民办高校教师人力资源管理研究
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摘要
改革开放后，民办高校充分利用高等教育发展的契机，适应世界高等教育大众化这一趋势，充分发挥其面向市场、机制灵活等优势，逐渐成为我国高等教育体系中不可缺少的办学力量。随着我国高等教育的规模的扩大和国外办学力量的进入，民办高校面临的竞争越来越激烈。如何提高服务质量，为“顾客”提供优质服务成了决定民办高校成败的关键。教学质量的高低取决于是否拥有高素质的教师人力资源。在这样的背景下，研究民办高校教师人力资源管理对民办高校的师资建设具有重要的指导意义。
本文在人力资源的基础上引申出民办高校教师人力资源，并对其特点和管理内容进行了阐述。通过对民办高校人力资源现状的分析发现，民办高校教师来源多样化，兼职教师和退休教师比例过大，教师的结构不合理。流动性大，师资队伍不稳定，教师高学历、高科研水平和学术气氛不浓并存，这些都和民办高校教师人力资源管理有关。针对民办高校教师人力资源管理存在的问题提出对策建议，包括树立“以人为本”管理理念、增加人力资本投资、完善人力资源管理机制等。本文还重点分析了民办高校教师引进、教师激励及绩效考核，提出了相应的对策和方法，利用人力资本理论对民办高校的人力资本投资进行详细分析，提出民办高校人力资本投资的对策。
After China's reforming and opening, private colleges made good use of the opportunity of China's mass higher education, with it's advantages of facing to the market and flexible system and became an important segment of China's higher education. Because of the scale of higher education becoming larger and larger and the entrance of foreign schools, private colleges faced more and more serious competitions. To private colleges, success or failure is decided by whether or not improve education quality and provide good services for their 'customers'. Education quality is depended on whether or not the college owns high quality human resources. Therefore, it is practically significant to study human resources management under such circumstances.
The thesis discusses the concept and the meaning of human resources first, then discusses the connotation of the teacher resources, specifies the objects of the teacher resources management. Though study the teacher resources of private college's, it is found out that, many existing problems, such as the complicated component of teachers, too many part-time teachers and over-aged teachers, lack of stability and unsuccessful use of high title and diploma, are all related with the teacher resources management of private colleges', then provide some countermeasures, such as "human-oriented" philosophy eradicated, human capital investment increased, human management system perfected, environment improved, etc. The thesis puts on emphasis on the import of talented persons, motivation and performance valuation, then provides some countermeasures that suit private colleges. Based on human capital theory, the thesis analyzed human capital investment of private colleges and projected several relevant suggestions.
本文在人力资源的基础上引申出民办高校教师人力资源，并对其特点和管理内容进行了阐述。通过对民办高校人力资源现状的分析发现，民办高校教师来源多样化，兼职教师和退休教师比例过大，教师的结构不合理。流动性大，师资队伍不稳定，教师高学历、高科研水平和学术气氛不浓并存，这些都和民办高校教师人力资源管理有关。针对民办高校教师人力资源管理存在的问题提出对策建议，包括树立“以人为本”管理理念、增加人力资本投资、完善人力资源管理机制等。本文还重点分析了民办高校教师引进、教师激励及绩效考核，提出了相应的对策和方法，利用人力资本理论对民办高校的人力资本投资进行详细分析，提出民办高校人力资本投资的对策。
After China's reforming and opening, private colleges made good use of the opportunity of China's mass higher education, with it's advantages of facing to the market and flexible system and became an important segment of China's higher education. Because of the scale of higher education becoming larger and larger and the entrance of foreign schools, private colleges faced more and more serious competitions. To private colleges, success or failure is decided by whether or not improve education quality and provide good services for their 'customers'. Education quality is depended on whether or not the college owns high quality human resources. Therefore, it is practically significant to study human resources management under such circumstances.
The thesis discusses the concept and the meaning of human resources first, then discusses the connotation of the teacher resources, specifies the objects of the teacher resources management. Though study the teacher resources of private college's, it is found out that, many existing problems, such as the complicated component of teachers, too many part-time teachers and over-aged teachers, lack of stability and unsuccessful use of high title and diploma, are all related with the teacher resources management of private colleges', then provide some countermeasures, such as "human-oriented" philosophy eradicated, human capital investment increased, human management system perfected, environment improved, etc. The thesis puts on emphasis on the import of talented persons, motivation and performance valuation, then provides some countermeasures that suit private colleges. Based on human capital theory, the thesis analyzed human capital investment of private colleges and projected several relevant suggestions.
