柴西南区地震勘探采集技术研究
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摘要
青海省柴达木盆地柴西南区地形地貌比较复杂,地表类型多样,包括山地、沼泽、湖泊、戈壁、沙漠等各种地形,表层岩性及表层结构变化快,导致原始资料信噪比低;地下地质结构比较复杂,断裂系统发育,并且纵横交错,导致地震资料成像困难。随着油田勘探开发的不断深入,对地震资料品质的要求越来越高,以往的地震勘探采集技术、方法及获得的资料已不能满足当前油田勘探开发的需要。
本文针对柴西南区特殊的地震地质条件,在地震采集技术方面进行深入研究,并取得一些新的成果和认识,提高了地震资料品质。在观测系统方面,首次在柴达木盆地地震勘探中引入基于叠前偏移设计观测系统的理念,充分利用CRP覆盖次数分析、波动方程正演模拟以及照明分析等论证手段的结合,完善了基于叠前偏移成像的三维观测系统设计和优化流程,在昆仑山前进行了激发效果与叠前成像效果之间关系的探索;分析了炮、道密度对观测系统压噪能力的影响。在近地表调查方面,有效探索了巨厚风成沙漠区和结晶盐区的表层结构调查,为激发方法优选和静校正计算提供了依据。在静校正计算方面,认为模型约束下的初至波折射静校正为目前效果比较明显和实用的一种方法,其判断依据主要为第四系的成像效果。在炸药激发方面,根据地质任务优选岩性激发和根据压噪效果优选激发方式,提高激发效果。在接收方面,对比了不同检波器类型、不同组合方式、不同组合基距的接收效果,研究过程中还根据结晶盐区的实际情况改进了提高耦合效果的检波器埋置工具。
通过对地震采集技术各方面的深入研究,形成了一套适合于柴西南地区提高分辨率与构造成像精度的高精度三维地震资料采集方法和工作优化流程,有效地指导了柴西南区的三维地震勘探工作。首次提出并深化认识了“三个面”(潮湿层底界面、沙层底界面、第四系底界面)在风成沙漠区和戈壁砾石区地震勘探中的关键作用。这些技术和方法的应用,有效满足了油田勘探开发当前的迫切需要,拓展了柴西南区的勘探范围和前景,为昆北油田的发现奠定了地震资料基础。
The research area is located at the Southwestern Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province, and there are complicated topography and various types of surface, including mountains, swamps, lakes, desert, etc. Owing to quickly change of near-surface lithology and structure, poor data quality, such as very low signal to noise ratio, is normal in raw seismic data. Complicated subsurface structure and those developed fault with crisscross make the imaging difficult. With the deepening of oil exploration in the field, seismic data obtained in the past cannot meet the current needs of oil exploration and exploitation, due to old seismic acquisition techniques and equipments.
According to the special geological conditions in the southwest Qaidam basin, this paper focuses on the study of seismic acquisition technology for improving the quality of seismic data, and getting some new results or ideas. In the geometry design, the idea based on pre-stack migration is first introduced to the seismic exploration in the Qaidam Basin. Combined the analysis of CRP folds with wave equation modeling and illumination analysis, this method improves the 3D geometry design based on pre-stack migration and optimization process. Probing the relationship between improving the single shot quality and increasing source density will contributed to improving the data of pre-stack migration in Kunlun Mountain. And it was served as analyzing the influence of receiver density and source density on noise attenuation of the geometry. In the near-surface investigations, this study focuses on the surveying of the thick wind-built desert area and the crystalline salt area, which provides the basis for selecting the shot method and computing static correction. Mainly based on their judgments of the imaging results for the base of Quaternary, first-break refraction static correction constrained by the correct model is proved a effective method in computing the statics. In dynamite shooting, the good shooting lithology and its ability of noise attenuation are key considerations to improving the seismic data quality. In receiving, it had been done for comparing the effect of seismic data with different types of geophones, different group geometry and different group interval. The coupling effect of the special geophones embedded tools is improved as well.
Having been research seismic acquisition in deep, a set of higher resolution and high-precision data acquisition methods is formed for effectively guiding the 3D seismic exploration in southwest Qaidam basin. And this method is effective in the practice. This study has put emphasis on the key role of "three bottom interface" in improving seismic data quality of desert area, which are the wet sand bottom boundary layer, the sand bottom interface and the bottom of Quaternary interface. The implementation of these technologies and methods effectively meet the current exploration, and the seismic data contributed to find Kunbei oilfield.
