建筑给水排水系统生命周期评价（LCA）方法研究
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摘要
建筑给水排水系统管材的选用对于建筑节能具有十分重要的现实意义,传统的建筑给水排水系统设计中管材的选用主要考虑管材的使用性能和一次性成本,忽视了不同的管材在其整个生命周期过程中能耗的差异。随着城市建设的迅速发展,管材的大量使用,在确定管材的时候必须全面地衡量不同管材产品在其生命周期各个阶段的资源消耗、能耗和环境影响大小。生命周期评价(Life CycleAssessment,简称LCA)方法是一种新型的环境影响评价技术和方法体系,能很好的对各类建筑给水排水系统进行综合评价。运用生命周期评价方法可以有效地比较分析建筑给水排水管材在其生命周期各个阶段的能耗,为建筑给水排水系统节能设计提供一种全面而有效的方法。
本文在全面综述生命周期评价的技术演变及研究现状的基础上提出建筑给水排水系统LCA模型,从工程实际出发选择了两种在建筑给水排水领域应用最普遍的管材(硬聚氯乙烯管、镀锌钢管)进行了生命周期分析评价比较,通过计算模型的建立、清单分析和影响评价等构建起建筑给水排水系统生命周期评价方法体系。
根据研究目标与所界定范围及数据的可获得性及真实性将建筑给水排水系统生命周期过程分为施工建设阶段、运行维护阶段和报废拆除阶段三方面进行分析。在环境影响评价中建立了全球变暖、大气酸化、水体富营养化和水生物毒性四类环境影响体系。通过各方面数据的收集处理、清单分析,最终得出系统范围内每个阶段对不同环境影响类型的环境影响潜力和总的环境影响水平,并识别对于同一种环境影响类型不同阶段的环境影响贡献大小。
基于对建筑给水排水系统生命周期评价方法研究及分析结果,结合中国的能源资源基本情况和可持续性,从降低资源、能源消耗的目的出发,论文提出在满足建筑给水排水系统使用功能的前提下,可以适当对系统进行优化,为相关工作人员作出决策时提供依据。
The choosen of building's water supply and drainage pipes is of great practical significance to building energy conservation. It was usually focused on functional performance, nonrecurring cost of pipes, and ignored the energy consumption difference on different pipes during the whole life cycle process. With the development of country, pipes have been used in large amounts. We should have to consider the energy consumption, resource consumption and environment impact of different building's water supply and drainage pipes at each stage of life cycle process. As a new environment impact assessment technique and method system, Life Cycle Assessment can be well applide to many kinds of building's water supply and drainage systems. The method of LCA can effectively analysis and compare the energy consumption of building's water supply and drainage pipes at each stage of their life cycle processes, and it is useful to biulding energy conservation design.
The paper put forword a LCA model of building's water supply and drainage systems based on the technique transit and study status quo. The life cycle energy consumption of the two kinds of pipes (galvanized steer pipe, PVC-U pipe) which is usually used in buildings is calculated in an engineering case of residential building, and conceived the LCA system of building's water supply and drainage systems based on the model, inventory analysis, impact assessment, etc.
On the grounding of study goal and scoping, the attainability and reality of datas, the paper put the life cycle of building's water supply and drainage systems to three stages, including construct, performance and backout. In the environment impact assessment, the paper established four systems of global warming, acidificed atmosphere, eutrophication and hydrophily toxicity. We can get the environment impact potencial of different types and the whole level by data processing, inventory analysis. Meantime identify the contribution of one environment impact type in different stage.
Moreover, on the basis of the analysis result forward, the characteristic of energy and resources in China, For the purpose of reducing energy consumption, the paper thinks that we can optimize the building structure, and give suggestions to professional people in order to make decisions in the same condition which meets the building's water supply.
本文在全面综述生命周期评价的技术演变及研究现状的基础上提出建筑给水排水系统LCA模型,从工程实际出发选择了两种在建筑给水排水领域应用最普遍的管材(硬聚氯乙烯管、镀锌钢管)进行了生命周期分析评价比较,通过计算模型的建立、清单分析和影响评价等构建起建筑给水排水系统生命周期评价方法体系。
根据研究目标与所界定范围及数据的可获得性及真实性将建筑给水排水系统生命周期过程分为施工建设阶段、运行维护阶段和报废拆除阶段三方面进行分析。在环境影响评价中建立了全球变暖、大气酸化、水体富营养化和水生物毒性四类环境影响体系。通过各方面数据的收集处理、清单分析,最终得出系统范围内每个阶段对不同环境影响类型的环境影响潜力和总的环境影响水平,并识别对于同一种环境影响类型不同阶段的环境影响贡献大小。
基于对建筑给水排水系统生命周期评价方法研究及分析结果,结合中国的能源资源基本情况和可持续性,从降低资源、能源消耗的目的出发,论文提出在满足建筑给水排水系统使用功能的前提下,可以适当对系统进行优化,为相关工作人员作出决策时提供依据。
The choosen of building's water supply and drainage pipes is of great practical significance to building energy conservation. It was usually focused on functional performance, nonrecurring cost of pipes, and ignored the energy consumption difference on different pipes during the whole life cycle process. With the development of country, pipes have been used in large amounts. We should have to consider the energy consumption, resource consumption and environment impact of different building's water supply and drainage pipes at each stage of life cycle process. As a new environment impact assessment technique and method system, Life Cycle Assessment can be well applide to many kinds of building's water supply and drainage systems. The method of LCA can effectively analysis and compare the energy consumption of building's water supply and drainage pipes at each stage of their life cycle processes, and it is useful to biulding energy conservation design.