引文
[1] 文中数据来源于《中国教育年鉴》(1998、2000、2000)、《中国教育统计年鉴》(2000)、中国教育网、民办高校网等经整理统计而成
[2] 杨明洪．论西方人力资本理论的研究主线与思路．经济评论，2001．2．90-92
[3] 韩燕，滕芳．人力资本投资和收益问题初探．彭城职业大学学报．2003．6．39-40
[4] 廖忠祥．知识型企业的人力资本投资机制研究．科研管理，2003．6．103-108
[5] 孟明义．高等教育经济学．北京：教育科学出版社，1991
[6] 邓晓春，王华春．高等教育投资效益论．长春：辽宁大学出版社，1991
[7] 国家教育委员会教育发展与政策研究中心．当代国际高等教育改革的趋向．北京：高等教育出版社，1988
[8] 陈仲常．高校人力资本特征及激励机制研究．重庆大学学报，2002．1．123-124
[9] 陆永明．高校教师人力资源开发与管理探索．中国成人教育．2003．11．48-49
[10] 王京梅．对高校人力资源开发问题的思考．北京建筑工程学院学报．2000．3．104-109
[11] 周作宇．高校人力资源管理的几个理论问题．中国高等教育．2000．12．20-22
[12] 柳清秀．论高校人力资源开发．江西社会科学，2002．7．220-222
[13] 曾郁园．民办学校的师资优化与人力资源管理．湖南社会科学，2001．1．106-107
[14] 胡大白．论高等教育大众化与民办高校的发展．黄河科技大学学报．1999．9．34-37
[15] 加里．S．贝克尔．人力资本．北京：北京大学出版社，1987
[16] 徐绪卿．民办高校必须加快专职教师队伍建设．浙江树人大学学报．2001．1．11-14
[17] 蒋淑云．我国民办高等教育的改革和发展．高等教育研究．1999．6．61-64
[18] 西奥多．W．舒尔茨．人力资本投资—教育和研究的作用．蒋斌，张衡译．北京：商务印书馆出版，1990
[19]陈宝瑜，李国乔．我国民办高等学校发展的多样化特征——39所民办高校调研报告．17-26
[20]李娟．当前我国民办高校教学质量问题研究：[硕士学位论文]．汕头．汕头大学．2000．
[21]杨全印．民办高校师资问题研究．[硕士学位论文]．西南师范大学．2002．7-13
[22]陈楠．中国民办高校发展研究．[硕士学位论文]．广东工业大学．广州．2002．4．29-31
[23]保罗．S．萨缪尔森，威廉．D 诺德豪斯．经济学．北京：华夏出版社，2001
[24]袁蕾，田汉族．对教师供给影响因素的经济学分析．教育探索，2003．6：98-100
[25]胡卫．民办教育的发展与规范．北京．教育科学出版社，2000．290-301
[26]蔡克勇．21世纪中国教育向何处去．长春：吉林人民出版社，2000．261-265
[27]吴国存．企业人力资本投资．经济管理出版社，1999
[28]黄藤．民办教育求索．西安：陕西人民出版社，2000．135-140
[29]胡大白，张锡侯，汤保梅．中国民办高等教育的迅速崛起和发展趋势．黄河科技大学学报．2004．3．5-12
[30]陈桂生著．中国民办教育问题．教育科学出版社．2001
[31]徐文．美国私立高等教育管理体制成因探析．国外职教．2001．6：55
[32][美]西奥多．W．舒尔茨．人力资本投资．北京：经济学院出版社，1990
[33]钟华，崔长江．民办高校的希望—青年教师．北京成人教育．2001．1．25-26
[34]何承金．人力资本管理．成都．四川大学出版社，2000
[35]李东北．特色化 民办高校生存与发展之道．职教论坛．2000．10：28
[36]钟华．民办高校师资队伍建设．北京成人教育．2001．11：18-19
[37]吴伦敦，李莉．以“生利”为出发点的民办高校教师队伍建设．职业技术教育 2003．28：50-52
[38]王建民．人力资本生产制度研究．经济科学出版社，2000
[39]刘杰．民办高校师资建设刍议．邢台职业技术学院学报．2003．2：35-37
[40] 刘少林．民办高校的崛起之路—创建教师队伍新机制．西安欧亚职业学院学报．2003．1：87-89
[41] 李建民．人力资本通论．上海．上海三联出版社，1999
[42] 何彬生．强化民办高校师资力量．企业家天地．2003．6：46-48
[43] 黄俊．高校教师人力资本运营的投资分析．重庆邮电学院学报．2004．(16)1：129-131
[44] 徐建平，何鹏程。高校教师在职培训的投资风险分析继续教育．2002．16(2)：18-19
[45] Ascher et. al. Hard lessons: Public Schools and Privatization. New York: The Twentieth Century, Fund Press. 1996
[46] Edwards & Whitty. Marketing quality: traditional and modern version of educational excellence. In Glatter et. al.(eds.), Choice and Diversity in Schooling: Perspectives and Prospect, London: Routledge. 1977.29-33
[47] OECD,Education and Equity in OECD Countries.OECD.1977
[48] Daniel. J. Julius. Human resources.New Directions for Higher Education 2000(111) 45-54
[49] Izard,Stephanie. From the exploitation of natural resources to the utilization of human competence. International Journal of Global Energy Issues. 1995, 8(1-3)236-242
[50] Haig R. Nalbantian. How to make the Most of Human Capital. Business Week. 2003,0(Jan20)E12-E12
[51] Osmo Kivinen, Sakari Ahola. Higher education as human risk capital. Higher Education. 1999, 38(2)191-208
