X80管线钢焊接性能研究
|
摘要
本课题作为X80钢焊接性课题研究的初始工作,主要目的是研究X80钢的焊接性及在焊接过程中产生的冷裂纹的问题为现场焊接时提供工艺参数的依据。通过改变一些工艺设计和实验方法进行分析;提高热影响区的韧性,实现焊缝金属的纯净化与晶粒细化、选择合适的焊接方法以及改进焊接工艺等。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、金相显微镜研究了环焊接头的显微结构,并对接头的力学性能和显微硬度进行了测试与分析。
试验结果和分析研究表明:
X80管线钢环焊缝对接,焊缝产生的裂纹为穿晶冷裂纹,当预热100℃及以上时焊缝断面裂纹率大大降低。通过对管线钢的碳当量计算发现X80管线钢的淬硬倾向不是很大,在管线钢的焊接中相对容易一些。在实际焊接中控制线能量有利于预防冷裂:纹的产生。当t_(8/5)为35s左右时粗晶区的韧性最好,低于或高于该冷却速度,韧性均下降。线能量过低可能造成焊缝金属中产生淬硬组织,线能量过高会使焊缝热影响区硬度下降。
本论文采用三种焊接工艺方案:即焊条电弧焊、焊条电弧焊+自保护药芯焊丝半自动焊和全自保护药芯焊丝半自动焊。前两种焊接方法的根焊均采用焊条电弧焊材料采用BOHLER E9010焊条,填充焊和盖面焊均采用BOHLER E9018—G焊条;自保护药芯焊丝半自动焊根焊采用BOHLER E9010焊条,填充焊和盖面焊均采用HOBART 81N2焊丝;第三种工艺采用Metalloy 71焊丝打底,JC-29Ni1焊丝、填充、盖面。经四川省石油管道焊接技术中心的X射线探伤鉴定该焊缝质量合格。
利用金相分析方法判断材料的微观形貌,并判断焊接接头中有没有有害的组织,分析两种焊接接头中不同组织产生的原因避免产生有害组织,通过控制线能量得到希望的成分,并对比三种接头的组织成分判断哪种工艺方案更适合现场焊接中应用。
通过力学性能试验考察现场施焊焊缝的力学性能,掌握试验室条件和现场条件下焊缝整体性能上的差异,通过观察环境条件对焊口形成过程及焊口力学性能的影响,合理地调整焊接工艺参数;考察拉伸、背弯、面弯、低温夏比冲击等物理指标,积累手工焊、半自动焊的施工经验。
This research topic is the initial job of the weldability of X80 pipeline steel, the main job is researching the weldability of X80 pipeline steel and the problem of producing cold crack in the process of welding, then provide the basis for technologic parameters for site welding. By changing some process design and experimental method, the toughness of HAZ was improved, WM was purified and refined, appropriate welding method was chosen and welding technology was improved. Microstructures were studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Opitical Microscope (OPM) .Mechanical properties and micro hardness were tested and analyzed.
It was shown by experiment result and analysis:
The crack of welding seam is transcrystalline cold crack,.When heated at 100℃and beyond 100℃,it will decrease obviously. By calculating the carbon equivalent of pipeline steel,it was discovered that the harden quenching tendency of X80 pipeline is not very evident,and it seems easier to be welded than the other pipeline steel. Controlling the linear energy is good for preventing the cold crack when welding. When t8/5 equal to about 35s,the roughness of coarse grain zone is the best About linear energy,a low value may produce hardening organization in the WM,while a high value make the hardness of HAZ decrease.
Three schemes were used in this paper,one is shielded metal arc welding ,one is shielded metal arc welding + flux-cored wire semiautomatic welding,and the third is flux-cored wire semiautomatic welding. The root welding of the first two methods both used shielded metal arc welding,welding material used BOHLER E9010 electode,filled welding used BOHLER E9018—G electrode and cosmetic welding used HOBART 81N2 welding wire,and the third used Metalloy 71 reconcile floral, and JC-29Nil to fill and cover. After x-ray inspection by Sichuang Petroleum Pipeline Welding Technology Center, the weld quality is qualified.
Microstructure was observed by metallographic method, by which judging whether there existed harmful organization in the welded joint, and analyzing the cause of existing harmful organization in the different welded joint. By controlling the linear energy,the required composition was obtained,and the most adaptive scheme was chosen for site welding after compared.
