太阳能光伏发电逆变控制器研究
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摘要
光伏发电是替代化石能源的一种最理想的方式，但较高的光伏发电成本成为制约其推广应用的主要因素。光伏发电逆变控制器是将光伏电池输出的直流电能转换为交流电能的装置，在能量转换和利用的过程中也产生了大量的能量损耗，增加了发电成本。因此，研究高效率光伏发电逆变控制器的拓扑及控制方法具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。
本文通过对光伏电池工程化数学模型的建模及仿真，研究了光伏电池的电能输出特性；分析了基于功率电压斜率（dP/dV）曲线的变步长MPPT方法的工作原理和控制效果受光照强度影响的缺点，提出了一种改进型变步长MPPT方法，设计了3种不同步长的变步长控制策略，给出了变步长判断参数的确定方法；分析了光伏逆变器的拓扑结构及调制方法，采用了两级型多支路并联结构的设计方案，设计了2KW单相光伏逆变器的具体控制方法及电路参数；在MATLAB/Simulink中建立了2KW单相光伏逆变系统的仿真模型，分析了逆变器的电能利用率及输出电压的控制效果。
仿真结果表明：改进型变步长MPPT方法的控制效果基本不受光伏电池光照强度的影响，三种步长的控制策略加快了光伏电池的MPPT速度，提升了稳态输出功率；两级型多支路并联结构的光伏逆变器，可以避免并联光伏电池组件间失配引起的功率损失，最大化利用了光伏电池输出电能，双闭环控制的逆变器输出电压稳态误差小，动态响应快，这种逆变器结构及控制方法为光伏发电与城市建筑一体化应用提供了一个新的思路。
Photovoltaic(PV) power generation is the ideal alternative to fossil fuels,however, the higher cost of photovoltaic power than conventional powerrestricts its application. PV power inverter is a device in which DC output ofPV cells can be converted to AC electricity, and in the process of energyconversion and utilization, a large amount of energy is lost, which increasedthe cost of power generation. Therefore, the research of topological structureand control method of high-efficiency PV power inverters has significanttheoretical significance and application value.
Based on the simulation of the engineered mathematical model of the PVcells, the power output characteristics of PV cells was studied; a new variablestep size method based on (dP/dV)/P was proposed after the analysis of theprinciple and stability of variable step size method based on dP/dV, and avariable step size control strategy with three kinds of step size was designedand the determination method its parameters was shown out; after the analysisof the advantages and disadvantages of different categories of topologies ofPV inverters, the control method and circuit parameters of2KW single-phasePV inverter was designed, the power utilization and control effect of outputvoltage of the inverter was analyzed in the simulation model built in MATLAB/Simulink.
The simulation results show that the control effect of the modifiedvariable step size MPPT method was independent of the impact of lightintensity of PV cells, the strategy with three step sizes accelerated the speed ofthe MPPT of PV cells, and enhanced the steady-state output power; the PVinverter with multidroped parallel structure avoided the power loss when themismatch happened between the parallel components of PV cells, maximizedthe use of the output power of PV cells, and its output voltage had smallsteady-state error and fast dynamic response, so this structure and controlmethods of inverters provided a new way of PV power generation and urbanbuilding integrated applications
本文通过对光伏电池工程化数学模型的建模及仿真，研究了光伏电池的电能输出特性；分析了基于功率电压斜率（dP/dV）曲线的变步长MPPT方法的工作原理和控制效果受光照强度影响的缺点，提出了一种改进型变步长MPPT方法，设计了3种不同步长的变步长控制策略，给出了变步长判断参数的确定方法；分析了光伏逆变器的拓扑结构及调制方法，采用了两级型多支路并联结构的设计方案，设计了2KW单相光伏逆变器的具体控制方法及电路参数；在MATLAB/Simulink中建立了2KW单相光伏逆变系统的仿真模型，分析了逆变器的电能利用率及输出电压的控制效果。
仿真结果表明：改进型变步长MPPT方法的控制效果基本不受光伏电池光照强度的影响，三种步长的控制策略加快了光伏电池的MPPT速度，提升了稳态输出功率；两级型多支路并联结构的光伏逆变器，可以避免并联光伏电池组件间失配引起的功率损失，最大化利用了光伏电池输出电能，双闭环控制的逆变器输出电压稳态误差小，动态响应快，这种逆变器结构及控制方法为光伏发电与城市建筑一体化应用提供了一个新的思路。
Photovoltaic(PV) power generation is the ideal alternative to fossil fuels,however, the higher cost of photovoltaic power than conventional powerrestricts its application. PV power inverter is a device in which DC output ofPV cells can be converted to AC electricity, and in the process of energyconversion and utilization, a large amount of energy is lost, which increasedthe cost of power generation. Therefore, the research of topological structureand control method of high-efficiency PV power inverters has significanttheoretical significance and application value.
