基于遥感技术的若尔盖高原地区湿地生态系统健康评价
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摘要
若尔盖高原区是中国最大的泥炭沼泽集中分布区,该区处于长江、黄河源区的特殊地理位置,奠定了它成为长江、黄河水源涵养地和生态功能保护区的特殊地位。同时,它又作为青藏高原地区最为典型的湿地生态景观区域,是青藏高原地区湿地景观的缩影,因此分析和研究若尔盖湿地的现状及其动态变化规律、对湿地生态系统进行健康评价,探讨动态变化的驱动力因子,这对于研究青藏高原湿地的演化乃至对于整个青藏地区都具有代表意义和示范的作用。
本文充分利用遥感和GIS技术及前人资料,配以野外调查,从湿地形成的环境因素出发,分析和研究湿地发育发展的规律,将这一规律融合到研究区内的湿地生态环境健康评价和动态变化驱动因子研究中。
具体技术方法是:利用1976年MSS遥感数据、1994年TM遥感数据和2000年ETM遥感数据,参考相关前人资料,建立解译标志,提取各个时期的土地利用\土地覆盖信息;利用1:25万DEM数据对若尔盖高原地区进行流域特征提取,实现区域内的流域划分。
以小流域为评价单元,根据生态系统健康评价的评价原则,选取PSR模型进行湿地生态系统健康评价,根据评价模型的需要,结合数理统计和数学模型方法,获得湿地生态系统健康评价所需的各种指标因子。然后,根据若尔盖地区的区域特点,采用相对综合评价方法,获得若尔盖地区1994年和2000年湿地生态系统健康评价结果,并进一步探讨若尔盖1994～2000年湿地生态环境变迁。最后,从自然因素和人为因素两方面探讨湿地生态系统的变化因子,即驱动力分析。
The wetland, known as the“kidney of the nature”, is one of three greatest ecosystems in the world. It is an ecological landscape with the richest biodiversity in the nature and is one of the environments on which human existence and development depends. Therefore, the protection and the sustained use of the wetland has become a hot and frontier research area in the world which has caught widespread attention from the international society.
The Zoige plateau district is the biggest peatery swamp area in China with abundant peatery swamp amounting to 1.3 ~ 1.5 billion tons. The area is located in the source area of the Yangtze River and Yellow River and this special geographical position has established itself as the headwaters self-restraint ground for the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, and also the protection area for ecological function. As a result, the vicissitude of the Zoige plateau district has exerted tremendous influence not only on the improvement and protection of ecological environment in the Yangtze River and the Yellow River areas , but also on the sustainable development of regional economy and society.
Besides, the Zoige wetland, a miniature of the wetland landscape in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, stands as the most typical wetland ecological landscape in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area, thus, the analysis and research on the status-quo and the rules of dynamic change of Zoige wetland, the health evaluation of the wetland ecosystem, as well as the discussion on the influence factors of its dynamic change will be of great significance to the studies on the evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet wetland and even on the Qinghai-Tibet area as a whole.
The evaluation of wetland ecosystem aims to diagnose the degree of destruction or degeneration of the wetland system and then send out early warnings to provide the superintendent and the policy-maker with target information so that the wetland resource can be used, protected and managed in a more reasonable way. However, since the factors of the wetland ecosystem health appraisal often have certain spatial characteristics, the traditional analyzing method and the traditional research method are unable to carry out the health evaluation in the terms of space. Their main flaws lie inthe following aspects: the appraisal indexes are hard to quantify by the space; the evaluation unit is difficult to subdivide, the appraisal results are hard to be demonstrated from the space and the charting, the dynamic evaluation and the contrast analysis are difficult to carry out. Therefore, by making full use of the remote sensing and the GIS technology, we can acquire the wetland information, analyze the spatial characteristics, and output the achievement, which will be beneficial to the wetland ecosystem health evaluation.
By taking advantage of RS and GIS technology and former research achievement, together with field investigation, this paper analyzes and studies the rules of wetland growth and development from the environmental factors for wetland formation, including both natural and human factors, and then incorporates these rules into the wetland ecological environment health evaluation and the research of driving factors of the dynamic change.
The detail technical method is: applying the remote sensing data of 1976 MSS, 1994 TM, 2000 ETM, referring to the relevant materials, and establishing the interpretation symbols so as to obtain the land utilization\ land cover information for each period; using 1:25 ten thousand DEM data with the help of ArcGIS software to realize small watershed in the Zoige plateau .
According to the evaluation principle of wetland ecosystem health appraisal, we take small watershed as an evaluation unit and select the pressure-state-response frame model to evaluate the wetland ecosystem and combine various methods such as measurable geography, mathematical statistic and mathematical model by meeting the need of the model, so as to obtain the required factors for the wetland ecosystem health appraisal. Then in light of the regional characteristics of Zoige, we apply the expert experience rule to bestow on to the different index factors by the weight through the weighting summation method, thus, we can obtain the appraisal results for wetland ecosystem health evaluation of the Zoige district in 1994 and 2000, and we can further discuss the environmental change of the wetland ecosystem from 1994 to 2000.
According to the wetland ecosystem health evaluation of the Zoige district in 1994 and 2000, including both the natural factors and the human factors, we probe into the changing factors of the wetland ecosystem, namely, the driving influence analysis.
This article shows that:
1. As far as the research results of this article is concerned, the appraisal model, the appraisal method as well as the processing of the appraisal indexes are of practical significance to the wetland ecosystem health evaluation for Zoige district.
2. Applying RS and GIS technology, we obtained the land utilization \ land cover information of the Zoige district. The results indicate that the fragmentation phenomenon of wetland landscape is evident, the wetland degenerates seriously, and the Sandification of grassland continues.