Mechanical properties of the weld beam of site welding were studied by mechanical property tests. Process parameters were adjusted reasonably according to the difference between the conditions of lab and field. Tensile, back bending, face bending, charpy impact at a low temperature and other physical index were studied.
试验结果和分析研究表明:
X80管线钢环焊缝对接,焊缝产生的裂纹为穿晶冷裂纹,当预热100℃及以上时焊缝断面裂纹率大大降低。通过对管线钢的碳当量计算发现X80管线钢的淬硬倾向不是很大,在管线钢的焊接中相对容易一些。在实际焊接中控制线能量有利于预防冷裂:纹的产生。当t_(8/5)为35s左右时粗晶区的韧性最好,低于或高于该冷却速度,韧性均下降。线能量过低可能造成焊缝金属中产生淬硬组织,线能量过高会使焊缝热影响区硬度下降。
本论文采用三种焊接工艺方案:即焊条电弧焊、焊条电弧焊+自保护药芯焊丝半自动焊和全自保护药芯焊丝半自动焊。前两种焊接方法的根焊均采用焊条电弧焊材料采用BOHLER E9010焊条,填充焊和盖面焊均采用BOHLER E9018—G焊条;自保护药芯焊丝半自动焊根焊采用BOHLER E9010焊条,填充焊和盖面焊均采用HOBART 81N2焊丝;第三种工艺采用Metalloy 71焊丝打底,JC-29Ni1焊丝、填充、盖面。经四川省石油管道焊接技术中心的X射线探伤鉴定该焊缝质量合格。
利用金相分析方法判断材料的微观形貌,并判断焊接接头中有没有有害的组织,分析两种焊接接头中不同组织产生的原因避免产生有害组织,通过控制线能量得到希望的成分,并对比三种接头的组织成分判断哪种工艺方案更适合现场焊接中应用。
通过力学性能试验考察现场施焊焊缝的力学性能,掌握试验室条件和现场条件下焊缝整体性能上的差异,通过观察环境条件对焊口形成过程及焊口力学性能的影响,合理地调整焊接工艺参数;考察拉伸、背弯、面弯、低温夏比冲击等物理指标,积累手工焊、半自动焊的施工经验。
This research topic is the initial job of the weldability of X80 pipeline steel, the main job is researching the weldability of X80 pipeline steel and the problem of producing cold crack in the process of welding, then provide the basis for technologic parameters for site welding. By changing some process design and experimental method, the toughness of HAZ was improved, WM was purified and refined, appropriate welding method was chosen and welding technology was improved. Microstructures were studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Opitical Microscope (OPM) .Mechanical properties and micro hardness were tested and analyzed.
It was shown by experiment result and analysis:
The crack of welding seam is transcrystalline cold crack,.When heated at 100℃and beyond 100℃,it will decrease obviously. By calculating the carbon equivalent of pipeline steel,it was discovered that the harden quenching tendency of X80 pipeline is not very evident,and it seems easier to be welded than the other pipeline steel. Controlling the linear energy is good for preventing the cold crack when welding. When t8/5 equal to about 35s,the roughness of coarse grain zone is the best About linear energy,a low value may produce hardening organization in the WM,while a high value make the hardness of HAZ decrease.
Three schemes were used in this paper,one is shielded metal arc welding ,one is shielded metal arc welding + flux-cored wire semiautomatic welding,and the third is flux-cored wire semiautomatic welding. The root welding of the first two methods both used shielded metal arc welding,welding material used BOHLER E9010 electode,filled welding used BOHLER E9018—G electrode and cosmetic welding used HOBART 81N2 welding wire,and the third used Metalloy 71 reconcile floral, and JC-29Nil to fill and cover. After x-ray inspection by Sichuang Petroleum Pipeline Welding Technology Center, the weld quality is qualified.
Microstructure was observed by metallographic method, by which judging whether there existed harmful organization in the welded joint, and analyzing the cause of existing harmful organization in the different welded joint. By controlling the linear energy,the required composition was obtained,and the most adaptive scheme was chosen for site welding after compared.
Mechanical properties of the weld beam of site welding were studied by mechanical property tests. Process parameters were adjusted reasonably according to the difference between the conditions of lab and field. Tensile, back bending, face bending, charpy impact at a low temperature and other physical index were studied.
