地下滴灌条件下无膜移栽棉花需水规律与灌溉制度研究
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摘要
水资源短缺已成为严重制约新疆农业以及整个国民经济可持续发展的瓶颈因素,为保证工农业以及经济的可持续健康发展,建设节水型社会,就必须发展节水型农业,因此节水灌溉技术在新疆占有举足轻重的地位。目前新疆最主要的节水灌溉技术是膜下滴灌技术,但随之产生了严重的残膜污染问题。对比膜下滴灌技术,地下滴灌技术因浅层干燥土壤可将其以下湿润土壤与干燥空气隔离,不需采用覆膜技术就可以达到抑蒸节水的效果,但滴头堵塞、灌水均匀性以及苗期出苗灌溉问题制约其自身的发展。针对上述问题,本文提出将地下滴灌技术与移栽技术相结合的地下滴灌无膜移栽技术,以棉花为材料,通过测坑和小区试验,研究了不同种植模式、移栽时机、缓苗期灌水量、灌溉定额以及灌水次数对棉花生长发育和产量的影响；由于采用移栽技术且无膜,其土壤水分运动、需水规律等必然与常规的地下滴灌、膜下滴灌不同,有其自身的特点,通过研究上述各个因素对地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花生长发育的影响以及其需水规律,并建立水分生产函数,初步得到了北疆地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花的灌溉制度。
本文的主要结论及研究成果如下：
(1)通过两年的小区试验,分析得到地下滴灌条件下无膜移栽棉花比覆膜直播棉花,无论在生长发育还是产量以及水分利用率上,均占有一定的优势。因此认为在北疆地区采用该技术对棉花生长和发育并无不利的影响,同时有利于解决残膜污染的问题。
(2)通过研究移栽时机对棉花的影响,确定地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花移栽期内适宜的气温应稳定15℃以上,地面10cm地温应稳定在17℃以上,移栽期内适宜的日平均气温为18.4-20℃,日最高气温为26.2-27.2℃,地下10cm日平均地温为20.92-22.22℃,日最高地温为27.5-28.1℃：地下15cm日平均地温为20.26-21.41℃,日最高地温为24.6-25.1℃,移栽后10天日气温最低有效积温为66.46-70.65℃,日气温最高有效积温为78.08-83.28℃,地下10cm日地温有效积温为104.72-106.71。此外,棉花无膜移栽应在真叶为2-3片,苗龄为30天左右方可移栽,最好在5月中上旬结束,但具体移栽时间还要考虑当地的气候以及苗龄情况。
(3)多次灌溉普遍有利于地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花的生K发育和产量的提高,尤其对中等定额灌溉处理(390-450mm)影响最大,综合考虑产量和水分利用率的情况下,采用灌溉定额为390-450mm和灌水次数为19次相结合的方法进行灌溉,更有利于地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花高产高效。
(4)地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花生育期需水量呈现“慢-快-慢”的变化规律,前期需水量较小,到了花铃期需水量和需水强度均达到峰值,随后吐絮期又有不同程度的减少。干物质积累总的变化趋势与需水量是一致的,成“S”型变化。各处理不同生育期器官干物质积累变化,茎叶干物质的积累在蕾期进入关键时期,而蕾铃在盛花期进入关键的时期,至盛铃期达到峰值。干物质日增重和日需水量的峰值均出现在花铃期,干物质日增重在3.79-4.99g之间,日均需水量在4.88-7.41mm之间。
(5)以实际灌溉定额、蒸发蒸腾量为自变量建立的全生育期水分生产函数,通过灌溉定额、蒸发蒸腾量以及相应籽棉产量相关关系的分析,并考虑水分生产效率的情况下,最终确定地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花研究年适宜的灌溉定额为457mm,灌水次数为19次,建立了北疆地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花节水高产的灌溉制度(见表5-2)。
Shortage of water resource has become a bottlenecks factor which seriously restricts agriculture of Xinjiang and the entire national economy sustainable development, in order to ensure sustainable development of industry, agriculture and economy, to construct water-saving society, water-saving agriculture must be developed, and so water-saving irrigation technique plays a decisive role in Xinjiang. The most important water-saving irrigation technique at present in Xinjiang is mulched drip irrigation, but it results in serious plastic film pollution problems. Compared with the mulched drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) could isolate the dry air from the following moist soil, which does not need adopting film but could achieve the effect of inhibiting evaporation and water-saving. But the problems are for the clogging of emitters, eliability and uniformity of dropping, and seedling emergence and seedling irrigation, which constrain its development. Target at the above problems, this paper puts forward transplantation cotton without film technique under subsurface drip irrigation, combining subsurface drip irrigation technique with transplantation technique. This article took cotton as material, through tested holes and plot experiments, studied the influence of different cultivation patterns, transplantation time, gradual-seeding irrigation, irrigation quota and irrigation times on cotton growth and yield; because of adopting transplantation without film, its soil water movement, water requirement principle and so on are different from general subsurface drip irrigation and mulched drip irrigation, which has its own character. To study the influence of the above each factor on the cotton growth and yield transplantation without film under subsurface drip irrigation and its water requirement principle, and build water production function, to attain northern area irrigation system of transplantation cotton without film under subsurface drip irrigation.