3. The wetland ecosystem health evaluation system and the evaluation model need to be further improved.
4. We should strengthen the protection and the reasonable use of the wetland in the Zoige, to make sure the Zoige wetland-"kidney of the Earth"-plays a vital role in safeguarding the ecological security of the mother river Yellow River, in promoting the economy in multi-national areas, and in maintaining social stability of the Qinghai-Tibet Area.
本文充分利用遥感和GIS技术及前人资料,配以野外调查,从湿地形成的环境因素出发,分析和研究湿地发育发展的规律,将这一规律融合到研究区内的湿地生态环境健康评价和动态变化驱动因子研究中。
具体技术方法是:利用1976年MSS遥感数据、1994年TM遥感数据和2000年ETM遥感数据,参考相关前人资料,建立解译标志,提取各个时期的土地利用\土地覆盖信息;利用1:25万DEM数据对若尔盖高原地区进行流域特征提取,实现区域内的流域划分。
以小流域为评价单元,根据生态系统健康评价的评价原则,选取PSR模型进行湿地生态系统健康评价,根据评价模型的需要,结合数理统计和数学模型方法,获得湿地生态系统健康评价所需的各种指标因子。然后,根据若尔盖地区的区域特点,采用相对综合评价方法,获得若尔盖地区1994年和2000年湿地生态系统健康评价结果,并进一步探讨若尔盖1994～2000年湿地生态环境变迁。最后,从自然因素和人为因素两方面探讨湿地生态系统的变化因子,即驱动力分析。
The wetland, known as the“kidney of the nature”, is one of three greatest ecosystems in the world. It is an ecological landscape with the richest biodiversity in the nature and is one of the environments on which human existence and development depends. Therefore, the protection and the sustained use of the wetland has become a hot and frontier research area in the world which has caught widespread attention from the international society.
The Zoige plateau district is the biggest peatery swamp area in China with abundant peatery swamp amounting to 1.3 ~ 1.5 billion tons. The area is located in the source area of the Yangtze River and Yellow River and this special geographical position has established itself as the headwaters self-restraint ground for the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, and also the protection area for ecological function. As a result, the vicissitude of the Zoige plateau district has exerted tremendous influence not only on the improvement and protection of ecological environment in the Yangtze River and the Yellow River areas , but also on the sustainable development of regional economy and society.
Besides, the Zoige wetland, a miniature of the wetland landscape in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, stands as the most typical wetland ecological landscape in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area, thus, the analysis and research on the status-quo and the rules of dynamic change of Zoige wetland, the health evaluation of the wetland ecosystem, as well as the discussion on the influence factors of its dynamic change will be of great significance to the studies on the evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet wetland and even on the Qinghai-Tibet area as a whole.
The evaluation of wetland ecosystem aims to diagnose the degree of destruction or degeneration of the wetland system and then send out early warnings to provide the superintendent and the policy-maker with target information so that the wetland resource can be used, protected and managed in a more reasonable way. However, since the factors of the wetland ecosystem health appraisal often have certain spatial characteristics, the traditional analyzing method and the traditional research method are unable to carry out the health evaluation in the terms of space. Their main flaws lie inthe following aspects: the appraisal indexes are hard to quantify by the space; the evaluation unit is difficult to subdivide, the appraisal results are hard to be demonstrated from the space and the charting, the dynamic evaluation and the contrast analysis are difficult to carry out. Therefore, by making full use of the remote sensing and the GIS technology, we can acquire the wetland information, analyze the spatial characteristics, and output the achievement, which will be beneficial to the wetland ecosystem health evaluation.
By taking advantage of RS and GIS technology and former research achievement, together with field investigation, this paper analyzes and studies the rules of wetland growth and development from the environmental factors for wetland formation, including both natural and human factors, and then incorporates these rules into the wetland ecological environment health evaluation and the research of driving factors of the dynamic change.
The detail technical method is: applying the remote sensing data of 1976 MSS, 1994 TM, 2000 ETM, referring to the relevant materials, and establishing the interpretation symbols so as to obtain the land utilization\ land cover information for each period; using 1:25 ten thousand DEM data with the help of ArcGIS software to realize small watershed in the Zoige plateau .
According to the evaluation principle of wetland ecosystem health appraisal, we take small watershed as an evaluation unit and select the pressure-state-response frame model to evaluate the wetland ecosystem and combine various methods such as measurable geography, mathematical statistic and mathematical model by meeting the need of the model, so as to obtain the required factors for the wetland ecosystem health appraisal. Then in light of the regional characteristics of Zoige, we apply the expert experience rule to bestow on to the different index factors by the weight through the weighting summation method, thus, we can obtain the appraisal results for wetland ecosystem health evaluation of the Zoige district in 1994 and 2000, and we can further discuss the environmental change of the wetland ecosystem from 1994 to 2000.
According to the wetland ecosystem health evaluation of the Zoige district in 1994 and 2000, including both the natural factors and the human factors, we probe into the changing factors of the wetland ecosystem, namely, the driving influence analysis.
This article shows that:
1. As far as the research results of this article is concerned, the appraisal model, the appraisal method as well as the processing of the appraisal indexes are of practical significance to the wetland ecosystem health evaluation for Zoige district.
2. Applying RS and GIS technology, we obtained the land utilization \ land cover information of the Zoige district. The results indicate that the fragmentation phenomenon of wetland landscape is evident, the wetland degenerates seriously, and the Sandification of grassland continues.
3. The wetland ecosystem health evaluation system and the evaluation model need to be further improved.
4. We should strengthen the protection and the reasonable use of the wetland in the Zoige, to make sure the Zoige wetland-"kidney of the Earth"-plays a vital role in safeguarding the ecological security of the mother river Yellow River, in promoting the economy in multi-national areas, and in maintaining social stability of the Qinghai-Tibet Area.
引文
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