引文
[1]冯耀荣.当前国际油气管道工业的发展动向[J].油气储运,2001,20(7):1-4
[2]黄开文.国外高钢级管线钢的研究与使用情况[J].焊管,2003,26(3):1-10
[3]冯耀荣.西气东输管道及钢管相关技术研究[J].焊管,2003,26(3):194-208
[4]Shigeru E,Moriyasu N,Motokiyo I,et al.Method for Gasshield Arc Welding of a Pipe and Weld Wire for Use in the Welding Method[P).United States Patent;1994.3(4)。55-57.
[5]Snyder J P,Pense AW.The Effects of Titanium on Submerged Are Weld Metal[J]o J.Welding Journal,1982,61(7):201-211.
[6]V Chaudhari,et al.German gas pipeline first to use new generation linepipe[J].oil& gas,Jan,1990:4047.
[7]Pontremoli M.Metallurgical and Technological Challenges for the Development of High Performance X100-X120 Lilepine Steels[C].Second International Conference on Advanced Structural Steels,Shanghai,2004.23-24
[8]冯耀荣.油气输送管道工程技术进展[C].石油工业出版社.2006.1:109
[9]ZHUANG Chuanjing Study for West-East Pipeline Shows Safcty Bcne fits of Ovcrm atchcd Girth Wcld{J].Oil and Gas Journal 2003 101(10):62-65.
[10]H illcnSrand H G,Kalwa C Production and Service Behavior of High Strength Large Diameter Pipes[C].Proceedings of the Symposium on Application and Evalualion ofHigh-Grade Lincpipcs in Hostile nvironments Pacific Yokohama Japan 2002(5):22-25
[11]Takeuchi,J Fujino.Prospect of High Grade Steel Pipes for Gas Pipelines[A].Pacifico Yokohama,Aoolication&Evaluation of High-Grade Linepipes in Hostile Environments,pipe dreamer's conference[C].Japan,7-8 Xovcmbcr 2002:180-193.
[12]霍春勇,马秋荣,冯耀荣,等.西气东输用钢管技术条件关键技术指标研究[A].西气东输管道工程技术论文集[C].北京:中国石油工业出版社,2004.86-92
[13]李鹤林.天然气输送钢管研究与应用中的几个热点问题[J].焊管,2000,23(3):43-61.
[14]冯耀荣等。天然气输送管线钢管性能要求与质量控制及管材选用探讨[J]。石油管工程应用基础研究论文集,北京:石油工业出版社,2001(9):38-52
[15]霍春勇,马秋荣,袁鹏斌,等.关于西气东输管线钢管技术条件的几个问题[A]。石油管工 程应用基础研究论文集[C].北京:中国石油工业出版社,2001.129-135.
[16]冯耀荣,庄茁,庄传晶,等.裂纹嘴张开角及在输气管线止裂预测中的应用[J].石油学报,2003,24-26
[17]增援兴一.焊接结构分析.北京:机械工业出版社[J],1983.158-161
[18]李鹤林。天然气输送钢管研究与应用中的几个热点问题,2001,13(12):349-352.
[19]Knauf Crack Arrcstand Girth Wcld Acceptance riteria for High Pressure Gas Transm fission Pipclincs[C].Proceedings of the Symposium on Application and Evalua lion ofHigh-Grade Lincpipcs in Hostile Environments Pacific Yokohama Japan 2002(2):64-67
[20]ITakeuchi,J Fujino.Prospect of High Grade Steel Pipes for GasPipelines[A].Pacifico Yokohama,Aoolication&Evaluation of High-GradeLinepipes in Hostile Environments,pipe dreamer's conference[C]Japan,7-8 November 2002:185-193.
[21]M Okatsu,et al.Metallurgical and Mechanical Features of X100Linepipe Steel [A].Pacifico Yokohama,Aoolication&Evaluation ofHigh-Grade Linepipes in Hostile Environments,pipe dreamer's conference[C]dapan,7-8 November 2002:263-271.
[22]TakehideSenuma.PhysicalMetallurgyofModernHighStrengthSteeSheets.ISIJIn ternational,2001;41(6):520-532
[23]Jeremy C P.Welding Needs Specified forLinepipe[J].The Oil and Gas Journal,1993,91(12):95
[24]M Mohitpour.High Pressure Pipelines Trends for the New Millennium[A].2000工nternational Pipeline Conference Proceedings[C].Canada Calgery,ASVIE,2000,10-28.
