混积背景下碳酸盐岩储层形成机理
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摘要
塔里木盆地巴楚-麦盖提地区石炭系是一套碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩混合沉积的地层，不仅沉积序列上表现为碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩的交互沉积，微观结构上也存在陆源碎屑-碳酸盐的混积。通过岩石学特征研究，重新对混积岩进行了成分分类，分析了研究区每类混积岩的分布。利用Mount的成因分类方案，对研究区不同混积岩的成因进行了分析。在明确混积岩基本特征的基础上，对巴楚-麦盖提地区石炭系的层序地层和沉积相开展了研究。利用Vail的层序地层划分方法，将研究区石炭系划分为4个三级层序，并且研究了混积岩在层序地层中的分布及其混积成因。海侵体系域早期和高位体系域晚期的混积岩以相缘混合为主，而发育在海侵体系域晚期和高位体系域早期的混积岩则主要为间断混合和相缘混合。海平面变化与混合沉积的关系反映在物源输入的数量上，因此高水位体系域是混积最易发生的时期。研究区石炭系发育障壁滨岸-碳酸盐岩台地沉积体系。通过对沉积特征的研究，建立了混积潮坪、混积泻湖和混积台地三种沉积模式，提出了混积台地的间断混合与早期成岩变化存在联系。石炭系混合沉积的普遍发育具有特殊性，与石炭纪处于海西造陆运动中晚期存在多个剥蚀区，以及全球海平面经历了4次升降有关。
本论文旨在研究混合沉积与碳酸盐岩油气储层的关系。研究区小海子组和生屑灰岩段碳酸盐岩储层均具有混合沉积的背景。通过储层四性特征研究，明确了有效的油气储集岩为小海子组的残余粒屑/砾屑灰质白云岩/白云岩和亮晶粒屑/砾屑灰质白云岩，以及生屑灰岩段的含膏粉晶含灰白云岩/白云岩，其中均含陆源碎屑，为混积型碳酸盐岩。通过岩相学、地球化学等分析手段，对这几类主要储集岩的成岩作用进行了研究，明确了对储集性影响最大的成岩作用为胶结作用、白云石化作用、溶蚀作用和自生矿物充填。混积型碳酸盐岩特殊的成岩作用类型包括石英次生加大和自生地开石/高岭石的沉淀。碳酸盐岩台地上的混积作用以间断混合为主，通过分析认为研究区石炭纪间断混合的水文驱动力是与巨型季风气候相关的岸流。间断混合对碳酸盐岩浅滩沉积物的早期成岩作用有重要影响，不仅促进了海水白云石化的发生，与强岸流伴生的海平面短暂下降导致的滩体暴露使颗粒间缺乏早期胶结物，从而形成孔隙度较高的残余粒屑/砾屑灰质白云岩/白云岩。这是混积型碳酸盐岩储层形成的一个重要方面。控制储层形成的白云石化作用存在回流渗透白云石化、海水白云石化、浅埋藏白云石化几种模式。海水白云石化是小海子组碳酸盐岩优质储层形成的主要原因，而浅埋藏白云石化及白云石重结晶对储层形成也有重要贡献。回流渗透白云石化和浅埋藏白云石重结晶是生屑灰岩段碳酸盐岩储层形成的基础。利用薄片、阴极发光、X射线衍射、电子探针、微量元素和碳氧同位素等测试，发现研究区碳酸盐岩储层经历了热液溶蚀作用和热化学硫酸盐还原（TSR）相关的埋藏溶蚀作用。结合钻录井资料，明确了这两种溶蚀作用所影响的范围。热液溶蚀对研究区亚松迪地区和巴什托地区小海子组储层产生影响，而TSR作用主要对巴什托-先巴扎构造及其以北的地区产生影响。
There was mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediment in Carboniferous at Bachu-Makit area in Tarim Basin. Not only the sedimentary sequence was interactivedeposition of clastic rock and carbonate, but also there was siliciclastic-carbonate onthe micro-scale. Through research of the petrologic feature about mixing sediment,the taxonomy on composition of mixed rock was made again, and described thedistribution of mixed rock in Carboniferous in study area. Base on the taxonomy onorigin of mixed rock reported by Mount, the origin of mixed rocks in study area wereanalyzed. With the characteristics of mixed rocks, the stratigraphic sequence andsedimentary facies of Carboniferous at Bachu-Makit area was studied. According tothe method of Vail, there were4third-sequences in Carboniferous in the study area,and then discussed the distribution of mixed rocks and origin of mixing sediment.During early TST and late HST the main origins of mixed sediment are facies mixing,while during late TST and early HST the main origins are punctuated mixing andfacies mixing. Actually the relationship of eustatic sea level change and mixingsediment is the amount of terrigenous detrital inputting to mixing area. Therefore,HST is the most probability period ofmixing sediment. The study area developed thesedimentary facies system of near-shore to carbonate platform. Through studying ofthe characteristic of sediment, three mixing sediment model were established,including mixing tidal flat, mixing lagoon and mixing platform. It’s suggested thatpunctuated mixing in platform was related to early diagenesis. The main controllingfactors of mixing sediment in Carboniferous were tectonic and eustatic sea levelchange, because there were many denudation areas during middle-late Hercynianorogeny, and there were4changes of eustatic sea level.
