol. 3: 1013-1015.
[15] M. Suess, M. Zubler, R. Zahn. Performance investigation on the high resolution, wide swath SAR system. EUSAR'2002: 187-190.
[16] N. A. Goodman, D. Rajakrishna, J. Stiles. Wide Swath, High Resolution SAR Using Multiple Receive Aperture. Proceeding of IGARSS'99 Symp., 1999: 1767-1770.
[17] N. A. Goodman, S. C. Lin, D. Rajakrishna ect.. Processing of multiple-receive spaceborne arrays for wide-area SAR. IEEE Trans Geosciences and Remote Sens., 2002, GE-40(4): 841-851.
[18] M. Younis C. Fischer W. Wiesbeck. Digital beamforming in SAR systems. IEEE Trans Geosciences and Remote Sens., 2003, GE-41 (6): 1735-1739.
[19] 王小青．宽测绘带SAR方法及其仿真研究．中科院电子学研究所博士论文，2005．
[20] 郭琨毅．超宽测绘带微波成像若干体制的并行仿真研究．中科院电子学研究所博士论文，2005．
[21] 李世强．高分辨率宽测绘带合成孔径雷达系统研究．中科院电子所博士论文，2004．
[22] 周荫清，徐华平，陈杰．分布式小卫星合成孔径雷达研究进展．电子学报．2003 12(A)：1939-1944．
[23] 梁甸农，朱炬波，董臻．小卫星分布式雷达2004．中国基础科学 (6)：7-10．
[24] 雷万明，刘光炎，黄顺吉．基于波束形成的分布式卫星SAR成像．电波科学学报，2002，17(1)：64—68．
[25] Li Zhenfang, Wang Hongyang, Su Tao, Bao Zheng. Generation of wide-swath and high-resolution SAR images from multichannel small spaceborne SAR systems. IEEE Geosciences and Remote Sensing Letters, 2005, V2(1): 82-86.
[26] M. Zink, G. Krieger, T. Aminot. Interferometric performance of a Cartwheel constellation for TerraSAR-L. Pro. of Fringe 2003 Workshop: 1-7.
[27] 王小青，郭琨毅，盛新庆，朱敏慧．基于距离向多孔径接收的宽测绘带SAR成像方法的研究．电子与信息学报，2004，Vol．26No．5：739-745．
[28] Deb K. etc. A fast multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for finding well-spread pareto-optimal solutions. Technical Report No. 2003002. Kanpur Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, IIT Kanpur, India.
[29] Laumanns M., etc. Combining convergence and diversity in evolutionary multi-objective optimization. 2002, Vol10(2): 1-21.