高效藻类塘处理农村生活污水氮磷去除机理及工艺研究
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摘要
本研究基于国家“863”计划“河网区面源污染控制成套技术”(编号:2002AA601012),在太湖流域面源污染控制示范区内调查了农村生活污水的水质水量特征,建立了高效藻类塘处理设施以及相应的小试装置,重点研究了高效藻类塘的启动过程、对农村生活污水中氮磷的去除效率和去除机理及其影响因素,其次对高效藻类塘后续处理设施水生生物塘的除藻、脱氮和除磷效率进行了研究,并对高效藻类塘系统进行了强化氮磷去除工艺探索,最后通过高效藻类塘小试装置探讨了不同水深、水温和停留时间以及搅拌方式对高效藻类塘氮磷去除效率和转化途径的影响,得出了适宜的运行参数。
太湖流域农村地区人均用水量为100L/d,收集量大约是用水量的40～45%,可收集的人均生活污水最大量约为45L/d。
高效藻类塘系统位于江苏省宜兴市大浦镇洋渚村(30°16′42″N,119°54′24″E),整个工艺包括化粪池、一级高效藻类塘、二级高效藻类塘和水生生物塘,各个处理设施依次串联运行。
采用农村生活污水直接培养的方式对高效藻类塘进行藻类培养和驯化,在水深为0.5m、流速为0.35m/s以及适宜的气候条件下约4d可培养成功。培养完成时优势藻为四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda),叶绿素a浓度为0.28mg/L。高效藻类塘藻菌共生系统在培养过程中存在藻类、好氧异养菌、亚硝酸菌、硝酸菌依次生长过程,当亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌达到平衡时,藻菌共生系统培养成熟。藻菌共生系统的培养约25～30d可完成。高效藻类塘培养简单、启动快,有利于其在农村地区的推广应用。
两级高效藻类塘全年对TN的去除效率为29.4%,其中一级高效藻类塘占全年处理量的70.9%、二级占29.1%;两级高效藻类塘全年对NH_4~+-N的去除效率为91.6%,其中一级高效藻类塘占NH_4~+-N处理量的80.7%、二级占19.3%。
高效藻类塘对TN的去除以藻类等颗粒有机氮的沉降为主,氨氮挥发较少。一级高效藻类塘全年对NH_4~+-N的转化量中硝化作用、藻类吸收和氨氮挥发的比例分别为61.6%、35.7%和2.7%;二级高效藻类塘全年对NH_4~+-N的转化量中硝化作用、藻类吸收和氨氮挥发的比例分别为70.9%、20.3%和8.8%。经风速校正
Based on the National High-tech Research and Development Program "the Complete Set Technology of Non-point Source Pollution Control in River Network Area"(Grant No. 2002AA601012), the quantity and quality of rural domestic wastewater were investigated in Yangzhu village and both the lab-scale high rate algal ponds(HRAP) and the pilot-scale high rate algal pond system were constructed. After the build-up of experiment facilities, following subjects were studied: start-up of high rate algal pond;the removal efficiencies and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus from rural domestic wastewater in the HRAP;the removal efficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus and algae in the aquatic pond as a next facility of the HRAP;enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal of the HRAP system;the influence of water depth, water temperature, HRT and mixing method to the removal efficiencies and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus in the HRAP;the best operation parameters of the HRAP.The water quantity per person in rural area of Tai-lake basin was 100L/d. About 40-45% wastewater could be collected through pipe network system corresponding to 45L/d per person.The pilot plant located at Yangzhu Village, Jiangsu Province(30°16'42"N, 119°54'24"E). The process consisted of the septic tank, the first-stage HRAP, the second-stage HRAP and the aquatic pond in series.The algae in the the HRAP were cultivated directly in domestic sewage under 0.5m water deep, 0.35m/s flow rate and good weather conditions. After about 4-day cultivation, algae in the HRAP were dominated by Scenedesmus quadricauda and the Chlorophyll-a concentration was 0.28mg/L. It was concluded that there was a time sequence of the growth of algae, aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, nitrosomonas, nitrobacter in cultivation of algae-bacteria symbiosis system in the HRAP .The cultivation took about 25~30d. The algae cultivation in the HRAP was simple and the startup was quick. Both were good for the application of the HRAP in rural area.