The paper put forword a LCA model of building's water supply and drainage systems based on the technique transit and study status quo. The life cycle energy consumption of the two kinds of pipes (galvanized steer pipe, PVC-U pipe) which is usually used in buildings is calculated in an engineering case of residential building, and conceived the LCA system of building's water supply and drainage systems based on the model, inventory analysis, impact assessment, etc.
On the grounding of study goal and scoping, the attainability and reality of datas, the paper put the life cycle of building's water supply and drainage systems to three stages, including construct, performance and backout. In the environment impact assessment, the paper established four systems of global warming, acidificed atmosphere, eutrophication and hydrophily toxicity. We can get the environment impact potencial of different types and the whole level by data processing, inventory analysis. Meantime identify the contribution of one environment impact type in different stage.
Moreover, on the basis of the analysis result forward, the characteristic of energy and resources in China, For the purpose of reducing energy consumption, the paper thinks that we can optimize the building structure, and give suggestions to professional people in order to make decisions in the same condition which meets the building's water supply.
引文
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[30]李学平.用层次分析法求指标权重的标度方法的探讨[J].北京邮电大学学报(社会科学版),2001,1
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[34]方加禄,乙烯综合能耗计算[J].乙烯工业,2002,14(1):7-8
[35]那树人.炼铁计算[M].冶金工业出版社,2005:223-230
[36]周传典.高炉炼铁生产技术手册[M].冶金工业出版社,2003.5
[37]李兆坚.可再生材料生命周期能耗算法研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2006,14(1):51-57
[38]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴(2004)[M].中国统计出版社,2004.9
[39]国家统计局工业交通统计司,国家发展和改革委员会能源局.中国能源统计年鉴2000-2002[M].中国统计出版社,2004.3
[40]M.Abdel-Rahman,A.Connolly,P.Costen,D.Dajnak,F.C.Lockwood Application of the waste to water' concept to Sharm El Sheikh through a CFD simulation Desalination 2002:125-132
[41]国家工业污染源调查办公室.全国工业污染源调查评价与研究[M].中国环境科学出版社,1990:24
[42]杨健.运用生命周期分析(LCA)评估和选择废水处理工艺[J].工业用水与废水,2000,31(3)
[43]毛文永,白先宏,李忠等.资源环境常用数据手册[M].中国科学技术出版社,1992:253-265
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[45]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2002[M].中国统计出版社,2002:249-250
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[47]王庆一.中国的能源效率及国际比较[J].节能与环保,2005,16
[48]朱成章.电力工业对于能源效率和节能的作用[J].节能与环保,2002,2
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[2]龚志起,张智慧.生命周期评价和管理与建筑业可持续发展[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版),2004,22(2)
[3]A.F.C.Sherratt.Energy conservation and energy management in buildings.Galliard Ltd Great Yarmouth.1976:5-6
[4]宋静艳.浅谈建筑节能[J].四川理工学院学报(自然科学版),2006,19(5)
[5]刘慧,孙勇,王春丽等.给水排水管材实用手册[M].化学工业出版社,2005:2-5
[6]Department of Energy and Environment,Chalmers University of Technology,SE-412 96Goteborg,Sweden SETAC summaries journal of Cleaner Production 2005(13):1351-1358
[7]ISO.International Organization of Standardization 14040—environmental management—life cycle assessment—principles and framework.Geneva:International Organisation for Standardization;1999,14040
[8]ISO.International Organization of Standardization 14041—environmental management—life cycle assessment—goal and scope definition-and life cycle inventory analysis.Geneva:International Organisation for Standardization;1999,14041
