复合循环养殖系统氮磷的去除研究
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摘要
水产养殖的氮磷排放是重要的面源污染,既影响环境又影响自身,采取一定的水处理方法使养殖水循环利用的循环系统养殖方式是水产养殖业的发展方向。
本文自主设计并建立了一个牙鲆循环养殖系统,包括鱼池,固体分离装置,硝化滤器,反硝化滤器和大型海藻滤器。该循环养殖系统连续运行130d,养殖密度2-10 kg/m2,鱼池进水氨态氮保持在0.2mg/L以下,亚硝酸态氮在0.2mg/L以下,硝酸态氮在5.0mg/L以下,磷酸盐磷在2.0mg/L以下,其余水质指标均达到养殖标准。本文通过测定水体中氨态氮浓度,研究了以塑料环、火山石和牡蛎壳为载体的硝化滤器生物膜熟化情况,实验条件下3种载体硝化滤器的最佳水力停留时间,并在此条件下的硝化滤器去除效率。结果表明：3种载体上生物膜的熟化时间约为25d。塑料环上异养菌和硝化菌量均为最高,牡蛎壳除磷效果最好。3种载体硝化滤器的最佳水力停留时间为20-30 min；在氮负载为1,3和5 mg/L时,3种载体的最高氨氮去除效率分别17.51,36.39和58.96 g/(m3·d)。以塑料环为载体组装成反硝化滤器,进行以海参残饵粪便为碳源的反硝化细菌挂膜实验,并分别以海参残饵粪便,甲醇和醋酸钠为碳源,在最佳碳氮比条件下比较了3种碳源的反硝化性能,探讨利用养殖生物残饵粪便作为反硝化碳源的可行性。实验结果表明：反硝化滤器以残饵粪便为碳源的挂膜时间为17d左右。3种碳源最佳TOC/N比值分别为0.40、7.5-9.0和6.0-8.0。其硝酸态氮的去除率分别为：24.50、25.99和28.26g/(m3·d),把残饵粪便作为碳源应用在生产中既降低成本,又能减少养殖废水的排放,保护环境,具有好的应用前景。大型海藻吸收氮磷,孔石莼、浒苔和角叉菜对氨氮的吸收可用一级动力学方程描述,吸收速率常数分别为：0.244/h、0.124/h、0.096/h。孔石莼和浒苔对氨氮的吸收分快速、平稳和缓慢吸收三个阶段。而角叉菜则开始较慢,随后加快,最后缓慢。3种海藻吸收硝酸态氮可用一级动力学方程描述。角叉菜对硝酸态氮吸收最好。3种海藻对硝酸态氮的吸收速率远低于氨氮。孔石莼和角叉菜对磷酸盐磷有吸收,浒苔对磷酸盐磷吸收不明显。
The emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus of aquaculture are serious area source pollution. The development of recirculation system for aquaculture wastewater is one of trends on aquaculture in the future.
In this paper, an aquaculture recirculation system of Paralichthys olivaceus was designed and built, including fish tanks, solids/liquid separation system, nitrification and denitrification filter and algae filter. The aquaculture recirculation system run for 130 days, the concentration of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphorus of fish tanks were less than 0.2,0.2,5.0 and 2.0 mg/L during the system operation, respectively. The growth of biological membrane on the plastic ring, volcano stone and oysters shell which are used as biofilter media were discussed by determining the concentration of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. The removal of ammonia was compared under the different hydraulic retention time. Ammonia removal rate were studied. The results showed that the maturation time of three types of filter media were about 25d. The quantity of heterotrophic bacteria and the nitrite bacteria were the highest, and the activity of the oxidation-reduction reaction on the plastic ring was the best of three types filter media. The optimal hydraulic retention time of three types of filter media was in the range of 20-30 min; The ammonia removal rate of three types of nitrification filter was 17.51, 36.39 and 58.96 g/(m3·d) when the load of nitrogen was 1.0 mg/L,3mg/L and 5mg/L, respectively. The plastic ring were used as media of denitrification filter, the growth of biological membrane for denitrification were studied with the carbon source of residual baits and dejects of the sea cucumber by determining the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and TOC (Total Organic Carbon). The effects of denitrification for different carbon source were also compared under the optimal TOC/N. The results showed that the maturation time of biological membrane was about 17d, the nitrate removal rate of three types of carbon source was 24.50,25.99 and 28.26 g/(m3·d), respectively. At the same time, the nutrient removal of Ulva.pertus, Enteromorpha prolifera and Chondrus ocellatus was discussed. The ammonium removal of three macro-algae is consistent with the first-order dynamics, and velocity constants were 0.244,0.124 and 0.09/h, respectively. The removal rate of ammonia is much higher than that of the nitrate and phosphorus.