本文针对柴西南区特殊的地震地质条件,在地震采集技术方面进行深入研究,并取得一些新的成果和认识,提高了地震资料品质。在观测系统方面,首次在柴达木盆地地震勘探中引入基于叠前偏移设计观测系统的理念,充分利用CRP覆盖次数分析、波动方程正演模拟以及照明分析等论证手段的结合,完善了基于叠前偏移成像的三维观测系统设计和优化流程,在昆仑山前进行了激发效果与叠前成像效果之间关系的探索;分析了炮、道密度对观测系统压噪能力的影响。在近地表调查方面,有效探索了巨厚风成沙漠区和结晶盐区的表层结构调查,为激发方法优选和静校正计算提供了依据。在静校正计算方面,认为模型约束下的初至波折射静校正为目前效果比较明显和实用的一种方法,其判断依据主要为第四系的成像效果。在炸药激发方面,根据地质任务优选岩性激发和根据压噪效果优选激发方式,提高激发效果。在接收方面,对比了不同检波器类型、不同组合方式、不同组合基距的接收效果,研究过程中还根据结晶盐区的实际情况改进了提高耦合效果的检波器埋置工具。
通过对地震采集技术各方面的深入研究,形成了一套适合于柴西南地区提高分辨率与构造成像精度的高精度三维地震资料采集方法和工作优化流程,有效地指导了柴西南区的三维地震勘探工作。首次提出并深化认识了“三个面”(潮湿层底界面、沙层底界面、第四系底界面)在风成沙漠区和戈壁砾石区地震勘探中的关键作用。这些技术和方法的应用,有效满足了油田勘探开发当前的迫切需要,拓展了柴西南区的勘探范围和前景,为昆北油田的发现奠定了地震资料基础。
The research area is located at the Southwestern Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province, and there are complicated topography and various types of surface, including mountains, swamps, lakes, desert, etc. Owing to quickly change of near-surface lithology and structure, poor data quality, such as very low signal to noise ratio, is normal in raw seismic data. Complicated subsurface structure and those developed fault with crisscross make the imaging difficult. With the deepening of oil exploration in the field, seismic data obtained in the past cannot meet the current needs of oil exploration and exploitation, due to old seismic acquisition techniques and equipments.
According to the special geological conditions in the southwest Qaidam basin, this paper focuses on the study of seismic acquisition technology for improving the quality of seismic data, and getting some new results or ideas. In the geometry design, the idea based on pre-stack migration is first introduced to the seismic exploration in the Qaidam Basin. Combined the analysis of CRP folds with wave equation modeling and illumination analysis, this method improves the 3D geometry design based on pre-stack migration and optimization process. Probing the relationship between improving the single shot quality and increasing source density will contributed to improving the data of pre-stack migration in Kunlun Mountain. And it was served as analyzing the influence of receiver density and source density on noise attenuation of the geometry. In the near-surface investigations, this study focuses on the surveying of the thick wind-built desert area and the crystalline salt area, which provides the basis for selecting the shot method and computing static correction. Mainly based on their judgments of the imaging results for the base of Quaternary, first-break refraction static correction constrained by the correct model is proved a effective method in computing the statics. In dynamite shooting, the good shooting lithology and its ability of noise attenuation are key considerations to improving the seismic data quality. In receiving, it had been done for comparing the effect of seismic data with different types of geophones, different group geometry and different group interval. The coupling effect of the special geophones embedded tools is improved as well.
Having been research seismic acquisition in deep, a set of higher resolution and high-precision data acquisition methods is formed for effectively guiding the 3D seismic exploration in southwest Qaidam basin. And this method is effective in the practice. This study has put emphasis on the key role of "three bottom interface" in improving seismic data quality of desert area, which are the wet sand bottom boundary layer, the sand bottom interface and the bottom of Quaternary interface. The implementation of these technologies and methods effectively meet the current exploration, and the seismic data contributed to find Kunbei oilfield.