The main conclusions and findings are as follows:
(1) Through two-year plot experiments, under the subsurface drip irrigation, whatever is cotton growth or yield, even water production efficiency, transplantation cotton without film has some advantages over directly sowing cotton with film. Therefore, to adopt transplantation cotton without film under subsurface drip irrigation has no adverse effect on cotton growth and yield, at the same time, which is favorable to solve plastic film pollution problems.
(2) Through studying the influence of transplantation time on cotton, to determine the suitable temperature during the transplantation period which must be over 15℃, daily average temperature of underground 10cm should be stable over 17℃,suitable daily average temperature is 18.4～20℃, daily maximum temperature is 26.2～27.2℃, daily average temperature of underground 10cm is 20.92-22.22℃, daily maximum geothermal is 27.5-28.1℃; daily average geothermal of underground 15cm is 20.26-21.41℃, daily maximum geothermal is 24.6～25.1℃, daily lowest effective accumulated temperature after transplantation is 66.46-70.65℃, daily highest effective accumulated temperature is78.08-83.28℃, accumulated temperature of geothermal with 10cm is 104.72～106.71℃in transplantation period.Moreover,transplantation cotton without film should end early May, while cotton leaves should be 2-3,seeding age should be about 30 days during transplantation, but the specific transplantation time also should consider the local climate and seeding age conditions.
(3) Irrigation with many times is generally to cotton growth and increase its yield transplantation without film under subsurface drip irrigation, especially for medium-scale irrigation treatment (390-450mm), taking yield and water utilization efficiency into account comprehensively, to adopt the method which combines irrigation quota(309-450 mm) with irrigation times(19 times) to irrigation, which is more conducive to high yield and high efficiency transplantation cotton without film under subsurface drip irrigation.
(4) Water requirement in the whole growth stage transplantation cotton without film under subsurface drip irrigation show "slow-fast-slow" variation principle, water requirement is relatively small in early stage, both water requirement and water requirement intensity are at peak during the boll stage, and then they decrease to vary degree during the boll opening stage. Thee general variation trend of dry mass accumulation is consistent with water requirement, as "S"-type changes. As for as the dry mass accumulation change for each treatment with different organs are considered, dry mass accumulation of stems and leaves are into the critical period in the bud stage, but bud and bell are into critical stage in the flowering stage, which are at its peak in the belling stage. Both maximum values of both daily gains for dry mass and daily water requirement are in boll stage, daily gain for dry mass is between3.79 g and 4.99g, the daily average water requirement is between 4.88mm and 7.41mm.
(5) To establish water production function of the whole growth period regarding actual irrigation quota, evapotranspiration as the independent variable, through analyzing the relationship between irrigation quota, evapotranspiration and corresponding seeding cotton yield, and taking the water production efficiency into account, to determine finally suitable irrigation quota which is 457mm in studied year, irrigation times is 19 times transplantation cotton without film under subsurface drip irrigation, establishing northern area cotton irrigation system with high water efficiency and yield(see as table 5-2)
本文的主要结论及研究成果如下：
(1)通过两年的小区试验,分析得到地下滴灌条件下无膜移栽棉花比覆膜直播棉花,无论在生长发育还是产量以及水分利用率上,均占有一定的优势。因此认为在北疆地区采用该技术对棉花生长和发育并无不利的影响,同时有利于解决残膜污染的问题。
(2)通过研究移栽时机对棉花的影响,确定地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花移栽期内适宜的气温应稳定15℃以上,地面10cm地温应稳定在17℃以上,移栽期内适宜的日平均气温为18.4-20℃,日最高气温为26.2-27.2℃,地下10cm日平均地温为20.92-22.22℃,日最高地温为27.5-28.1℃：地下15cm日平均地温为20.26-21.41℃,日最高地温为24.6-25.1℃,移栽后10天日气温最低有效积温为66.46-70.65℃,日气温最高有效积温为78.08-83.28℃,地下10cm日地温有效积温为104.72-106.71。此外,棉花无膜移栽应在真叶为2-3片,苗龄为30天左右方可移栽,最好在5月中上旬结束,但具体移栽时间还要考虑当地的气候以及苗龄情况。
(3)多次灌溉普遍有利于地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花的生K发育和产量的提高,尤其对中等定额灌溉处理(390-450mm)影响最大,综合考虑产量和水分利用率的情况下,采用灌溉定额为390-450mm和灌水次数为19次相结合的方法进行灌溉,更有利于地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花高产高效。
(4)地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花生育期需水量呈现“慢-快-慢”的变化规律,前期需水量较小,到了花铃期需水量和需水强度均达到峰值,随后吐絮期又有不同程度的减少。干物质积累总的变化趋势与需水量是一致的,成“S”型变化。各处理不同生育期器官干物质积累变化,茎叶干物质的积累在蕾期进入关键时期,而蕾铃在盛花期进入关键的时期,至盛铃期达到峰值。干物质日增重和日需水量的峰值均出现在花铃期,干物质日增重在3.79-4.99g之间,日均需水量在4.88-7.41mm之间。
(5)以实际灌溉定额、蒸发蒸腾量为自变量建立的全生育期水分生产函数,通过灌溉定额、蒸发蒸腾量以及相应籽棉产量相关关系的分析,并考虑水分生产效率的情况下,最终确定地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花研究年适宜的灌溉定额为457mm,灌水次数为19次,建立了北疆地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花节水高产的灌溉制度(见表5-2)。