[52] Antonio Ciccone. Business cycles and investment in human capital: international evidence on higher education. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series On Public Policy. 2000, 52(1)257-262
[53] Laura W. Perna. The Private Benefits of Higher Education: An Examination of the Earnings Premium. Research in Higher Education. 2003, 44(4) 451-472
[54] Franklin G. Mixon Jr, Russell W. McKenzie. Managerial tenure under private and government ownership: the case of higher education. Economics education review. 1999, 18(1)51-58
[55] Teixeira P, Amaral A. Private Higher Education and Diversity: An Exploratory Survey. Higher Education Quarterly. 2001, 55(4)359-395
[56] Seelen Sakran. Private Education Travails. Malaysian Business. 2002, 000(12)66-69
[57] Michael Brauninger, Jean-Pierre Vidal. Private versus public financing of education and endogenous growth. Journal of population economics. 2000, 13(3)387-401
[58] J. Salmi. Equity and Quality in Private Education: the Haitian paradox. Compare. 2000, 30(2)163-178
[59] Michael T. Nettles, Ursula Wagener. Student Retention and Progression: A Special Challenge for Private Historically Black Colleges and Universities. New Directions for Higher Education. 1999, 1999(108)51-67
[60] Teresa Gordon, Mary Fischer. A comparative empirical examination of extent of disclosure by private and public colleges and universities in the United States. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy. 2002, 21(3)235-275
[2] 杨明洪．论西方人力资本理论的研究主线与思路．经济评论，2001．2．90-92
[3] 韩燕，滕芳．人力资本投资和收益问题初探．彭城职业大学学报．2003．6．39-40
[4] 廖忠祥．知识型企业的人力资本投资机制研究．科研管理，2003．6．103-108
[5] 孟明义．高等教育经济学．北京：教育科学出版社，1991
[6] 邓晓春，王华春．高等教育投资效益论．长春：辽宁大学出版社，1991
[7] 国家教育委员会教育发展与政策研究中心．当代国际高等教育改革的趋向．北京：高等教育出版社，1988
[8] 陈仲常．高校人力资本特征及激励机制研究．重庆大学学报，2002．1．123-124
[9] 陆永明．高校教师人力资源开发与管理探索．中国成人教育．2003．11．48-49
[10] 王京梅．对高校人力资源开发问题的思考．北京建筑工程学院学报．2000．3．104-109
[11] 周作宇．高校人力资源管理的几个理论问题．中国高等教育．2000．12．20-22
[12] 柳清秀．论高校人力资源开发．江西社会科学，2002．7．220-222
[13] 曾郁园．民办学校的师资优化与人力资源管理．湖南社会科学，2001．1．106-107
[14] 胡大白．论高等教育大众化与民办高校的发展．黄河科技大学学报．1999．9．34-37
[15] 加里．S．贝克尔．人力资本．北京：北京大学出版社，1987
[16] 徐绪卿．民办高校必须加快专职教师队伍建设．浙江树人大学学报．2001．1．11-14
[17] 蒋淑云．我国民办高等教育的改革和发展．高等教育研究．1999．6．61-64
[18] 西奥多．W．舒尔茨．人力资本投资—教育和研究的作用．蒋斌，张衡译．北京：商务印书馆出版，1990
[19]陈宝瑜，李国乔．我国民办高等学校发展的多样化特征——39所民办高校调研报告．17-26
[20]李娟．当前我国民办高校教学质量问题研究：[硕士学位论文]．汕头．汕头大学．2000．
[21]杨全印．民办高校师资问题研究．[硕士学位论文]．西南师范大学．2002．7-13
[22]陈楠．中国民办高校发展研究．[硕士学位论文]．广东工业大学．广州．2002．4．29-31
[23]保罗．S．萨缪尔森，威廉．D 诺德豪斯．经济学．北京：华夏出版社，2001
[24]袁蕾，田汉族．对教师供给影响因素的经济学分析．教育探索，2003．6：98-100
[25]胡卫．民办教育的发展与规范．北京．教育科学出版社，2000．290-301
[26]蔡克勇．21世纪中国教育向何处去．长春：吉林人民出版社，2000．261-265
[27]吴国存．企业人力资本投资．经济管理出版社，1999
[28]黄藤．民办教育求索．西安：陕西人民出版社，2000．135-140
[29]胡大白，张锡侯，汤保梅．中国民办高等教育的迅速崛起和发展趋势．黄河科技大学学报．2004．3．5-12
[30]陈桂生著．中国民办教育问题．教育科学出版社．2001
[31]徐文．美国私立高等教育管理体制成因探析．国外职教．2001．6：55
[32][美]西奥多．W．舒尔茨．人力资本投资．北京：经济学院出版社，1990