[9]ISO.International Organization of Standardization 14042—environmental management—life cycle assessment—life cycle impact assessment.Geneva:International Organisation for Standardization;2000,14042
[10]Nalanie Mithraratne,Brenda Vale.Life cycle analysis model for NewZealand houses[J].Building and Environment,2004,39(4)
[11]李光强,朱诚意.钢铁冶金的环保与节能[M].冶金工业出版社,2006:255-265
[12]Hertwich EG,Hammitt JK.A decision-analytic framework for impact assessment:Part 1.LCA and decision analysis.Int J LCA 2001a;6:5-12
[13]Hertwich EG,Hammitt JK.A decision-analytic framework for impact assessment:Part 2.Midpoints,endpoints,and criteria for method development.Int J LCA 2001b;6:265-72
[14]顾道金,朱颖心,谷立静.中国建筑环境影响的生命周期评价[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2006,46(12)
[15]徐晓东.应用价值工程方法对给谁排水管材选型的分析研究,哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文[D],2004:18-39
[16]关于加速推广应用化学建材和限制、淘汰落后产品的规定[J].化学建材,1997:198
[17]刘新民,葛涛,杨金平等.塑料管材的发展概况及市场调查[J].塑料科技,2003:41-49
[18]高立新.我国建筑给水和采暖用塑料管市场调查[J].建筑,2001:21-37
[19]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴(2004)[M].中国统计出版社,2004.9
[20]周传典.高炉炼铁生产技术手册[M].冶金工业出版社,2003.5
[21]肖凌卿.常见供水管材的特性分析[J].陕西建筑,2006:42-44
[22]王文兵.城市建筑给排水管才应用及发展研究[J].宜春学院学报,2005:240-241
[23]张国珍.建筑给水新型塑管得比较与选择[J].兰州铁道学院学报(自然科学版),2001,20(4)
[24]刘海东.专用啤酒瓶生命周期评价研究[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2005:16-44
[25]R.Kannan,K.C.Leong,Ramli Osman,H.K.Ho,C.P.Tso Gas fired combined cycle plant in Singapore:energy use,GWP and cost-a life cycle approach Energy Conversion and Management 2005:2145-2157
[26]P.J,Roelevels,A.Klapwijk,P.G.Eggels,W.H.Rulkens and W.van Starkenburg Sustainability of municipal wastewater treatment Wat.Sci.Tech.1997:221-228
[27]Johanna Berlin Environmental life cycle assessment(LCA)of Swedish semi-hard cheese.International Dairy Journal 2002:939-953
[28]M.Lundin,M.Olofsson,G.J.Pettersson,H.Zetterlund Environmental and economic assessment of sewage sludge handling options Resources,Conservation and Recycling.2004:255-278
[29]赵焕臣,许树柏,和金生等.层次分析法.科学出版社,1986,9
[30]李学平.用层次分析法求指标权重的标度方法的探讨[J].北京邮电大学学报(社会科学版),2001,1
[31]王增长,高羽飞.建筑给水排水工程[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2005:33-37
[32]蓝凤样,柯竹天,苏明耀,等.聚氯乙烯生产与加工应用手册[M].化学工业出版社,1996.6
[33]李兆坚.常用塑料材料生命周期能耗计算分析[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2006,14(1):40-47
[34]方加禄,乙烯综合能耗计算[J].乙烯工业,2002,14(1):7-8
[35]那树人.炼铁计算[M].冶金工业出版社,2005:223-230
[36]周传典.高炉炼铁生产技术手册[M].冶金工业出版社,2003.5
[37]李兆坚.可再生材料生命周期能耗算法研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2006,14(1):51-57
[38]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴(2004)[M].中国统计出版社,2004.9
[39]国家统计局工业交通统计司,国家发展和改革委员会能源局.中国能源统计年鉴2000-2002[M].中国统计出版社,2004.3
[40]M.Abdel-Rahman,A.Connolly,P.Costen,D.Dajnak,F.C.Lockwood Application of the waste to water' concept to Sharm El Sheikh through a CFD simulation Desalination 2002:125-132
[41]国家工业污染源调查办公室.全国工业污染源调查评价与研究[M].中国环境科学出版社,1990:24
[42]杨健.运用生命周期分析(LCA)评估和选择废水处理工艺[J].工业用水与废水,2000,31(3)
[43]毛文永,白先宏,李忠等.资源环境常用数据手册[M].中国科学技术出版社,1992:253-265
[44]北京环境科学学会.工业企业环境保护手册[M].中国环境科学出版社,1990:16
[45]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2002[M].中国统计出版社,2002:249-250
[46]鞠美庭,张裕芬,李洪远等.能源规划环境影响评价[M].化工出版社,2006:12-38
[47]王庆一.中国的能源效率及国际比较[J].节能与环保,2005,16
[48]朱成章.电力工业对于能源效率和节能的作用[J].节能与环保,2002,2
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