[25]薛小怀,杨椒芳,吴鲁海,等.X80管线钢的研究进展[J]。上海金属,2004,26(2):45-49.
[26]DrewesEJ,BlumelK,LenzeFJ.TubeandSheethydroformedSteeComponentsforAutobodyA pplicat ion.LaRevueDemetallurgies2CIT October,2001:927-935
[27]M Okatsu,et al.Metallurgical and Mechanical Features of X100Linepipe Steel[A].Pacifico Yokohama,Aoolication&Evaluation of High-Grade Lincpipcs in ostile Environments,pipe drcamcr's conference[C].Japan,7-8 November 2002:263-271.
[28]TakitaM,OhashiH.Applicat ionofhighstrengthsteel sheetsforautomobi lesinJapan.LaRevueDemetallurgies2CIT:October,2001:89-90
[29]张文铖.焊接冶金学 北京:机械工业出版社[J],1989,1-142
[30]HiroyukiMotohashi,NaotoHagiwara,TomokiMasuda.TensilePropertiesandMicrostru ctureofWeldMetalofX80Steel.MaterialsScienceForum,2003,4262。
[31]康永林,王波.TRIP钢的组织、性能与工艺控制.钢铁研究学报,1999:11(3):62-63
[32]ThomasHeller,Dr.BernhardEnd,BertramEhrhardtetal.NewHigStrengthSteelsProduc tion,Properties&Applications.40MWSCONF.PROC:ISS,1998:25-34
[33]冯耀荣,李鹤林,霍春勇,等.油气管道失效抗力指标与技术要求探讨[J].石油学报,,1999,20(5):62-65
[34]高惠临.管线钢-组织、性能、焊接行为[J].陕西:科技出版社,1995.119-131.
[35]高惠临,辛希贤,徐学利,等.输油管线钢焊接粗晶区韧脆规律的研究[J].西安交通大学学报,1994,28(7):39-44.
[36]Wsloterdijk.EffectofTensilePropertiesontheSafetyofPipelines,EPRGAnniversar yMeeting,Brussels,Nov.1997。35-37
[37]YukihisaKuriyama,ManabuTakahashi,niroshiOhashi.TrendofCaWeightReductionUsi gHigh2strengthStee1.自动车技术,2001;5(4):51-57
[38]陈宏达,霍春勇,马秋荣,等.落锤试验异常断口的评价[A].西气东输管道工程技术论文集[C],北京:中国石油工业出版社,2004.235-240.
[39]ShiMF,ThomasGH,ChenXM.FormabilityPerformanceComparisonBetweenDualPhaseandH SLASteels.40 MWSPCONF.PROCISS,2001:165-174
[40]张敏,姚成武,聂斌英X80管线钢埋弧焊接头性能分析[J]焊接学报,2005,26(9):19-26
[41]唐幕尧.焊接测试技术[J].北京:机械工业出版社,1988.239-245.
[42]薛小怀,周昀,钱百年,等.80管线钢焊接粗晶区组织与韧性的研究[J].上海交通大学学报,2003,37(12):1854-1857.
[43]田德允,张瑞成.微合金高强钢焊接热影响区中粒状贝氏体微观结构的试验研究[J].金属学报,2000,316(2):181-186.
[44]熊林玉,杜则欲,等.高强度X80钢管道的焊接[J].石油工程建设,2004,32(2);31-34.
[45]霍春勇.高压天然气高强度管线钢管关键技术研究[博士论文].西安:西安交通大学,2005,45-48
[46]石油天然气金属管道焊接工艺评定。SY/T 0452-2002,26
[47]X80管线钢线路焊接施工及验收规范,2005,1.6:11
[48]王茂棠.西气东输管线用钢、钢管/技术条件编制中的几个问题及回顾.焊管,2003,26(2):10-13
[49]庄传晶,李云龙,冯耀荣,等.高强度管线钢环焊缝强度匹配对管道性能的影响[J]。理化检验一物理分册,2004,40(8):383-386,432:413-418
[50]上海锅炉厂编热强钢高温性能数据集,上海人民出版社,1987,15-17。
[51]屈朝霞,田志凌,何长红,等超细晶粒钢及其焊接性[J]。钢铁,2000,35(2):70-73
[52]李红轩,陈建敏等预处理对不锈钢表面沉积类金刚石薄膜的影响[J]。电子显微学报,2006,26(6):545-546
[2]黄开文.国外高钢级管线钢的研究与使用情况[J].焊管,2003,26(3):1-10
[3]冯耀荣.西气东输管道及钢管相关技术研究[J].焊管,2003,26(3):194-208
[4]Shigeru E,Moriyasu N,Motokiyo I,et al.Method for Gasshield Arc Welding of a Pipe and Weld Wire for Use in the Welding Method[P).United States Patent;1994.3(4)。55-57.