The annual removal efficiency of TN in the two-stage HRAPs was 29.4%. The percentage of TN removal in the first-stage HRAP and the second-stage HRAP were 70.9% and 29.1%, respectively. The annual removal efficiency of NH/-N in the two-stage HRAPs was 91.6%. The percentage of NH4+-N removal in the first-stage HRAP and the second-stage HRAP were 80.7% and 19.3%, respectively.The percentages of NH/-N transformation through nitrification, algae assimilation and ammonia volatilization in the first-stage HRAP were 61.6%, 35.7% and 2.7%, respectively. Those in the second-stage HRAP were 70.9%, 20.3% and 8.8%, respectively. After corrected by wind velocity the average ammonia volatilization rate in the first-stage HRAP in the summer was 415.01mgN/(m2-d), i.e. 0.83mgN/(L-d). The concentration variation of NOX'-N(NO3"-N+NO2"-N) in the HRAP was linear with time(h). The nitrification rate in the first-stage HRAP was 0.1362mgN/(L-h), i.e. 1.2382mgN/(gMLSS-h). The nitrification rate in the second-stage HRAP was 0.1016mgN/(L-h), i.e. 0.8835mgN/(gMLSS-h). The process of TN removal in the HRAP was mainly through the precipitation of particulate organic nitrogen which was maily consisted of algae debris. The TN removal through ammonia volatilization could be ignored.The annual removal efficiency of TP in the two-stage HRAPs was 21.8%. The percentage of TP removal in the first-stage HRAP and the second-stage HRAP were 73.5% and 26.5%, respectively. The annual removal efficiency of PO43"-P in the two-stage HRAPs was 39.0%. The percentage of PCV'-P removal in the first-stage HRAP and the second-stage HRAP were 76.1% and 23.9%, respectively.The main approach of TP removal in the HRAP was the precipitation of particulate organic phosphorus which was maily consisted of algae debris, next was chemical precipitation. Chemical precipitation dominated the diurnal variation of PO43"-P concentration in the HRAP. High pH could lead to phosphate precipitation. However, this phosphate would be resolubilized when the pH dropped at night. Therefore the phosphate removal through chemical precipitation was temporary and unstable.More than 50% phosphorus in the sediment of the two-stage HRAPs was organic phosphorus, next were Ca and Mg combined phosphorus, Fe combined phosphorus
and adsorption phosphorus in turn.The annual removal efficiency of SS, Chl-a, TN and TP in the aquatic pond treating the effluent from the second-stage HRAP were 88.8%, 87.6%, 24.4% and 21.2%, respectively. The aquatic pond was a feasible supplemental facility of the HRAP and could well integrate with the HRAP. The improved lab-scale aquatic pond had a good performance on TN and TP removal, the average concentrations of TN and TP in effluent of the aquatic pond were 4.75mg/L and 0.67mg/L. The efficiencies of TN and TP removal were 82.6% and 79.5%. The TN concentration in the effluent met A level of the first standard of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant(GB 18918-2002) and TP concentration met B level of the first standard.Based on the results of the lab-scale HRAPs research, it was concluded that when water temperature was high, the removal efficiency of Dissolved TN in the HRAP increased with the decrease of water depth;when water temperature was low, the efficiency was unaffected by water depth.When water temperature is under 15°C, HRT=8d is recommended to achieve well nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies in the HRAP of 0.2-0.3m water depth. When water temperature is in range of 15~25°C, HRT=6d is recommended. When water temperature is upon 25 °C, HRT=4d is recommended.Underwater propeller is recommended as the mixing equipment of the HRAP to gain higher nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies and stable operation.
太湖流域农村地区人均用水量为100L/d,收集量大约是用水量的40～45%,可收集的人均生活污水最大量约为45L/d。
高效藻类塘系统位于江苏省宜兴市大浦镇洋渚村(30°16′42″N,119°54′24″E),整个工艺包括化粪池、一级高效藻类塘、二级高效藻类塘和水生生物塘,各个处理设施依次串联运行。
采用农村生活污水直接培养的方式对高效藻类塘进行藻类培养和驯化,在水深为0.5m、流速为0.35m/s以及适宜的气候条件下约4d可培养成功。培养完成时优势藻为四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda),叶绿素a浓度为0.28mg/L。高效藻类塘藻菌共生系统在培养过程中存在藻类、好氧异养菌、亚硝酸菌、硝酸菌依次生长过程,当亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌达到平衡时,藻菌共生系统培养成熟。藻菌共生系统的培养约25～30d可完成。高效藻类塘培养简单、启动快,有利于其在农村地区的推广应用。
两级高效藻类塘全年对TN的去除效率为29.4%,其中一级高效藻类塘占全年处理量的70.9%、二级占29.1%;两级高效藻类塘全年对NH_4~+-N的去除效率为91.6%,其中一级高效藻类塘占NH_4~+-N处理量的80.7%、二级占19.3%。
高效藻类塘对TN的去除以藻类等颗粒有机氮的沉降为主,氨氮挥发较少。一级高效藻类塘全年对NH_4~+-N的转化量中硝化作用、藻类吸收和氨氮挥发的比例分别为61.6%、35.7%和2.7%;二级高效藻类塘全年对NH_4~+-N的转化量中硝化作用、藻类吸收和氨氮挥发的比例分别为70.9%、20.3%和8.8%。经风速校正
Based on the National High-tech Research and Development Program "the Complete Set Technology of Non-point Source Pollution Control in River Network Area"(Grant No. 2002AA601012), the quantity and quality of rural domestic wastewater were investigated in Yangzhu village and both the lab-scale high rate algal ponds(HRAP) and the pilot-scale high rate algal pond system were constructed. After the build-up of experiment facilities, following subjects were studied: start-up of high rate algal pond;the removal efficiencies and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus from rural domestic wastewater in the HRAP;the removal efficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus and algae in the aquatic pond as a next facility of the HRAP;enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal of the HRAP system;the influence of water depth, water temperature, HRT and mixing method to the removal efficiencies and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus in the HRAP;the best operation parameters of the HRAP.The water quantity per person in rural area of Tai-lake basin was 100L/d. About 40-45% wastewater could be collected through pipe network system corresponding to 45L/d per person.The pilot plant located at Yangzhu Village, Jiangsu Province(30°16'42"N, 119°54'24"E). The process consisted of the septic tank, the first-stage HRAP, the second-stage HRAP and the aquatic pond in series.The algae in the the HRAP were cultivated directly in domestic sewage under 0.5m water deep, 0.35m/s flow rate and good weather conditions. After about 4-day cultivation, algae in the HRAP were dominated by Scenedesmus quadricauda and the Chlorophyll-a concentration was 0.28mg/L. It was concluded that there was a time sequence of the growth of algae, aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, nitrosomonas, nitrobacter in cultivation of algae-bacteria symbiosis system in the HRAP .The cultivation took about 25~30d. The algae cultivation in the HRAP was simple and the startup was quick. Both were good for the application of the HRAP in rural area.