Based on the simulation of the engineered mathematical model of the PVcells, the power output characteristics of PV cells was studied; a new variablestep size method based on (dP/dV)/P was proposed after the analysis of theprinciple and stability of variable step size method based on dP/dV, and avariable step size control strategy with three kinds of step size was designedand the determination method its parameters was shown out; after the analysisof the advantages and disadvantages of different categories of topologies ofPV inverters, the control method and circuit parameters of2KW single-phasePV inverter was designed, the power utilization and control effect of outputvoltage of the inverter was analyzed in the simulation model built in MATLAB/Simulink.
The simulation results show that the control effect of the modifiedvariable step size MPPT method was independent of the impact of lightintensity of PV cells, the strategy with three step sizes accelerated the speed ofthe MPPT of PV cells, and enhanced the steady-state output power; the PVinverter with multidroped parallel structure avoided the power loss when themismatch happened between the parallel components of PV cells, maximizedthe use of the output power of PV cells, and its output voltage had smallsteady-state error and fast dynamic response, so this structure and controlmethods of inverters provided a new way of PV power generation and urbanbuilding integrated applications
引文
[1]赵争鸣,刘建政,孙晓瑛,等.太阳能光伏发电及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.1-8.
[2]林安中,王斯成.国内外太阳电池和光伏发电的进展与前景[J].太阳能学报,1999(特刊), P68-74.
[3]张耀明．中国太阳能光伏发电产业的现状与前景[J]．新能源与新材料,2007,1:1-6.
[4]褚文博,隆涛.美国光伏产业路线图[J].新材料产业,2006,(l):48-51.
[5]吴达成,刘馨.我国光伏产业发展现状及分析[J].新材料产业,2011,(I):9-10.
[6]王斯成,国内外光伏发电现在及趋势[R].中国电力发展与改革研究,2009.12.
[7]杨贵恒,强生泽,张颖超,郑勇,太阳能光伏发电系统及其应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2011.5.
[8] Chihchiang Hua, Chihming Shen. Control of DC/DC Converters for Solar EnergySystem with Maximum Power Tracking. IECON Proceedings,1997,2:827-832.
[9] K.H.Hussein, et al. An Algorithm for Rapidly Changing Atmospheric Conditions. IEEEProc Gener Transum Distrib,1995,142(1):59-64.
[10] T. Senjyu, K. Uezato. Maximum Power Point Tracker using Fuzzy Control forPhotovoltaic Arrays. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on IndustrialTechnology.1994:143-147.
[11] R.Ramaprabha, B.L. Mathur, M. Sharanya. Solar Array Modeling and Simulation ofMPPT using Neural Network. International Conference on Control, Automation,Communication and Energy Conservation.2009:1-5.
[12] K.Irisawa, T.Saito, I. Takano, Y. Sawada. Maximum Power Point Tracking Control ofPhotovoltaic Generation System under Non-uniform Insolation by means of MonitoringCells. Conference Record of the28thIEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference.2000:1707-1710.