[5]Snyder J P,Pense AW.The Effects of Titanium on Submerged Are Weld Metal[J]o J.Welding Journal,1982,61(7):201-211.
[6]V Chaudhari,et al.German gas pipeline first to use new generation linepipe[J].oil& gas,Jan,1990:4047.
[7]Pontremoli M.Metallurgical and Technological Challenges for the Development of High Performance X100-X120 Lilepine Steels[C].Second International Conference on Advanced Structural Steels,Shanghai,2004.23-24
[8]冯耀荣.油气输送管道工程技术进展[C].石油工业出版社.2006.1:109
[9]ZHUANG Chuanjing Study for West-East Pipeline Shows Safcty Bcne fits of Ovcrm atchcd Girth Wcld{J].Oil and Gas Journal 2003 101(10):62-65.
[10]H illcnSrand H G,Kalwa C Production and Service Behavior of High Strength Large Diameter Pipes[C].Proceedings of the Symposium on Application and Evalualion ofHigh-Grade Lincpipcs in Hostile nvironments Pacific Yokohama Japan 2002(5):22-25
[11]Takeuchi,J Fujino.Prospect of High Grade Steel Pipes for Gas Pipelines[A].Pacifico Yokohama,Aoolication&Evaluation of High-Grade Linepipes in Hostile Environments,pipe dreamer's conference[C].Japan,7-8 Xovcmbcr 2002:180-193.
[12]霍春勇,马秋荣,冯耀荣,等.西气东输用钢管技术条件关键技术指标研究[A].西气东输管道工程技术论文集[C].北京:中国石油工业出版社,2004.86-92
[13]李鹤林.天然气输送钢管研究与应用中的几个热点问题[J].焊管,2000,23(3):43-61.
[14]冯耀荣等。天然气输送管线钢管性能要求与质量控制及管材选用探讨[J]。石油管工程应用基础研究论文集,北京:石油工业出版社,2001(9):38-52
[15]霍春勇,马秋荣,袁鹏斌,等.关于西气东输管线钢管技术条件的几个问题[A]。石油管工 程应用基础研究论文集[C].北京:中国石油工业出版社,2001.129-135.
[16]冯耀荣,庄茁,庄传晶,等.裂纹嘴张开角及在输气管线止裂预测中的应用[J].石油学报,2003,24-26
[17]增援兴一.焊接结构分析.北京:机械工业出版社[J],1983.158-161
[18]李鹤林。天然气输送钢管研究与应用中的几个热点问题,2001,13(12):349-352.
[19]Knauf Crack Arrcstand Girth Wcld Acceptance riteria for High Pressure Gas Transm fission Pipclincs[C].Proceedings of the Symposium on Application and Evalua lion ofHigh-Grade Lincpipcs in Hostile Environments Pacific Yokohama Japan 2002(2):64-67
[20]ITakeuchi,J Fujino.Prospect of High Grade Steel Pipes for GasPipelines[A].Pacifico Yokohama,Aoolication&Evaluation of High-GradeLinepipes in Hostile Environments,pipe dreamer's conference[C]Japan,7-8 November 2002:185-193.
[21]M Okatsu,et al.Metallurgical and Mechanical Features of X100Linepipe Steel [A].Pacifico Yokohama,Aoolication&Evaluation ofHigh-Grade Linepipes in Hostile Environments,pipe dreamer's conference[C]dapan,7-8 November 2002:263-271.
[22]TakehideSenuma.PhysicalMetallurgyofModernHighStrengthSteeSheets.ISIJIn ternational,2001;41(6):520-532
[23]Jeremy C P.Welding Needs Specified forLinepipe[J].The Oil and Gas Journal,1993,91(12):95
[24]M Mohitpour.High Pressure Pipelines Trends for the New Millennium[A].2000工nternational Pipeline Conference Proceedings[C].Canada Calgery,ASVIE,2000,10-28.