引文
[1]钱荣钧.地震波的特性及相关技术分析.北京:石油工业出版社,2008
[2]刘振武、撒利明、董世泰、唐东磊.中国石油高密度地震技术的实践与未来.石油勘探与开发,2009,(02)
[3]陆基孟等.地震勘探原理.东营:石油大学出版社,1990
[4]谢里夫R E,吉尔达特L P.勘探地震学.北京:石油工业出版社,1999
[5]吕郊.地震勘探仪器原理.东营:石油大学出版社,1997
[6]孟宪昌,张俊秀.爆轰理论基础.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1988
[7]林大超,白春华.爆炸地震效应.北京:地质出版社,2007
[8]李庆忠.走向高分辨率勘探的路径.北京:石油工业出版社,1994
[9]熊翥.高精度三维地震(I):数据采集.勘探地球物理进展,2009,32(01)
[10]刘胜、程增庆、代凤红、王秀荣.煤炭高密度三维地震勘探方法及应用.煤炭工程,2009,(03)
[11]蔡希玲、刘学伟、邓春艳、吕英梅.高密度空间采样地震数据特点分析(英文) .应用地球物理(英文版),2006,(01)
[12]赵会欣、晋志刚、张宇生、胡超俊、刘存玺.高密度空间采样地震采集覆盖次数的选择.天然气工业,2007,(S1)
[12]王喜双、谢文导、邓志文.高密度空间采样地震技术发展与展望.中国石油勘探,2007,(01)
[14]李庆忠、魏继东.高密度地震采集中组合效应对高频截止频率的影响.石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(04)
[15]张军华、张帆、郑旭刚、王伟、朱焕.地震采集脚印综合评述.石油仪器, 2007,(05)
[16]麻三怀、杨长春、韩晓丽、李波涛.采集脚印分析和处理方法综述.地球物理学进展,2008,(02)
[17]侯成福、蒋连斌、高书琴.三维观测系统与采集脚印.石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(06)
[18]凌云.地震数据采集处理解释一体化实践与探索.北京:石油工业出版社,2007
[19]付锁堂,李永,张祥,梅洪等.柴达木盆地石油天然气勘探开发技术(卷一).北京:石油工业出版社,2010
[20]赵邦六,张颖等.中国石油地球物理勘探典型范例.北京:石油工业出版社,2005
[21] Gijs J.O. Vermeer. 3-D Seismic Survey Design: the Society of Exploration Geophysicists,2002 (中译本:李培明,何永清译.三维地震勘探设计.北京:石油工业出版社,2008)
[22] Mike Cox. Static Corrections for Seismic Reflection Surveys: the Society of Exploration Geophysicists,1999 (中译本:李培明,柯本喜译.反射地震勘探静校正技术.北京:石油工业出版社,2003);
[23]李录明,罗省贤,赵波.初至波表层模型层析反演.石油地球物理勘探,2000,35(5)
[24]钱荣钧.复杂地表区地震勘探中的静校正问题.北京:石油工业出版社,2002年;
[25]王克斌.复杂地表条件下初至折射波静校正方法的研究.成都:成都理工大学,2004年博士论文;
[26]罗福龙等.地震检波器技术及应用.物探装备,2005,15(1)
[27] V. Singh, S. K. Chandola, S. Bhagat, J. N. Singh, and D. Dutta. Seismic resolution and geophone ground coupling. 67th Annual SEG Expanded Abstracts V1,1997,130～133
[28] Frederik Rademakers, Guy G. Drijkoningen, and Jacob T. Fokkema. Geophone ground coupling: new elastic approach. 66th Annual SEG Expanded Abstracts V1,1996,1083～1086
[29]杨素玉.地震检波器串的性能分析.物探装备,2003,13(1)
[30]柴书常.检波器串组合与信噪比.石油物探装备,1996,6(3)
[31]熊翥. 21世纪初中期油气地球物理技术展望.北京:石油工业出版社,2006
[32]尹成.三维观测系统属性分析与优化设计.石油地球物理勘探, 2005, 40(5)
[33]蔡希玲.地震采样波场的空间连续性分析方法.石油地球物理勘探, 2007, 42(4)
[34]何永清,甄文胜,尹吴海等.柴达木盆地风成沙漠区地震激发技术的应用.勘探地球物理进展,2009,32(2)
[35]尹吴海,甄文胜,魏国显,张立军.三维地震采集观测系统设计技术—以柴达木盆地西部地区为例.勘探地球物理进展,2007,30(2)
[36]尹吴海,丁晓勇,甄文胜等.柴达木盆地砾石覆盖区地震采集技术与应用效果.天然气工业,2007,(S1)
[37]胡杰,骆飞,安佩君.柴达木盆地地震勘探难点分析和解决对策.石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(S1)
[38]邓述全.柴达木盆地采集方法研究.石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(S1)