[13] K. Kobayashi, I. Takano, Y. Sawasa. A Study on a two stage maximum power pointtracking control of a photovoltaic system under partially shaded insolation conditions.IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.2003,(4):1-8.
[14] A. ZAHEDI. Development of An Electrical Model for A PV-Battery System forPerformance Prediction [J]. Renewable Energy,1998.
[15]廖志凌,阮新波,任意光强和温度下的硅太阳电池非线性工程简化数学模型[J].太阳能学报,2009(30),430-435.
[16]赵富鑫,魏彦章,太阳电池及其应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1985.
[17] Singer S, Bozenshtein B, Surazi S. Characterization of PV Array Output using A SmallNumber of Measured Parameters [J]．Solar Energy,1984,32(5):603-607.
[18]杨海柱,金新民.并网光伏系统最大功率点跟踪控制的一种改进措施及其仿真和实验研究[J].电工电能新技术,2006,25(3):63-67．
[19]周德佳,赵争鸣,吴理博,袁立强,孙晓瑛.基于仿真模型的太阳能光伏电池阵列特性的分析[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2007,47(7):1109-1112,1117.
[20]严卫洲,潘俊民,基于MPPT的太阳能光伏充电控制器研究[J].电工技术,2009,(3):85-86.
[21]吴华波,基于扰动观察法的最大功率点跟踪的实现[J].电测与仪表,2010,11:42-45,22.
[22]刘莉,张彦敏,一种扰动观察法在光伏发电MPPT中的应用[J].电源技术,2010,2:186-189.
[23]黄瑶,黄洪全,电导增量法实现光伏系统的最大功率点跟踪控制[J].现代电子技术,2008,22:18-19.
[24]杨华鹏,薛媛,王云丽,李军,一种新型光伏系统最大功率跟踪算法的研究[J].西北水力发电,2006,22(4):1-3.
[25]刘栋,杨苹,黄锦成.一种光伏发电系统变步长MPPT控制策略研究[J].电气传动,2011,41(4):35-38.
[26]王义飞,吴伟,张皞华,徐悦.改进型变步长光伏最大功率点快速跟踪[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2011,17(3):249-252.
[27]徐鹏威,刘飞,刘邦银,等.几种光伏系统MPPT方法的分析比较及改进[J].电力电子技术,2007,41(5):3-5.
[28]卢秀和,王娇.基于中值步长法的光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪[J].可再生能源,2010.28(5):10-14.
[29]高吉磊,贺明智,郑琼林,天气变化时光伏并网系统MPPT算法的仿真研究[J].系统仿真学报,2010.22(4):1000-1005.
[30]王长贵,王斯成.太阳能光伏发电实用技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2009.10.
[31]倪海东,蒋玉萍.高频开关电源集成控制器[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.1.
[32] Yu Jin Song, Prasad N. Enjeti, A High Frequency Link Direct DC-AC Converter forResidential Fuel Cell Power Systems,35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics SpeciolisrsConference,2004.
[33]林东栋.高频隔离式并网逆变器的研制[D].合肥工业大学硕士毕业论文,2009.
[34]王兆安,黄俊.电力电子技术第四版[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.9.
[35]曲学基,曲敬铠,于明扬.逆变技术基础与应用[M].电子工业出版社,2007.
[36] Habetler TGA, Space Vector-based Rectifier Regulator for AC/DC/AC Converters. IEEETrans Power Electron.1993,8:30-36.
[37]王晖辉.三相光伏并网逆变器的设计与仿真[D].郑州大学硕士毕业论文,2004.
[38]康勇,詹长江,彭力等.三相SPWM逆变电源重复控制技术的研究[J].电力电子技术.1997(2):16-19.
[39] Dixon J W, Kullcami A B, Nishimato M, Ooi B T. Characteristics of A Controlled-currentPWM Rectifier-inverter Link, IEEE. Trans Ind Appl,1987, IA-23:1022-1028.