The annual removal efficiency of TN in the two-stage HRAPs was 29.4%. The percentage of TN removal in the first-stage HRAP and the second-stage HRAP were 70.9% and 29.1%, respectively. The annual removal efficiency of NH/-N in the two-stage HRAPs was 91.6%. The percentage of NH4+-N removal in the first-stage HRAP and the second-stage HRAP were 80.7% and 19.3%, respectively.The percentages of NH/-N transformation through nitrification, algae assimilation and ammonia volatilization in the first-stage HRAP were 61.6%, 35.7% and 2.7%, respectively. Those in the second-stage HRAP were 70.9%, 20.3% and 8.8%, respectively. After corrected by wind velocity the average ammonia volatilization rate in the first-stage HRAP in the summer was 415.01mgN/(m2-d), i.e. 0.83mgN/(L-d). The concentration variation of NOX'-N(NO3"-N+NO2"-N) in the HRAP was linear with time(h). The nitrification rate in the first-stage HRAP was 0.1362mgN/(L-h), i.e. 1.2382mgN/(gMLSS-h). The nitrification rate in the second-stage HRAP was 0.1016mgN/(L-h), i.e. 0.8835mgN/(gMLSS-h). The process of TN removal in the HRAP was mainly through the precipitation of particulate organic nitrogen which was maily consisted of algae debris. The TN removal through ammonia volatilization could be ignored.The annual removal efficiency of TP in the two-stage HRAPs was 21.8%. The percentage of TP removal in the first-stage HRAP and the second-stage HRAP were 73.5% and 26.5%, respectively. The annual removal efficiency of PO43"-P in the two-stage HRAPs was 39.0%. The percentage of PCV'-P removal in the first-stage HRAP and the second-stage HRAP were 76.1% and 23.9%, respectively.The main approach of TP removal in the HRAP was the precipitation of particulate organic phosphorus which was maily consisted of algae debris, next was chemical precipitation. Chemical precipitation dominated the diurnal variation of PO43"-P concentration in the HRAP. High pH could lead to phosphate precipitation. However, this phosphate would be resolubilized when the pH dropped at night. Therefore the phosphate removal through chemical precipitation was temporary and unstable.More than 50% phosphorus in the sediment of the two-stage HRAPs was organic phosphorus, next were Ca and Mg combined phosphorus, Fe combined phosphorus
and adsorption phosphorus in turn.The annual removal efficiency of SS, Chl-a, TN and TP in the aquatic pond treating the effluent from the second-stage HRAP were 88.8%, 87.6%, 24.4% and 21.2%, respectively. The aquatic pond was a feasible supplemental facility of the HRAP and could well integrate with the HRAP. The improved lab-scale aquatic pond had a good performance on TN and TP removal, the average concentrations of TN and TP in effluent of the aquatic pond were 4.75mg/L and 0.67mg/L. The efficiencies of TN and TP removal were 82.6% and 79.5%. The TN concentration in the effluent met A level of the first standard of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant(GB 18918-2002) and TP concentration met B level of the first standard.Based on the results of the lab-scale HRAPs research, it was concluded that when water temperature was high, the removal efficiency of Dissolved TN in the HRAP increased with the decrease of water depth;when water temperature was low, the efficiency was unaffected by water depth.When water temperature is under 15°C, HRT=8d is recommended to achieve well nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies in the HRAP of 0.2-0.3m water depth. When water temperature is in range of 15~25°C, HRT=6d is recommended. When water temperature is upon 25 °C, HRT=4d is recommended.Underwater propeller is recommended as the mixing equipment of the HRAP to gain higher nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies and stable operation.
引文
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