中国主要城市旅游效率及其全要素生产率评价：1995-2005
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摘要
旅游是城市的重要功能,随着城市化水平的提高,国内外旅游需求的进一步增长,旅游业逐步成为我国城市经济发展的重要途径。作为一种重要的旅游目的地类型,旅游竞争已经成为中国城市最显著的特征之一。为了实现更大的经济效益,城市政府用于旅游发展的资源投入不断增加,不同城市对旅游资源投入的利用能力存在较大差异。本研究主要目的在于对不同城市旅游发展过程中投入要素的使用绩效(包括效率和全要素生产率)进行评价,并从时间和空间角度对绩效的分布特征与规律进行总结,在此基础上分析影响绩效的主要因素。
在对我国城市旅游发展阶段和发展特征进行判断和总结的基础上,分析了“城市旅游”和“旅游效率/生产率”的国内外研究进展。基于区域经济发展的不平衡性规律、超产权理论和外部经济性理论,本研究提出了三个假设:(1)东部发达地区城市更可能获得较高的旅游效率,且主要受资源投入规模影响;(2)竞争环境会导致效率和全要素生产率提高;(3)合作性环境也会导致效率和全要素生产率提高。研究采用经济学中用于效率和生产率测算的数据包络分析(DEA)方法,利用CRS、VRS、NIRS和Malmquist指数模型,选取城市第三产业从业人数、城市固定资产投资、城市资源吸引力和城市实际利用外资金额作为投入指标,城市星级饭店营业收入作为产出指标,对1995年、2000年和2005年中国58个主要城市的旅游效率及其全要素生产率进行了三个时间点的评价。
城市旅游效率评价结果表明:三个时期大多数中国城市的旅游效率水平较低,且发展处于规模收益递增阶段;在总效率的分解中,规模效率水平较低,技术效率和利用效率水平较高;在分解效率对总效率的贡献中,规模效率对总效率的影响最大,技术效率和利用效率对总效率的影响相对较弱;从同一时期城市的旅游效率比较上看,东部地区城市的旅游效率水平最高,而中西部等地区城市的旅游效率水平相对较低。但与总效率的分布特征不同,旅游分解效率之间区域优势程度各不相同。其中,规模效率表现的区域差异最明显,与总效率的空间分布规律基本一致,而技术效率和利用效率区域差异较弱;此外,从不同年份城市的旅游分解效率内部比较看,同时期城市的旅游规模效率、技术效率和利用效率之间表现出差距逐渐缩小、并进而趋同的收敛特征。
城市的旅游全要素生产率评价结果显示:在1995-2005年期间,大多数中国城市的旅游全要素生产率变化以增长为主要特征,但增长速度开始趋缓。此外,不同城市旅游全要素生产率进步程度也存在差异,位于经济发达地区城市的旅游全要素生产率相较于经济不发达地区城市全要素生产率水平更低。
珠海的案例研究表明:珠海城市旅游发展过程所表现出来的特征与统计研究的规律一致。珠海城市旅游发展通过城市的集聚效应,不断实现区域和城市间的竞争与合作,从而增加了城市的整体吸引力,有效提高了城市的旅游效率。
基于理论分析和案例研究,本研究针对上述三个假设得出如下结论:
结论一:受区域经济发展不平衡性影响,东部地区城市在旅游产业发展过程中能够获得更多的资源投入。在目前我国大多数城市的发展处于规模收益递增阶段背景下,东部地区城市可以获得更高的旅游效率。
结论二:在竞争性市场环境下,城市之间通过市场竞争不断把低投入、高产出的城市筛选出来,并剔除和淘汰高投入、低产出的城市,这种筛选过程不断迫使城市政府改善旅游发展对资源投入的利用能力,从而获得更高的效率。
结论三:在合作性市场环境下,城市的旅游发展往往通过提高外部经济性以降低单个城市旅行中需要支付的成本,从而实现游客特定成本条件下的收益最大化,最终表现为合作性市场环境下城市通过外部经济性获得更高的旅游效率。
本文关于中国城市旅游效率和全要素生产率评价的研究具有以下学术创新:
创新一:将管理学、经济学的竞争理论和超产权理论和地理学区域经济发展的不平衡性规律相结合,对中国城市的旅游效率和全要素生产率产生机理进行分析。
创新二:在同时考虑投入和产出要素的基础上,将DEA方法及其模型引入城市这个复杂经济体,对其旅游效率和全要素生产率进行定量测算与评价。
创新三:对中国58个主要旅游城市的旅游效率和全要素生产率进行估算,进而描述这些城市旅游效率和全要素生产率的时间演变特征和空间变异规律。
Tourism is one of the important components of the city functions. With the improvement of Chinese urbanization level, the resident’s tourism demand has grown more and more. It is clear that the development of tourism has become an important approach to the economic development of cities. With the development of tourism industry, the competitions between urban tourism and the investments of city governments on tourism industry have been enhanced markedly. The purpose of this study here mainly is to evaluate the performance (including efficiency and total factor productivity, TFP) of resources usage in different urban tourism development and analyze its influencing factors from the spatio-temporal perspective. Based on the judgment of urban tourism developing process and the summaries of its developing characteristics, the research progress of "Urban tourism" and "Tourism efficiency & Tourism productivity" at home and abroad are analyzed, considering the Lopsided Development Law of Regional Economy, Ultra-Property
Rights Theory and External Economic Theory, three hypotheses about this study are proposed:
(1) Higher tourism efficiency can more likely be achieved by the cities in Eastern developed regions for the larger scale of their resources input.