This thesis is focus on the relationship of mixing sediment and carbonate oil/gasreservoir. Both of carbonate reservoirs of Xiaohaizi Formation and Bioclasticlimestone segment have the background of mixing sediment. Through the research ofthe four-property relationship of reservoir, the effectivereservoir rocks of XiaohaiziFormation are residual grainlimy dolostone/dolostone and sparry grainlimydolostone/dolostone, while that of Bioclastic limestone segment is powder limydolostone/dolostone with gypsum. All of these reservoir rocks are mixed rocks withsome terrigenous detrital. With lithologic and geochemical method, the diagenesis ofthese main reservoir rocks was studied. The main influencing factors on reservoirproperty are dolomitization, dissolution, cementation, and precipitation of autogeneticminerals. The special diagenesis of mixed carbonate rocks are quartz overgrowth andprecipitation of dickite/kaolinite. The mixing sediment has effect on platform mainlythrough punctuated mixing. It’s suggested that the punctuated mixing inCarboniferous was controlled by offshore current, relating to giantmonsoon. Thepunctuated mixing might influence the early diagenesis on the sediment of shoal, notonly the seawater dolomitization was promoted, but also can lead to lack cementamong carbonate grains, because of relativesmall fall of sea levelassociated with thestrongest offshore current. As a result, this mechanism can explain the origin ofresidual grainlimy dolostone/dolostone. This is the main formation mechanism ofmixed carbonate reservoir. The most important influence factor of reservoir propertyis dolomitization. There were four models of dolomitization in mixed carbonatereservoirs, including reflux dolomitization, seawater dolomitization, shallow burialdolomitization and middle-deep burial dolomitization. It’s suggested that seawaterdolomitization might be the base of formation of reservoir of Xiaohaizi Formation,and shallow burial dolomitization and recrystallization can further modification theproperty of reservoir. And the reflux dolomitization and shallow burialrecrystallization might be the base of formation of reservoir of Bioclastic limestonesegment. The dissolution mechanism is the key facor of reservoir origin for the twocarbonate reservoirs, especially burial dissolution. By thin section, cathodeluminescence, XRD, electronic probe, minor element, carbon and oxygen isotope, it’sshowed that the carbonate reservoir of Xiaohaizi Formation had experiencehydrothermal dissolution, and carbonate reservoir of Bioclastic limestone segmenthad experience dissolution associate with thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR).Combining with drill and well log materials, the region of influence of thesedissolution was determined. The hydrothermal dissolution can influence the reservoir property of Xiaohaizi Formation in Yasongdi area and Bashituo area, while TSRmainly influence Bashituo-Xianbazha area and north of it.
本论文旨在研究混合沉积与碳酸盐岩油气储层的关系。研究区小海子组和生屑灰岩段碳酸盐岩储层均具有混合沉积的背景。通过储层四性特征研究，明确了有效的油气储集岩为小海子组的残余粒屑/砾屑灰质白云岩/白云岩和亮晶粒屑/砾屑灰质白云岩，以及生屑灰岩段的含膏粉晶含灰白云岩/白云岩，其中均含陆源碎屑，为混积型碳酸盐岩。通过岩相学、地球化学等分析手段，对这几类主要储集岩的成岩作用进行了研究，明确了对储集性影响最大的成岩作用为胶结作用、白云石化作用、溶蚀作用和自生矿物充填。混积型碳酸盐岩特殊的成岩作用类型包括石英次生加大和自生地开石/高岭石的沉淀。碳酸盐岩台地上的混积作用以间断混合为主，通过分析认为研究区石炭纪间断混合的水文驱动力是与巨型季风气候相关的岸流。间断混合对碳酸盐岩浅滩沉积物的早期成岩作用有重要影响，不仅促进了海水白云石化的发生，与强岸流伴生的海平面短暂下降导致的滩体暴露使颗粒间缺乏早期胶结物，从而形成孔隙度较高的残余粒屑/砾屑灰质白云岩/白云岩。这是混积型碳酸盐岩储层形成的一个重要方面。控制储层形成的白云石化作用存在回流渗透白云石化、海水白云石化、浅埋藏白云石化几种模式。海水白云石化是小海子组碳酸盐岩优质储层形成的主要原因，而浅埋藏白云石化及白云石重结晶对储层形成也有重要贡献。回流渗透白云石化和浅埋藏白云石重结晶是生屑灰岩段碳酸盐岩储层形成的基础。利用薄片、阴极发光、X射线衍射、电子探针、微量元素和碳氧同位素等测试，发现研究区碳酸盐岩储层经历了热液溶蚀作用和热化学硫酸盐还原（TSR）相关的埋藏溶蚀作用。结合钻录井资料，明确了这两种溶蚀作用所影响的范围。热液溶蚀对研究区亚松迪地区和巴什托地区小海子组储层产生影响，而TSR作用主要对巴什托-先巴扎构造及其以北的地区产生影响。