本文自主设计并建立了一个牙鲆循环养殖系统,包括鱼池,固体分离装置,硝化滤器,反硝化滤器和大型海藻滤器。该循环养殖系统连续运行130d,养殖密度2-10 kg/m2,鱼池进水氨态氮保持在0.2mg/L以下,亚硝酸态氮在0.2mg/L以下,硝酸态氮在5.0mg/L以下,磷酸盐磷在2.0mg/L以下,其余水质指标均达到养殖标准。本文通过测定水体中氨态氮浓度,研究了以塑料环、火山石和牡蛎壳为载体的硝化滤器生物膜熟化情况,实验条件下3种载体硝化滤器的最佳水力停留时间,并在此条件下的硝化滤器去除效率。结果表明：3种载体上生物膜的熟化时间约为25d。塑料环上异养菌和硝化菌量均为最高,牡蛎壳除磷效果最好。3种载体硝化滤器的最佳水力停留时间为20-30 min；在氮负载为1,3和5 mg/L时,3种载体的最高氨氮去除效率分别17.51,36.39和58.96 g/(m3·d)。以塑料环为载体组装成反硝化滤器,进行以海参残饵粪便为碳源的反硝化细菌挂膜实验,并分别以海参残饵粪便,甲醇和醋酸钠为碳源,在最佳碳氮比条件下比较了3种碳源的反硝化性能,探讨利用养殖生物残饵粪便作为反硝化碳源的可行性。实验结果表明：反硝化滤器以残饵粪便为碳源的挂膜时间为17d左右。3种碳源最佳TOC/N比值分别为0.40、7.5-9.0和6.0-8.0。其硝酸态氮的去除率分别为：24.50、25.99和28.26g/(m3·d),把残饵粪便作为碳源应用在生产中既降低成本,又能减少养殖废水的排放,保护环境,具有好的应用前景。大型海藻吸收氮磷,孔石莼、浒苔和角叉菜对氨氮的吸收可用一级动力学方程描述,吸收速率常数分别为：0.244/h、0.124/h、0.096/h。孔石莼和浒苔对氨氮的吸收分快速、平稳和缓慢吸收三个阶段。而角叉菜则开始较慢,随后加快,最后缓慢。3种海藻吸收硝酸态氮可用一级动力学方程描述。角叉菜对硝酸态氮吸收最好。3种海藻对硝酸态氮的吸收速率远低于氨氮。孔石莼和角叉菜对磷酸盐磷有吸收,浒苔对磷酸盐磷吸收不明显。
The emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus of aquaculture are serious area source pollution. The development of recirculation system for aquaculture wastewater is one of trends on aquaculture in the future.
In this paper, an aquaculture recirculation system of Paralichthys olivaceus was designed and built, including fish tanks, solids/liquid separation system, nitrification and denitrification filter and algae filter. The aquaculture recirculation system run for 130 days, the concentration of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphorus of fish tanks were less than 0.2,0.2,5.0 and 2.0 mg/L during the system operation, respectively. The growth of biological membrane on the plastic ring, volcano stone and oysters shell which are used as biofilter media were discussed by determining the concentration of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. The removal of ammonia was compared under the different hydraulic retention time. Ammonia removal rate were studied. The results showed that the maturation time of three types of filter media were about 25d. The quantity of heterotrophic bacteria and the nitrite bacteria were the highest, and the activity of the oxidation-reduction reaction on the plastic ring was the best of three types filter media. The optimal hydraulic retention time of three types of filter media was in the range of 20-30 min; The ammonia removal rate of three types of nitrification filter was 17.51, 36.39 and 58.96 g/(m3·d) when the load of nitrogen was 1.0 mg/L,3mg/L and 5mg/L, respectively. The plastic ring were used as media of denitrification filter, the growth of biological membrane for denitrification were studied with the carbon source of residual baits and dejects of the sea cucumber by determining the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and TOC (Total Organic Carbon). The effects of denitrification for different carbon source were also compared under the optimal TOC/N. The results showed that the maturation time of biological membrane was about 17d, the nitrate removal rate of three types of carbon source was 24.50,25.99 and 28.26 g/(m3·d), respectively. At the same time, the nutrient removal of Ulva.pertus, Enteromorpha prolifera and Chondrus ocellatus was discussed. The ammonium removal of three macro-algae is consistent with the first-order dynamics, and velocity constants were 0.244,0.124 and 0.09/h, respectively. The removal rate of ammonia is much higher than that of the nitrate and phosphorus.
引文
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