(2) The improvement of efficiency and total factors productivity of urban tourism can be obtained with a competitive market environment.
(3) The improvement of efficiency and total factors productivity of urban tourism can be obtained with a cooperative market environment.
Then, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and its models, such as CRS、VRS、NIRS and Malmquist Index, often used in Economics for efficiency and productivity estimation, are used in this paper. Taking 58 Chinese primary tourism cities as Decision Making Units (DMU), the number of employees in tertiary industry, urban fixed-asset investments, attractive capability of cities and foreign capitals used in urban constructions as inputs indicators and operating income of star hotels as outputs indicators, the tourism efficiency and total factor productivity are evaluated at three time points during 1995-2005.
The results of urban tourism efficiency evaluation show that the efficiency of most Chinese urban tourism are in a relatively low level with a stage of increasing returns to scale and a higher efficiency could be achieved through increasing the scale of their resources inputs. Among the decompositions, the scale efficiency is low, but the technical efficiency and congestion efficiency are relative high. At the same time, the scale efficiency has the greatest impact on the overall efficiency. Based on the analysis at the same period, there exists a hierarchical structure that the cities in eastern region have higher urban tourism efficiency than the cities in middle, western and north-east regions. But the decompositions of overall efficiency are different in their distribution. Among them; the difference of scale efficiency is obvious, but the difference of technical efficiency and congestion efficiency are obscure. The inner comparison of tourism efficiency decompositions in different years shows the characteristic that the gap between decompositions is becoming narrow gradually. That is, with the time changes, the difference among scale efficiency, technical efficiency and congestion efficiency of the same period are becoming more and more diminishing
The results of the total factors productivity evaluation of urban tourism show that the total factors productivity has achieved a growth in most of Chinese tourism cities during the year 1995-2005, but the growth rate are slowing down. What’s more, there is a great difference in different city tourism total factor productivity progress levels, the cities in developed region always achieve the lower total factors productivity than the other regions.
The case study in Zhuhai shows that the characteristics of its tourism development are similar with the statistical study. Through clustering with other cities in the same area, Zhuhai city often participates in the cooperation and competition with other cities, from which, Zhuhai city achieve high attractions and improve its total factors productivity.
Based on theoretical analysis and case studies, aiming at the above hypotheses, three conclusions can be draw as followed:
Conclusion 1: Influenced by the uneven characteristic of urban economic development, more resources can be input in the Eastern region during their tourism development. Under the background that most Chinese urban tourism are in the stage of their increasing returns to scale, cities in these regions are more likely to achieve higher tourism efficiency.
Conclusion 2: Under a competitive market environment, in order to get higher profits, cities stimulate the council to increase tourism income through effective market competition, through which the cities who can get higher outputs with lower inputs always can be screened out as well as the ones with higher inputs and lower outputs. Such a process gives a high“political”pressure on the councils, which constantly promote them to improve their capability to use resources.
Conclusion 3: Under the cooperative market environment, the urban tourism development often can make the tourists achieve their satisfaction maximization and reduce their cost through enhancing the exterior economy. Furthermore, this kind of relation also can influence the tourists’decision-making. So, the urban tourism under a cooperative market environment often can obtain a higher efficiency through the exterior economy in the same condition.
The academic innovations of this paper can be summarized as followed:
Innovation 1: The mechanism of Chinese urban tourism efficiency and total factors productivity are analyzed combining management science, economic competition theory and ultra-property right theory.