[33]钟华，崔长江．民办高校的希望—青年教师．北京成人教育．2001．1．25-26
[34]何承金．人力资本管理．成都．四川大学出版社，2000
[35]李东北．特色化 民办高校生存与发展之道．职教论坛．2000．10：28
[36]钟华．民办高校师资队伍建设．北京成人教育．2001．11：18-19
[37]吴伦敦，李莉．以“生利”为出发点的民办高校教师队伍建设．职业技术教育 2003．28：50-52
[38]王建民．人力资本生产制度研究．经济科学出版社，2000
[39]刘杰．民办高校师资建设刍议．邢台职业技术学院学报．2003．2：35-37
[40] 刘少林．民办高校的崛起之路—创建教师队伍新机制．西安欧亚职业学院学报．2003．1：87-89
[41] 李建民．人力资本通论．上海．上海三联出版社，1999
[42] 何彬生．强化民办高校师资力量．企业家天地．2003．6：46-48
[43] 黄俊．高校教师人力资本运营的投资分析．重庆邮电学院学报．2004．(16)1：129-131
[44] 徐建平，何鹏程。高校教师在职培训的投资风险分析继续教育．2002．16(2)：18-19
[45] Ascher et. al. Hard lessons: Public Schools and Privatization. New York: The Twentieth Century, Fund Press. 1996
[46] Edwards & Whitty. Marketing quality: traditional and modern version of educational excellence. In Glatter et. al.(eds.), Choice and Diversity in Schooling: Perspectives and Prospect, London: Routledge. 1977.29-33
[47] OECD,Education and Equity in OECD Countries.OECD.1977
[48] Daniel. J. Julius. Human resources.New Directions for Higher Education 2000(111) 45-54
[49] Izard,Stephanie. From the exploitation of natural resources to the utilization of human competence. International Journal of Global Energy Issues. 1995, 8(1-3)236-242
[50] Haig R. Nalbantian. How to make the Most of Human Capital. Business Week. 2003,0(Jan20)E12-E12
[51] Osmo Kivinen, Sakari Ahola. Higher education as human risk capital. Higher Education. 1999, 38(2)191-208
[52] Antonio Ciccone. Business cycles and investment in human capital: international evidence on higher education. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series On Public Policy. 2000, 52(1)257-262
[53] Laura W. Perna. The Private Benefits of Higher Education: An Examination of the Earnings Premium. Research in Higher Education. 2003, 44(4) 451-472
[54] Franklin G. Mixon Jr, Russell W. McKenzie. Managerial tenure under private and government ownership: the case of higher education. Economics education review. 1999, 18(1)51-58
[55] Teixeira P, Amaral A. Private Higher Education and Diversity: An Exploratory Survey. Higher Education Quarterly. 2001, 55(4)359-395
[56] Seelen Sakran. Private Education Travails. Malaysian Business. 2002, 000(12)66-69
[57] Michael Brauninger, Jean-Pierre Vidal. Private versus public financing of education and endogenous growth. Journal of population economics. 2000, 13(3)387-401
[58] J. Salmi. Equity and Quality in Private Education: the Haitian paradox. Compare. 2000, 30(2)163-178
[59] Michael T. Nettles, Ursula Wagener. Student Retention and Progression: A Special Challenge for Private Historically Black Colleges and Universities. New Directions for Higher Education. 1999, 1999(108)51-67
[60] Teresa Gordon, Mary Fischer. A comparative empirical examination of extent of disclosure by private and public colleges and universities in the United States. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy. 2002, 21(3)235-275