[40] Zare F, Ledwich G. A Hysteresisc Current Control for Single-phase Multilevel VoltageSource Inverters: PLD implementation [J]. IEEE. Transactions on power Electronics.2002,17(5):731-738.
[41] Erickson, Robert W. Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Second Edition [M]. Secaucus，NJ, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers,2000:40-56.
[42]王划一.自动控制原理[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2001:100-107.
[43]刘飞,殷进军,周彦,段善旭, LCL滤波器的三相光伏逆变器双环控制策略[J].电力电子技术,2008,9:29-31.
[44]张延晶,亓迎川,王杰,贾月颖.通信电源技术[J].2010,6:9-11.
[45]吕永庆,赵军红,张珍敏,基于极点配置的逆变器双环控制方案[J].现代电子技术,2009,22:176-179.
[46]陈果,谢运祥,胡炎申,魏晨.电压关断型缓冲电路分析及设计方法[J].电子设计应用,2007,1:114-116.
[47]彭力,张宇,康勇,陈坚.高性能逆变器模拟控制器设计方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(6):89-94.
[2]林安中,王斯成.国内外太阳电池和光伏发电的进展与前景[J].太阳能学报,1999(特刊), P68-74.
[3]张耀明．中国太阳能光伏发电产业的现状与前景[J]．新能源与新材料,2007,1:1-6.
[4]褚文博,隆涛.美国光伏产业路线图[J].新材料产业,2006,(l):48-51.
[5]吴达成,刘馨.我国光伏产业发展现状及分析[J].新材料产业,2011,(I):9-10.
[6]王斯成,国内外光伏发电现在及趋势[R].中国电力发展与改革研究,2009.12.
[7]杨贵恒,强生泽,张颖超,郑勇,太阳能光伏发电系统及其应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2011.5.
[8] Chihchiang Hua, Chihming Shen. Control of DC/DC Converters for Solar EnergySystem with Maximum Power Tracking. IECON Proceedings,1997,2:827-832.
[9] K.H.Hussein, et al. An Algorithm for Rapidly Changing Atmospheric Conditions. IEEEProc Gener Transum Distrib,1995,142(1):59-64.
[10] T. Senjyu, K. Uezato. Maximum Power Point Tracker using Fuzzy Control forPhotovoltaic Arrays. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on IndustrialTechnology.1994:143-147.
[11] R.Ramaprabha, B.L. Mathur, M. Sharanya. Solar Array Modeling and Simulation ofMPPT using Neural Network. International Conference on Control, Automation,Communication and Energy Conservation.2009:1-5.
[12] K.Irisawa, T.Saito, I. Takano, Y. Sawada. Maximum Power Point Tracking Control ofPhotovoltaic Generation System under Non-uniform Insolation by means of MonitoringCells. Conference Record of the28thIEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference.2000:1707-1710.
[13] K. Kobayashi, I. Takano, Y. Sawasa. A Study on a two stage maximum power pointtracking control of a photovoltaic system under partially shaded insolation conditions.IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.2003,(4):1-8.
[14] A. ZAHEDI. Development of An Electrical Model for A PV-Battery System forPerformance Prediction [J]. Renewable Energy,1998.
[15]廖志凌,阮新波,任意光强和温度下的硅太阳电池非线性工程简化数学模型[J].太阳能学报,2009(30),430-435.
[16]赵富鑫,魏彦章,太阳电池及其应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1985.
[17] Singer S, Bozenshtein B, Surazi S. Characterization of PV Array Output using A SmallNumber of Measured Parameters [J]．Solar Energy,1984,32(5):603-607.
[18]杨海柱,金新民.并网光伏系统最大功率点跟踪控制的一种改进措施及其仿真和实验研究[J].电工电能新技术,2006,25(3):63-67．
[19]周德佳,赵争鸣,吴理博,袁立强,孙晓瑛.基于仿真模型的太阳能光伏电池阵列特性的分析[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2007,47(7):1109-1112,1117.