Innovation 2: Considering the inputs and outputs of urban tourism development, this paper not only introduces the method of DEA, but also evaluates the tourism efficiency and total factors productivity by using its related models
Innovation 3: The tourism efficiency and total factors productivity of 58 Chinese main tourism cities are evaluated, and the spatio-temporal characteristics of them are analyzed at three periods.
在对我国城市旅游发展阶段和发展特征进行判断和总结的基础上,分析了“城市旅游”和“旅游效率/生产率”的国内外研究进展。基于区域经济发展的不平衡性规律、超产权理论和外部经济性理论,本研究提出了三个假设:(1)东部发达地区城市更可能获得较高的旅游效率,且主要受资源投入规模影响;(2)竞争环境会导致效率和全要素生产率提高;(3)合作性环境也会导致效率和全要素生产率提高。研究采用经济学中用于效率和生产率测算的数据包络分析(DEA)方法,利用CRS、VRS、NIRS和Malmquist指数模型,选取城市第三产业从业人数、城市固定资产投资、城市资源吸引力和城市实际利用外资金额作为投入指标,城市星级饭店营业收入作为产出指标,对1995年、2000年和2005年中国58个主要城市的旅游效率及其全要素生产率进行了三个时间点的评价。
城市旅游效率评价结果表明:三个时期大多数中国城市的旅游效率水平较低,且发展处于规模收益递增阶段;在总效率的分解中,规模效率水平较低,技术效率和利用效率水平较高;在分解效率对总效率的贡献中,规模效率对总效率的影响最大,技术效率和利用效率对总效率的影响相对较弱;从同一时期城市的旅游效率比较上看,东部地区城市的旅游效率水平最高,而中西部等地区城市的旅游效率水平相对较低。但与总效率的分布特征不同,旅游分解效率之间区域优势程度各不相同。其中,规模效率表现的区域差异最明显,与总效率的空间分布规律基本一致,而技术效率和利用效率区域差异较弱;此外,从不同年份城市的旅游分解效率内部比较看,同时期城市的旅游规模效率、技术效率和利用效率之间表现出差距逐渐缩小、并进而趋同的收敛特征。
城市的旅游全要素生产率评价结果显示:在1995-2005年期间,大多数中国城市的旅游全要素生产率变化以增长为主要特征,但增长速度开始趋缓。此外,不同城市旅游全要素生产率进步程度也存在差异,位于经济发达地区城市的旅游全要素生产率相较于经济不发达地区城市全要素生产率水平更低。
珠海的案例研究表明:珠海城市旅游发展过程所表现出来的特征与统计研究的规律一致。珠海城市旅游发展通过城市的集聚效应,不断实现区域和城市间的竞争与合作,从而增加了城市的整体吸引力,有效提高了城市的旅游效率。
基于理论分析和案例研究,本研究针对上述三个假设得出如下结论:
结论一:受区域经济发展不平衡性影响,东部地区城市在旅游产业发展过程中能够获得更多的资源投入。在目前我国大多数城市的发展处于规模收益递增阶段背景下,东部地区城市可以获得更高的旅游效率。
结论二:在竞争性市场环境下,城市之间通过市场竞争不断把低投入、高产出的城市筛选出来,并剔除和淘汰高投入、低产出的城市,这种筛选过程不断迫使城市政府改善旅游发展对资源投入的利用能力,从而获得更高的效率。
结论三:在合作性市场环境下,城市的旅游发展往往通过提高外部经济性以降低单个城市旅行中需要支付的成本,从而实现游客特定成本条件下的收益最大化,最终表现为合作性市场环境下城市通过外部经济性获得更高的旅游效率。
本文关于中国城市旅游效率和全要素生产率评价的研究具有以下学术创新:
创新一:将管理学、经济学的竞争理论和超产权理论和地理学区域经济发展的不平衡性规律相结合,对中国城市的旅游效率和全要素生产率产生机理进行分析。
创新二:在同时考虑投入和产出要素的基础上,将DEA方法及其模型引入城市这个复杂经济体,对其旅游效率和全要素生产率进行定量测算与评价。
创新三:对中国58个主要旅游城市的旅游效率和全要素生产率进行估算,进而描述这些城市旅游效率和全要素生产率的时间演变特征和空间变异规律。
Tourism is one of the important components of the city functions. With the improvement of Chinese urbanization level, the resident’s tourism demand has grown more and more. It is clear that the development of tourism has become an important approach to the economic development of cities. With the development of tourism industry, the competitions between urban tourism and the investments of city governments on tourism industry have been enhanced markedly. The purpose of this study here mainly is to evaluate the performance (including efficiency and total factor productivity, TFP) of resources usage in different urban tourism development and analyze its influencing factors from the spatio-temporal perspective. Based on the judgment of urban tourism developing process and the summaries of its developing characteristics, the research progress of "Urban tourism" and "Tourism efficiency & Tourism productivity" at home and abroad are analyzed, considering the Lopsided Development Law of Regional Economy, Ultra-Property
Rights Theory and External Economic Theory, three hypotheses about this study are proposed:
(1) Higher tourism efficiency can more likely be achieved by the cities in Eastern developed regions for the larger scale of their resources input.
