强震下高层建筑反应模拟方法研究及其平台开发
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摘要
随着我国城市化进程的加快，高层建筑抗震成为城市防灾减灾领域的一个研究重点。震害资料表明，在强震作用下，部分高层建筑严重受损或倒塌，直接导致了巨大的人员伤亡，财产损失。为了保证强震作用下高层建筑结构安全，必须加强强震下结构抗震性能的研究，而建立起一个合理有效的强地震作用下高层建筑反应模拟方法是实现这个目标的必由之路。然而目前高层建筑在强震下的模拟方法在很多方面还存在问题，如剪力墙非线性分析模型不成熟；多维应力状态下的材料本构有待进一步认识；强非线性在计算中容易迭代不收敛而中止导致不能得到计算结果等。为了搭建一套可行的高层建筑模拟方法及分析平台，本文展开了如下研究：
1、为了提高纤维单元模拟的效率，通过采用基于力插值梁柱单元，使用一个单元就可模拟梁、柱构件，这将大大减少单元数量及自由度数量，尤其对于高层建筑。提出了在基于力插值梁柱单元中采用固定端部求积节点的积分方法，在不影响精度的前提下采用更少的单元积分点以提高效率。通过实例分析和“整体框架拟静力倒塌试验分析竞赛”算例分析，表明了固定端部求积节点的积分方法在较少的积分节点下能保证较高的精度，提高了效率。
2、提出了考虑截面剪切变形的修正基于力插值纤维单元（MFBFE），其截面不再是平截面，而是曲面，用于模拟剪力墙的地震反应非线性分析。算例分析结果表明，分析结果与试验结果吻合较好，成功预测了构件的初始刚度、屈服力、极限力、卸载刚度、残余位移、延性和能量耗散。通过“E-Defense四层RC&PT结构盲测竞赛”算例分析，表明了MFBFE单元模拟框架剪力墙结构地震反应分析有较高的精度。
3、对隐式方法和显式方法进行了对比分析。实例分析表明，从计算精度来讲，隐式方法和显式方法都能得到较好的精度。从计算效率来讲，对于自由度较少的小型结构，隐式方法计算效率远远高于显式方法；对于自由度庞大的大型结构，显式方法计算效率高于隐式方法。建议处理自由度多的高层建筑弹塑性分析时，采用显式分析方法。
4、基于tcl/tk语言开发了跨平台交互式图形用户界面软件ViPSe（aVisualInteraction Program for structural engineering analysis），它采用交互式的图形建模、调用OpenSees计算以及结果图形显示模式，因此可以实时动态的显示分析过程和结构反应。同时，它是一种跨平台的软件，可以在任何X86构架的计算机系统上直接运行。ViPSea大大提高了工作效率，为高层建筑非线性实时分析提供一个全新的平台。
5、采用VipSea程序对汶川地震中破坏严重的都江堰市电信大楼进行逐步增量时程分析（IDA）。IDA分析结果显示底层和9层是薄弱层，而底层由于各指标基本都为最大值，因此将首先出现破坏，这与震害调查结果基本相符。
Along with the acceleration of China’s urbanization process, aseismicdesign of high-rise building becomes the research focus in the field of urbandisaster prevention and mitigation. The earthquake damage data indicates thatthe some of the high-rise building may collapse or severely damaged in strongearthquakes, which would directly result in huge casualties and property losses.In order to enhance the reliability and the safety of the high-rise building, wemust establish a reasonable and effective capacity design of these buildings, andthe research on seismic response simulation of high-rise building is the only wayto achieve this goal. However, the current methods of seismic responsesimulation is not perfect in many ways, such as the shear wall nonlinear analysismodel is immature; the dimensional stress state needs further understanding; thenonlinear iteration is not likely converge which would lead to calculationsuspension without a result, etc. In order to build a practical high-rise buildingsimulation method and analysis platform, the research in this thesis are asfollow:
1.In order to improve a reliable and computationally efficient beam-columnfinite element model for the analysis of high-rise building during strongearthquake, force-based beam-column elements is used which will greatlyreduce the amount of degrees of freedom. Further more, integration methodfixing integration point at the ends of the element is proposed in this paper andimplemented into OpenSees program. The case study shows that the result ofGauss-Radau integration (an integration point at only one end of the element)and Gauss-Lobatto integration (two integration points at both ends of theelement) are more accurate than the result of Newton-Cotes (also twointegration points at both ends of the element), but they all perform better thanthe result of Gauss-Legendre. The force-based beam-column element withintegration method fixing integration point at the end is thus recommended forthe nonlinear analysis of frame structures.
