小麦抗锈基因的分子标记
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摘要
采用AFLP技术和方法,对携带Lr34的小麦近等基因系、染色体代换系进行了DNA多态性分析。共筛选了78对EcoRI/MseI引物(上海生工),筛选获得一对特异性引物(E03:5'-GACTGCGTACCAATTCAAT-3’和M01:5'-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACAT-3’),可在抗病亲本中扩增出两条大小分别为240bp和300bp的DNA多态性片段,在感病亲本中未能扩增出同等大小的DNA片段。通过对一条多态性片段(240bp)进行分离克隆和序列测定,表明这一与抗病基因可能有关的DNA多态性片段大小为237bp。根据此序列设计引物,可进一步对抗病亲本进行回检及开展与抗病基因的连锁分析。
     根据与持久抗秆锈基因Sr31有关的DNA多态性片段序列,利用Primer 5.0软件共设计出7对特异性引物。通过利用Sr31的小麦近等基因系及其它抗/感材料进行回检筛选,获得Sr31的特异性引物(BR_(41):5’cac ccc ctt ggt agc aca 3’和BR_(12):5’agc cag tat cct cca cct cct3’),可定性扩增DNA特异性区段,其片段大小为331bp,此可用作Sr31的SCAR标记。以Kavkaz和Lovrin13作为供体亲本,以完全感病品种MeNair701作为母本,分别构建了123株和120株F_2代分离群体,苗期抗性鉴定结果表明,二者对小麦秆锈菌优势小种21C_3的抗性系分别由一对显性基因和二对显性互补基因所控制。利用Sr31基因的SCAR标记对F_2代抗感单株进行分子检测,并用QTXb17软件进行连锁遗传分析。结果表明,Sr31的SCAR标记与抗病基因有较紧密的连锁遗传关系。在Kavkaz×McNair701的杂交组合中,SCAR标记与抗秆锈基因Sr31的遗传距离为25.8cM+4.2cM;在Lovrin13×McNair701的杂交组合中,其遗传距离为19.3cM+3.4cM。在小麦抗锈育种中,利用Sr31的SCAR标记进行基因鉴定和辅助选择具有较高的可靠性。
     本文还就AFLP技术的可靠性、AFLP分析时应注意的问题、RAPD标记的基因类型、RAPD对易位系的鉴定以及Sr31分子标记的应用前景等问题进行了讨论。
The genes for leaf rust resistance Lr34 and for stem rust resistance Sr31 are all the most important resistance genes against rust fungi in wheat in the world. It is important for utilizing Z,r34 and Sr3l rapidly and effectively in wheat breeding program to develop the molecular markers linked to resistant genes and establish the technical system of molecular marker assistant breeding.
    DNA polymorphism of the near isogenic lines and chromosome substitution lines with/without Lr34 were analyzed using AFLP method. A total of 78 random primer pairs were screened to identify the AFLP markers linked to Lr34 gene. Two polymorphic DNA fragments with the molecular weight of 237bp and 300bp respectively were amplified by a pair of specific primers ( E03 : 5'-GACTGCGTACCAATTCAAT -3' and M01: 5'- GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACAT -3' ) in the resistant parents and not in the susceptible parents. The 237bp polymorphic DNA fragment was separated, cloned and sequenced. Based on the sequence, the specific primer pairs could be designed and the linkage analysis between the polymorphic DNA fragment and the resistant gene (Ir34) would be further conducted in the near further.
    Of seven specific primer pairs designed with the software of Primer 5.0 according to the previous sequence of the DNA polymorphic fragment related to Sr3l, a gene for stem rust resistance, one primer pair (BR41: 5'cac ccc ctt ggt age aca 3'and BR12: 5'age cag tat cct cca cct cct 3') can produce a 331bp specific band in the resistant parents and without in the susceptible parents of NILs and other materials. Two F2 segregating population of resistance to stem rust sourced from the crossing of Kavkaz McNair701 and Lovrinl3 McNair701 were constructed separately, the former with 123 F2 plants and the later with 120 FI plants. The seedling infection types of F2 plants were recorded based on the scale of Roelfs (1992) after inoculated with the dominant race 21C3 of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. The results of genetic analysis indicated that the stem rust resistance to 21C3 in Kavkaz and Lovrin13 controlled respectively by one dominant gene and two complementary dominant genes. All plants of F2 generation was
    separately detected by the specific SCAR marker of Sr31 gene. Genetic linkage between SCAR marker and Sr31 were analyzed by the software of Map Manager QTXb17. The results indicated that the SCAR marker was obviously
    
    
    linked with the Sr31 gene. The genetic distances is 25.8cM±4.2cM in the combination of Kavkaz D McNair701 and 19.3cM±3.4cM in the combination of Lovrin13 a McNair701 respectively. It suggested that the SCAR marker of Sr31 could provide an useful tool for identifying resistance genes and assistant selection in wheat breeding program.
    Several questions were also discussed in this paper that included the reliability and points for attention of AFLP, gene kind of RAPD marker, identification of translocation with RAPD and the prospective of SCAR marker of Sr31 in wheat breeding for resistance.
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