[20]严卫洲,潘俊民,基于MPPT的太阳能光伏充电控制器研究[J].电工技术,2009,(3):85-86.
[21]吴华波,基于扰动观察法的最大功率点跟踪的实现[J].电测与仪表,2010,11:42-45,22.
[22]刘莉,张彦敏,一种扰动观察法在光伏发电MPPT中的应用[J].电源技术,2010,2:186-189.
[23]黄瑶,黄洪全,电导增量法实现光伏系统的最大功率点跟踪控制[J].现代电子技术,2008,22:18-19.
[24]杨华鹏,薛媛,王云丽,李军,一种新型光伏系统最大功率跟踪算法的研究[J].西北水力发电,2006,22(4):1-3.
[25]刘栋,杨苹,黄锦成.一种光伏发电系统变步长MPPT控制策略研究[J].电气传动,2011,41(4):35-38.
[26]王义飞,吴伟,张皞华,徐悦.改进型变步长光伏最大功率点快速跟踪[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2011,17(3):249-252.
[27]徐鹏威,刘飞,刘邦银,等.几种光伏系统MPPT方法的分析比较及改进[J].电力电子技术,2007,41(5):3-5.
[28]卢秀和,王娇.基于中值步长法的光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪[J].可再生能源,2010.28(5):10-14.
[29]高吉磊,贺明智,郑琼林,天气变化时光伏并网系统MPPT算法的仿真研究[J].系统仿真学报,2010.22(4):1000-1005.
[30]王长贵,王斯成.太阳能光伏发电实用技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2009.10.
[31]倪海东,蒋玉萍.高频开关电源集成控制器[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.1.
[32] Yu Jin Song, Prasad N. Enjeti, A High Frequency Link Direct DC-AC Converter forResidential Fuel Cell Power Systems,35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics SpeciolisrsConference,2004.
[33]林东栋.高频隔离式并网逆变器的研制[D].合肥工业大学硕士毕业论文,2009.
[34]王兆安,黄俊.电力电子技术第四版[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.9.
[35]曲学基,曲敬铠,于明扬.逆变技术基础与应用[M].电子工业出版社,2007.
[36] Habetler TGA, Space Vector-based Rectifier Regulator for AC/DC/AC Converters. IEEETrans Power Electron.1993,8:30-36.
[37]王晖辉.三相光伏并网逆变器的设计与仿真[D].郑州大学硕士毕业论文,2004.
[38]康勇,詹长江,彭力等.三相SPWM逆变电源重复控制技术的研究[J].电力电子技术.1997(2):16-19.
[39] Dixon J W, Kullcami A B, Nishimato M, Ooi B T. Characteristics of A Controlled-currentPWM Rectifier-inverter Link, IEEE. Trans Ind Appl,1987, IA-23:1022-1028.
[40] Zare F, Ledwich G. A Hysteresisc Current Control for Single-phase Multilevel VoltageSource Inverters: PLD implementation [J]. IEEE. Transactions on power Electronics.2002,17(5):731-738.
[41] Erickson, Robert W. Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Second Edition [M]. Secaucus，NJ, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers,2000:40-56.
[42]王划一.自动控制原理[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2001:100-107.
[43]刘飞,殷进军,周彦,段善旭, LCL滤波器的三相光伏逆变器双环控制策略[J].电力电子技术,2008,9:29-31.
[44]张延晶,亓迎川,王杰,贾月颖.通信电源技术[J].2010,6:9-11.
[45]吕永庆,赵军红,张珍敏,基于极点配置的逆变器双环控制方案[J].现代电子技术,2009,22:176-179.
[46]陈果,谢运祥,胡炎申,魏晨.电压关断型缓冲电路分析及设计方法[J].电子设计应用,2007,1:114-116.
[47]彭力,张宇,康勇,陈坚.高性能逆变器模拟控制器设计方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(6):89-94.