2.Force-based fiber element is the most commonly used for the nonlinearanalysis of reinforced concrete structures, it ignores section shear deformation,and assumes the section is plane. However for shear wall structures, the sectionis much wider than beam and column, thus plane section assumption and section shear deformation ignorance will cause greater error. Based on this background,a modified force-based fiber element (MFBFE) which consider section sheardeformation is proposed in this paper. The cross section is no longer planesection but curved surface in modified force-based fiber element. In the presentpaper, the MFBFE elements is first formulated and then implemented in a finiteelement program OpenSees. Numerical analysis for low-cyclic loading test of agroup of nine shear wall specimens based on MFBFE element. Analytical resultsshow that the MFBFE element is capable of accurately predicting the entirehysteretic loops of these shear walls, including the initial stiffness, yield strength,ultimate strength, unloading stiffness, residual displacement, ductility andenergy dissipation. And the trend analysis under variable axial compression ratio,variable aspect ratios and variable concrete strength, variable longitudinalreinforcement ratio, variable constraint zone length, variable stirrup ratio showsthat the MFBFE element has broader applicability.
3.The implicit method and explicit method is researched. Numericalanalytical results shows that both implicit and explicit methods have goodprecision. For small structure with few degrees of freedom, implicit method ismuch more efficiency than explicit method, but explicit method is much moreefficiency than implicit method for large structure with large degree of freedom.It is recommended explicit analysis method is used for the nonlinear analysisof high-rise building with large degree of freedom.
4.A finite element program called ViPSea (Visual Interaction Program forstructural engineering analysis) is developed based on on TCL/tk language. It isan interactive graphical modeling and displaying, invoke the OpenSees solver tocalculate, so it can real-time dynamic display the structure responseanalysis.Further more, it is a cross-platform software. ViPSea provides a newplatform for nonlinear analysis of high-rise building.
5.Nonlinear seismic response analysis on a high-rise building withdamaged heavily in Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan is done using ViPSea.Analysis results show that the maximum value of inter-story drift appears atthe first floor, and the damage is serious, which agrees well with the damageinvestigation results.
1、为了提高纤维单元模拟的效率，通过采用基于力插值梁柱单元，使用一个单元就可模拟梁、柱构件，这将大大减少单元数量及自由度数量，尤其对于高层建筑。提出了在基于力插值梁柱单元中采用固定端部求积节点的积分方法，在不影响精度的前提下采用更少的单元积分点以提高效率。通过实例分析和“整体框架拟静力倒塌试验分析竞赛”算例分析，表明了固定端部求积节点的积分方法在较少的积分节点下能保证较高的精度，提高了效率。
2、提出了考虑截面剪切变形的修正基于力插值纤维单元（MFBFE），其截面不再是平截面，而是曲面，用于模拟剪力墙的地震反应非线性分析。算例分析结果表明，分析结果与试验结果吻合较好，成功预测了构件的初始刚度、屈服力、极限力、卸载刚度、残余位移、延性和能量耗散。通过“E-Defense四层RC&PT结构盲测竞赛”算例分析，表明了MFBFE单元模拟框架剪力墙结构地震反应分析有较高的精度。
3、对隐式方法和显式方法进行了对比分析。实例分析表明，从计算精度来讲，隐式方法和显式方法都能得到较好的精度。从计算效率来讲，对于自由度较少的小型结构，隐式方法计算效率远远高于显式方法；对于自由度庞大的大型结构，显式方法计算效率高于隐式方法。建议处理自由度多的高层建筑弹塑性分析时，采用显式分析方法。
4、基于tcl/tk语言开发了跨平台交互式图形用户界面软件ViPSe（aVisualInteraction Program for structural engineering analysis），它采用交互式的图形建模、调用OpenSees计算以及结果图形显示模式，因此可以实时动态的显示分析过程和结构反应。同时，它是一种跨平台的软件，可以在任何X86构架的计算机系统上直接运行。ViPSea大大提高了工作效率，为高层建筑非线性实时分析提供一个全新的平台。
5、采用VipSea程序对汶川地震中破坏严重的都江堰市电信大楼进行逐步增量时程分析（IDA）。IDA分析结果显示底层和9层是薄弱层，而底层由于各指标基本都为最大值，因此将首先出现破坏，这与震害调查结果基本相符。
Along with the acceleration of China’s urbanization process, aseismicdesign of high-rise building becomes the research focus in the field of urbandisaster prevention and mitigation. The earthquake damage data indicates thatthe some of the high-rise building may collapse or severely damaged in strongearthquakes, which would directly result in huge casualties and property losses.In order to enhance the reliability and the safety of the high-rise building, wemust establish a reasonable and effective capacity design of these buildings, andthe research on seismic response simulation of high-rise building is the only wayto achieve this goal. However, the current methods of seismic responsesimulation is not perfect in many ways, such as the shear wall nonlinear analysismodel is immature; the dimensional stress state needs further understanding; thenonlinear iteration is not likely converge which would lead to calculationsuspension without a result, etc. In order to build a practical high-rise buildingsimulation method and analysis platform, the research in this thesis are asfollow:
1.In order to improve a reliable and computationally efficient beam-columnfinite element model for the analysis of high-rise building during strongearthquake, force-based beam-column elements is used which will greatlyreduce the amount of degrees of freedom. Further more, integration methodfixing integration point at the ends of the element is proposed in this paper andimplemented into OpenSees program. The case study shows that the result ofGauss-Radau integration (an integration point at only one end of the element)and Gauss-Lobatto integration (two integration points at both ends of theelement) are more accurate than the result of Newton-Cotes (also twointegration points at both ends of the element), but they all perform better thanthe result of Gauss-Legendre. The force-based beam-column element withintegration method fixing integration point at the end is thus recommended forthe nonlinear analysis of frame structures.
2.Force-based fiber element is the most commonly used for the nonlinearanalysis of reinforced concrete structures, it ignores section shear deformation,and assumes the section is plane. However for shear wall structures, the sectionis much wider than beam and column, thus plane section assumption and section shear deformation ignorance will cause greater error. Based on this background,a modified force-based fiber element (MFBFE) which consider section sheardeformation is proposed in this paper. The cross section is no longer planesection but curved surface in modified force-based fiber element. In the presentpaper, the MFBFE elements is first formulated and then implemented in a finiteelement program OpenSees. Numerical analysis for low-cyclic loading test of agroup of nine shear wall specimens based on MFBFE element. Analytical resultsshow that the MFBFE element is capable of accurately predicting the entirehysteretic loops of these shear walls, including the initial stiffness, yield strength,ultimate strength, unloading stiffness, residual displacement, ductility andenergy dissipation. And the trend analysis under variable axial compression ratio,variable aspect ratios and variable concrete strength, variable longitudinalreinforcement ratio, variable constraint zone length, variable stirrup ratio showsthat the MFBFE element has broader applicability.
3.The implicit method and explicit method is researched. Numericalanalytical results shows that both implicit and explicit methods have goodprecision. For small structure with few degrees of freedom, implicit method ismuch more efficiency than explicit method, but explicit method is much moreefficiency than implicit method for large structure with large degree of freedom.It is recommended explicit analysis method is used for the nonlinear analysisof high-rise building with large degree of freedom.
4.A finite element program called ViPSea (Visual Interaction Program forstructural engineering analysis) is developed based on on TCL/tk language. It isan interactive graphical modeling and displaying, invoke the OpenSees solver tocalculate, so it can real-time dynamic display the structure responseanalysis.Further more, it is a cross-platform software. ViPSea provides a newplatform for nonlinear analysis of high-rise building.
5.Nonlinear seismic response analysis on a high-rise building withdamaged heavily in Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan is done using ViPSea.Analysis results show that the maximum value of inter-story drift appears atthe first floor, and the damage is serious, which agrees well with the damageinvestigation results.
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