Shortage of water resource has become a bottlenecks factor which seriously restricts agriculture of Xinjiang and the entire national economy sustainable development, in order to ensure sustainable development of industry, agriculture and economy, to construct water-saving society, water-saving agriculture must be developed, and so water-saving irrigation technique plays a decisive role in Xinjiang. The most important water-saving irrigation technique at present in Xinjiang is mulched drip irrigation, but it results in serious plastic film pollution problems. Compared with the mulched drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) could isolate the dry air from the following moist soil, which does not need adopting film but could achieve the effect of inhibiting evaporation and water-saving. But the problems are for the clogging of emitters, eliability and uniformity of dropping, and seedling emergence and seedling irrigation, which constrain its development. Target at the above problems, this paper puts forward transplantation cotton without film technique under subsurface drip irrigation, combining subsurface drip irrigation technique with transplantation technique. This article took cotton as material, through tested holes and plot experiments, studied the influence of different cultivation patterns, transplantation time, gradual-seeding irrigation, irrigation quota and irrigation times on cotton growth and yield; because of adopting transplantation without film, its soil water movement, water requirement principle and so on are different from general subsurface drip irrigation and mulched drip irrigation, which has its own character. To study the influence of the above each factor on the cotton growth and yield transplantation without film under subsurface drip irrigation and its water requirement principle, and build water production function, to attain northern area irrigation system of transplantation cotton without film under subsurface drip irrigation.
The main conclusions and findings are as follows:
(1) Through two-year plot experiments, under the subsurface drip irrigation, whatever is cotton growth or yield, even water production efficiency, transplantation cotton without film has some advantages over directly sowing cotton with film. Therefore, to adopt transplantation cotton without film under subsurface drip irrigation has no adverse effect on cotton growth and yield, at the same time, which is favorable to solve plastic film pollution problems.
(2) Through studying the influence of transplantation time on cotton, to determine the suitable temperature during the transplantation period which must be over 15℃, daily average temperature of underground 10cm should be stable over 17℃,suitable daily average temperature is 18.4～20℃, daily maximum temperature is 26.2～27.2℃, daily average temperature of underground 10cm is 20.92-22.22℃, daily maximum geothermal is 27.5-28.1℃; daily average geothermal of underground 15cm is 20.26-21.41℃, daily maximum geothermal is 24.6～25.1℃, daily lowest effective accumulated temperature after transplantation is 66.46-70.65℃, daily highest effective accumulated temperature is78.08-83.28℃, accumulated temperature of geothermal with 10cm is 104.72～106.71℃in transplantation period.Moreover,transplantation cotton without film should end early May, while cotton leaves should be 2-3,seeding age should be about 30 days during transplantation, but the specific transplantation time also should consider the local climate and seeding age conditions.
(3) Irrigation with many times is generally to cotton growth and increase its yield transplantation without film under subsurface drip irrigation, especially for medium-scale irrigation treatment (390-450mm), taking yield and water utilization efficiency into account comprehensively, to adopt the method which combines irrigation quota(309-450 mm) with irrigation times(19 times) to irrigation, which is more conducive to high yield and high efficiency transplantation cotton without film under subsurface drip irrigation.
(4) Water requirement in the whole growth stage transplantation cotton without film under subsurface drip irrigation show "slow-fast-slow" variation principle, water requirement is relatively small in early stage, both water requirement and water requirement intensity are at peak during the boll stage, and then they decrease to vary degree during the boll opening stage. Thee general variation trend of dry mass accumulation is consistent with water requirement, as "S"-type changes. As for as the dry mass accumulation change for each treatment with different organs are considered, dry mass accumulation of stems and leaves are into the critical period in the bud stage, but bud and bell are into critical stage in the flowering stage, which are at its peak in the belling stage. Both maximum values of both daily gains for dry mass and daily water requirement are in boll stage, daily gain for dry mass is between3.79 g and 4.99g, the daily average water requirement is between 4.88mm and 7.41mm.
(5) To establish water production function of the whole growth period regarding actual irrigation quota, evapotranspiration as the independent variable, through analyzing the relationship between irrigation quota, evapotranspiration and corresponding seeding cotton yield, and taking the water production efficiency into account, to determine finally suitable irrigation quota which is 457mm in studied year, irrigation times is 19 times transplantation cotton without film under subsurface drip irrigation, establishing northern area cotton irrigation system with high water efficiency and yield(see as table 5-2)
引文
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