[2]刘振武、撒利明、董世泰、唐东磊.中国石油高密度地震技术的实践与未来.石油勘探与开发,2009,(02)
[3]陆基孟等.地震勘探原理.东营:石油大学出版社,1990
[4]谢里夫R E,吉尔达特L P.勘探地震学.北京:石油工业出版社,1999
[5]吕郊.地震勘探仪器原理.东营:石油大学出版社,1997
[6]孟宪昌,张俊秀.爆轰理论基础.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1988
[7]林大超,白春华.爆炸地震效应.北京:地质出版社,2007
[8]李庆忠.走向高分辨率勘探的路径.北京:石油工业出版社,1994
[9]熊翥.高精度三维地震(I):数据采集.勘探地球物理进展,2009,32(01)
[10]刘胜、程增庆、代凤红、王秀荣.煤炭高密度三维地震勘探方法及应用.煤炭工程,2009,(03)
[11]蔡希玲、刘学伟、邓春艳、吕英梅.高密度空间采样地震数据特点分析(英文) .应用地球物理(英文版),2006,(01)
[12]赵会欣、晋志刚、张宇生、胡超俊、刘存玺.高密度空间采样地震采集覆盖次数的选择.天然气工业,2007,(S1)
[12]王喜双、谢文导、邓志文.高密度空间采样地震技术发展与展望.中国石油勘探,2007,(01)
[14]李庆忠、魏继东.高密度地震采集中组合效应对高频截止频率的影响.石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(04)
[15]张军华、张帆、郑旭刚、王伟、朱焕.地震采集脚印综合评述.石油仪器, 2007,(05)
[16]麻三怀、杨长春、韩晓丽、李波涛.采集脚印分析和处理方法综述.地球物理学进展,2008,(02)
[17]侯成福、蒋连斌、高书琴.三维观测系统与采集脚印.石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(06)
[18]凌云.地震数据采集处理解释一体化实践与探索.北京:石油工业出版社,2007
[19]付锁堂,李永,张祥,梅洪等.柴达木盆地石油天然气勘探开发技术(卷一).北京:石油工业出版社,2010
[20]赵邦六,张颖等.中国石油地球物理勘探典型范例.北京:石油工业出版社,2005
[21] Gijs J.O. Vermeer. 3-D Seismic Survey Design: the Society of Exploration Geophysicists,2002 (中译本:李培明,何永清译.三维地震勘探设计.北京:石油工业出版社,2008)
[22] Mike Cox. Static Corrections for Seismic Reflection Surveys: the Society of Exploration Geophysicists,1999 (中译本:李培明,柯本喜译.反射地震勘探静校正技术.北京:石油工业出版社,2003);
[23]李录明,罗省贤,赵波.初至波表层模型层析反演.石油地球物理勘探,2000,35(5)
[24]钱荣钧.复杂地表区地震勘探中的静校正问题.北京:石油工业出版社,2002年;
[25]王克斌.复杂地表条件下初至折射波静校正方法的研究.成都:成都理工大学,2004年博士论文;
[26]罗福龙等.地震检波器技术及应用.物探装备,2005,15(1)
[27] V. Singh, S. K. Chandola, S. Bhagat, J. N. Singh, and D. Dutta. Seismic resolution and geophone ground coupling. 67th Annual SEG Expanded Abstracts V1,1997,130～133
[28] Frederik Rademakers, Guy G. Drijkoningen, and Jacob T. Fokkema. Geophone ground coupling: new elastic approach. 66th Annual SEG Expanded Abstracts V1,1996,1083～1086
[29]杨素玉.地震检波器串的性能分析.物探装备,2003,13(1)
[30]柴书常.检波器串组合与信噪比.石油物探装备,1996,6(3)
[31]熊翥. 21世纪初中期油气地球物理技术展望.北京:石油工业出版社,2006
[32]尹成.三维观测系统属性分析与优化设计.石油地球物理勘探, 2005, 40(5)
[33]蔡希玲.地震采样波场的空间连续性分析方法.石油地球物理勘探, 2007, 42(4)
[34]何永清,甄文胜,尹吴海等.柴达木盆地风成沙漠区地震激发技术的应用.勘探地球物理进展,2009,32(2)
[35]尹吴海,甄文胜,魏国显,张立军.三维地震采集观测系统设计技术—以柴达木盆地西部地区为例.勘探地球物理进展,2007,30(2)
[36]尹吴海,丁晓勇,甄文胜等.柴达木盆地砾石覆盖区地震采集技术与应用效果.天然气工业,2007,(S1)
[37]胡杰,骆飞,安佩君.柴达木盆地地震勘探难点分析和解决对策.石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(S1)
[38]邓述全.柴达木盆地采集方法研究.石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(S1)