(2) The improvement of efficiency and total factors productivity of urban tourism can be obtained with a competitive market environment.
(3) The improvement of efficiency and total factors productivity of urban tourism can be obtained with a cooperative market environment.
Then, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and its models, such as CRS、VRS、NIRS and Malmquist Index, often used in Economics for efficiency and productivity estimation, are used in this paper. Taking 58 Chinese primary tourism cities as Decision Making Units (DMU), the number of employees in tertiary industry, urban fixed-asset investments, attractive capability of cities and foreign capitals used in urban constructions as inputs indicators and operating income of star hotels as outputs indicators, the tourism efficiency and total factor productivity are evaluated at three time points during 1995-2005.
The results of urban tourism efficiency evaluation show that the efficiency of most Chinese urban tourism are in a relatively low level with a stage of increasing returns to scale and a higher efficiency could be achieved through increasing the scale of their resources inputs. Among the decompositions, the scale efficiency is low, but the technical efficiency and congestion efficiency are relative high. At the same time, the scale efficiency has the greatest impact on the overall efficiency. Based on the analysis at the same period, there exists a hierarchical structure that the cities in eastern region have higher urban tourism efficiency than the cities in middle, western and north-east regions. But the decompositions of overall efficiency are different in their distribution. Among them; the difference of scale efficiency is obvious, but the difference of technical efficiency and congestion efficiency are obscure. The inner comparison of tourism efficiency decompositions in different years shows the characteristic that the gap between decompositions is becoming narrow gradually. That is, with the time changes, the difference among scale efficiency, technical efficiency and congestion efficiency of the same period are becoming more and more diminishing
The results of the total factors productivity evaluation of urban tourism show that the total factors productivity has achieved a growth in most of Chinese tourism cities during the year 1995-2005, but the growth rate are slowing down. What’s more, there is a great difference in different city tourism total factor productivity progress levels, the cities in developed region always achieve the lower total factors productivity than the other regions.
The case study in Zhuhai shows that the characteristics of its tourism development are similar with the statistical study. Through clustering with other cities in the same area, Zhuhai city often participates in the cooperation and competition with other cities, from which, Zhuhai city achieve high attractions and improve its total factors productivity.
Based on theoretical analysis and case studies, aiming at the above hypotheses, three conclusions can be draw as followed:
Conclusion 1: Influenced by the uneven characteristic of urban economic development, more resources can be input in the Eastern region during their tourism development. Under the background that most Chinese urban tourism are in the stage of their increasing returns to scale, cities in these regions are more likely to achieve higher tourism efficiency.
Conclusion 2: Under a competitive market environment, in order to get higher profits, cities stimulate the council to increase tourism income through effective market competition, through which the cities who can get higher outputs with lower inputs always can be screened out as well as the ones with higher inputs and lower outputs. Such a process gives a high“political”pressure on the councils, which constantly promote them to improve their capability to use resources.
Conclusion 3: Under the cooperative market environment, the urban tourism development often can make the tourists achieve their satisfaction maximization and reduce their cost through enhancing the exterior economy. Furthermore, this kind of relation also can influence the tourists’decision-making. So, the urban tourism under a cooperative market environment often can obtain a higher efficiency through the exterior economy in the same condition.
The academic innovations of this paper can be summarized as followed:
Innovation 1: The mechanism of Chinese urban tourism efficiency and total factors productivity are analyzed combining management science, economic competition theory and ultra-property right theory.
Innovation 2: Considering the inputs and outputs of urban tourism development, this paper not only introduces the method of DEA, but also evaluates the tourism efficiency and total factors productivity by using its related models
Innovation 3: The tourism efficiency and total factors productivity of 58 Chinese main tourism cities are evaluated, and the spatio-temporal characteristics of them are analyzed at three periods.
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