There was mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediment in Carboniferous at Bachu-Makit area in Tarim Basin. Not only the sedimentary sequence was interactivedeposition of clastic rock and carbonate, but also there was siliciclastic-carbonate onthe micro-scale. Through research of the petrologic feature about mixing sediment,the taxonomy on composition of mixed rock was made again, and described thedistribution of mixed rock in Carboniferous in study area. Base on the taxonomy onorigin of mixed rock reported by Mount, the origin of mixed rocks in study area wereanalyzed. With the characteristics of mixed rocks, the stratigraphic sequence andsedimentary facies of Carboniferous at Bachu-Makit area was studied. According tothe method of Vail, there were4third-sequences in Carboniferous in the study area,and then discussed the distribution of mixed rocks and origin of mixing sediment.During early TST and late HST the main origins of mixed sediment are facies mixing,while during late TST and early HST the main origins are punctuated mixing andfacies mixing. Actually the relationship of eustatic sea level change and mixingsediment is the amount of terrigenous detrital inputting to mixing area. Therefore,HST is the most probability period ofmixing sediment. The study area developed thesedimentary facies system of near-shore to carbonate platform. Through studying ofthe characteristic of sediment, three mixing sediment model were established,including mixing tidal flat, mixing lagoon and mixing platform. It’s suggested thatpunctuated mixing in platform was related to early diagenesis. The main controllingfactors of mixing sediment in Carboniferous were tectonic and eustatic sea levelchange, because there were many denudation areas during middle-late Hercynianorogeny, and there were4changes of eustatic sea level.
This thesis is focus on the relationship of mixing sediment and carbonate oil/gasreservoir. Both of carbonate reservoirs of Xiaohaizi Formation and Bioclasticlimestone segment have the background of mixing sediment. Through the research ofthe four-property relationship of reservoir, the effectivereservoir rocks of XiaohaiziFormation are residual grainlimy dolostone/dolostone and sparry grainlimydolostone/dolostone, while that of Bioclastic limestone segment is powder limydolostone/dolostone with gypsum. All of these reservoir rocks are mixed rocks withsome terrigenous detrital. With lithologic and geochemical method, the diagenesis ofthese main reservoir rocks was studied. The main influencing factors on reservoirproperty are dolomitization, dissolution, cementation, and precipitation of autogeneticminerals. The special diagenesis of mixed carbonate rocks are quartz overgrowth andprecipitation of dickite/kaolinite. The mixing sediment has effect on platform mainlythrough punctuated mixing. It’s suggested that the punctuated mixing inCarboniferous was controlled by offshore current, relating to giantmonsoon. Thepunctuated mixing might influence the early diagenesis on the sediment of shoal, notonly the seawater dolomitization was promoted, but also can lead to lack cementamong carbonate grains, because of relativesmall fall of sea levelassociated with thestrongest offshore current. As a result, this mechanism can explain the origin ofresidual grainlimy dolostone/dolostone. This is the main formation mechanism ofmixed carbonate reservoir. The most important influence factor of reservoir propertyis dolomitization. There were four models of dolomitization in mixed carbonatereservoirs, including reflux dolomitization, seawater dolomitization, shallow burialdolomitization and middle-deep burial dolomitization. It’s suggested that seawaterdolomitization might be the base of formation of reservoir of Xiaohaizi Formation,and shallow burial dolomitization and recrystallization can further modification theproperty of reservoir. And the reflux dolomitization and shallow burialrecrystallization might be the base of formation of reservoir of Bioclastic limestonesegment. The dissolution mechanism is the key facor of reservoir origin for the twocarbonate reservoirs, especially burial dissolution. By thin section, cathodeluminescence, XRD, electronic probe, minor element, carbon and oxygen isotope, it’sshowed that the carbonate reservoir of Xiaohaizi Formation had experiencehydrothermal dissolution, and carbonate reservoir of Bioclastic limestone segmenthad experience dissolution associate with thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR).Combining with drill and well log materials, the region of influence of thesedissolution was determined. The hydrothermal dissolution can influence the reservoir property of Xiaohaizi Formation in Yasongdi area and Bashituo area, while TSRmainly influence Bashituo-Xianbazha area and north of it.
引文
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