[25]薛小怀,杨椒芳,吴鲁海,等.X80管线钢的研究进展[J]。上海金属,2004,26(2):45-49.
[26]DrewesEJ,BlumelK,LenzeFJ.TubeandSheethydroformedSteeComponentsforAutobodyA pplicat ion.LaRevueDemetallurgies2CIT October,2001:927-935
[27]M Okatsu,et al.Metallurgical and Mechanical Features of X100Linepipe Steel[A].Pacifico Yokohama,Aoolication&Evaluation of High-Grade Lincpipcs in ostile Environments,pipe drcamcr's conference[C].Japan,7-8 November 2002:263-271.
[28]TakitaM,OhashiH.Applicat ionofhighstrengthsteel sheetsforautomobi lesinJapan.LaRevueDemetallurgies2CIT:October,2001:89-90
[29]张文铖.焊接冶金学 北京:机械工业出版社[J],1989,1-142
[30]HiroyukiMotohashi,NaotoHagiwara,TomokiMasuda.TensilePropertiesandMicrostru ctureofWeldMetalofX80Steel.MaterialsScienceForum,2003,4262。
[31]康永林,王波.TRIP钢的组织、性能与工艺控制.钢铁研究学报,1999:11(3):62-63
[32]ThomasHeller,Dr.BernhardEnd,BertramEhrhardtetal.NewHigStrengthSteelsProduc tion,Properties&Applications.40MWSCONF.PROC:ISS,1998:25-34
[33]冯耀荣,李鹤林,霍春勇,等.油气管道失效抗力指标与技术要求探讨[J].石油学报,,1999,20(5):62-65
[34]高惠临.管线钢-组织、性能、焊接行为[J].陕西:科技出版社,1995.119-131.
[35]高惠临,辛希贤,徐学利,等.输油管线钢焊接粗晶区韧脆规律的研究[J].西安交通大学学报,1994,28(7):39-44.
[36]Wsloterdijk.EffectofTensilePropertiesontheSafetyofPipelines,EPRGAnniversar yMeeting,Brussels,Nov.1997。35-37
[37]YukihisaKuriyama,ManabuTakahashi,niroshiOhashi.TrendofCaWeightReductionUsi gHigh2strengthStee1.自动车技术,2001;5(4):51-57
[38]陈宏达,霍春勇,马秋荣,等.落锤试验异常断口的评价[A].西气东输管道工程技术论文集[C],北京:中国石油工业出版社,2004.235-240.
[39]ShiMF,ThomasGH,ChenXM.FormabilityPerformanceComparisonBetweenDualPhaseandH SLASteels.40 MWSPCONF.PROCISS,2001:165-174
[40]张敏,姚成武,聂斌英X80管线钢埋弧焊接头性能分析[J]焊接学报,2005,26(9):19-26
[41]唐幕尧.焊接测试技术[J].北京:机械工业出版社,1988.239-245.
[42]薛小怀,周昀,钱百年,等.80管线钢焊接粗晶区组织与韧性的研究[J].上海交通大学学报,2003,37(12):1854-1857.
[43]田德允,张瑞成.微合金高强钢焊接热影响区中粒状贝氏体微观结构的试验研究[J].金属学报,2000,316(2):181-186.
[44]熊林玉,杜则欲,等.高强度X80钢管道的焊接[J].石油工程建设,2004,32(2);31-34.
[45]霍春勇.高压天然气高强度管线钢管关键技术研究[博士论文].西安:西安交通大学,2005,45-48
[46]石油天然气金属管道焊接工艺评定。SY/T 0452-2002,26
[47]X80管线钢线路焊接施工及验收规范,2005,1.6:11
[48]王茂棠.西气东输管线用钢、钢管/技术条件编制中的几个问题及回顾.焊管,2003,26(2):10-13
[49]庄传晶,李云龙,冯耀荣,等.高强度管线钢环焊缝强度匹配对管道性能的影响[J]。理化检验一物理分册,2004,40(8):383-386,432:413-418
[50]上海锅炉厂编热强钢高温性能数据集,上海人民出版社,1987,15-17。
[51]屈朝霞,田志凌,何长红,等超细晶粒钢及其焊接性[J]。钢铁,2000,35(2):70-73
[52]李红轩,陈建敏等预处理对不锈钢表面沉积类金刚石薄膜的影响[J]。电子显微学报,2006,26(6):545-546