低碳校园的分析及研究
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摘要
本文目的是通过研究校园的低碳设计,结合低碳指标分析方法,分析目前校园设计中的不足,并借鉴国内外成熟的低碳发展技术,为我国建造低碳校园提供相应的理论依据和技术支持。文中阐述了三种校园低碳设计研究方法:成本效益分析法、满意度评价法、低碳指标分析方法。结合本研究对象的实际情况,文中选用低碳指标分析法作为本文的主要分析方法,将低碳城市的评价体系应用于研究低碳校园设计,根据学校的运行模式,建立一套适合校园发展的低碳指标。论述低碳校园发展中存在的主要问题,对推进校园的低碳建设有一定的指导作用。低碳校园就是通过校园的低碳设计和管理以发展低碳经济,即通过开发、开展节能技术、提高能源使用率、加强环境保护力度、转变生活方式等措施,实现在保证校园正常运行和学生生活学习水平提高的同时,降低碳排放的目的。
成本效益分析方法是一种经济分析方法,应用于分析校园低碳设计的经济效益,比较能确却的分析低碳设计后的经济效益。但是在本文校园低碳分析研究的过程中,由于学校是新建校园,其成本、效益没有确切的数据,第n年的成本,效益及贴现率更加不好估算,所以本文在校园低碳设计中,成本效益分析方法存在一定的缺陷。
满意度评价方法是根据环境影响评价法中提出来的满意度方法引申出来的一个评价方法,根据不同的设计方法,以及设计达到的低碳效果满意度进行打分。结果达到碳的零排放的设计,满意度越好,分数值也就越高,最高分数为1;结果为了追求经济效益而忽视了碳排放,设计满意度越差,分数值也就越低,取值为0。此法应用于评价低碳校园,评价方法相对简单,在本文分析中,考虑到的设计因素太少,分析结果结果不能全面得出结论。
校园低碳指标分析方法,是根据城市生态指标分析法的理念得来的。结合目前比较成熟的低碳设计和技术,本文提出了一套适合校园低碳发展的指标。在实际应用中,结合本研究对象中提出的设计,与指标表中提出的指标值作比较,分析研究对象中的不足。不但能对本研究对象的低碳设计作出合理的评价,还能分析校园在建设过程中应注意的问题,指导校园作出更节能环保的低碳设计。在本文研究中,是比较合适的分析方法。
文中主要从中水回用、低碳照明、垃圾处理、低碳交通、低碳取暖、低碳建筑六个方面来研究校园的低碳建设。结合本文分析,我国低碳校园正处于起步阶段,研究项目在校园建设的过程中,考虑到了必要的低碳设计,但仍需要重视节能环节,改进技术,节约资源,发展校园低碳经济。减少温室气体的排放,最大程度废水再生回用和固体废弃物的资源化与循环利用,并采用清洁能源。此外,要做好低碳校园建设,还应该做到以下几点:认识低碳,形成低碳意识;优化资源,做好低碳校园规划;低碳工作,低碳学习;全院参与,开展低碳生活,确保低碳校园建设。
The purpose of this research campus by low carbon design, combined with low carbon index methods, analysis of the shortage of the current school design, and learn from the mature development of low carbon technology for the construction of low-carbon of the campus and provide the theoretical basis technical support. Paper describes the three design of low-carbon methods of campuses: cost-benefit analysis, satisfaction evaluation, low-carbon index analysis. With the actual situation of this study, low carbon index analysis method as the main method of this paper, the evaluation system will be applied to a low carbon city of low carbon campus design, the operating mode according to the school, establish a set of campus development low-carbon targets. Discusses the main problems of the development of low carbon campus, promoting some guidance of low-carbon campus. The campus is through low-carbon design, and low-carbon management of the campus to a low carbon economy, that is, through the development of energy conservation technology to improve energy efficiency, enhance environmental protection efforts, changes in lifestyle and other measures to achieve the normal operation of the campus and students to ensure raise the level of living while studying, the purpose of reducing carbon emissions.
Cost-benefit analysis is an economic analysis method used to analyze the design of the economic benefits of low carbon campus, able to analysis of the economic benefits of low carbon design. But in this process of analysis of low carbon campus, because the school is new school, no precise data of the costs, benefits, the first n years, the costs, benefits and the discount rate is more bad estimates, so this cost-benefit analysis there are some flaws of low-carbon design on the campus.
Satisfaction is based on Environmental Impact Assessment Law in the proposed method for the satisfaction derived out of an evaluation method, according to different design methods and design to achieve a satisfactory degree of low-carbon grade. Results to the design of zero emissions of carbon, the better the satisfaction, the higher the score value, the maximum score is 1; results are hungry to ignore the pursuit of economic efficiency of carbon emissions, the worse the design of satisfaction, the lower the score values, value is 0. This method is used in evaluation of low carbon campus, the evaluation method is relatively simple, in this analysis, taking into account the design factors too little analysis of the results can not fully reach a conclusion.
Analysis of low-carbon index campus is based on analysis of urban ecological indicators of the concept comes from. Combined with the relatively mature and low-carbon design and technology, this paper proposes a set of indicators for the development of low carbon campus. In practice, combined with the study that the design, the index values of the indicators presented in the tables for comparison and analysis of the deficiencies in the study. Not only the object of this study was designed to make a reasonable evaluation of low-carbon, but also during the construction of the campus should pay attention to the problem, guiding the campus to make more low-carbon energy saving design. In this study, is the more appropriate method of analysis.
This paper mainly from water reuse, low-carbon lighting, garbage disposal, low carbon transport, low carbon heating, low carbon buildings on campus to study the six low-carbon construction.With this analysis, our campus is in the initial stage of low-carbon research project in the process of building the campus, taking into account the necessary low-carbon design, but either need to focus on energy-saving aspects of the improved technology, resource conservation, the development of the campus low carbon economy. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the maximum wastewater reuse and recycling of solid waste and recycling, and using clean energy. In addition, to ensure that low carbon campus construction, it should do the following: awareness of low-carbon, forming carbon consciousness; optimize resources, good low carbon campus planning; carbon working, low-carbon study; hospital-wide participation, to carry out low-carbon life, to ensure that low-carbon campus.
成本效益分析方法是一种经济分析方法,应用于分析校园低碳设计的经济效益,比较能确却的分析低碳设计后的经济效益。但是在本文校园低碳分析研究的过程中,由于学校是新建校园,其成本、效益没有确切的数据,第n年的成本,效益及贴现率更加不好估算,所以本文在校园低碳设计中,成本效益分析方法存在一定的缺陷。
满意度评价方法是根据环境影响评价法中提出来的满意度方法引申出来的一个评价方法,根据不同的设计方法,以及设计达到的低碳效果满意度进行打分。结果达到碳的零排放的设计,满意度越好,分数值也就越高,最高分数为1;结果为了追求经济效益而忽视了碳排放,设计满意度越差,分数值也就越低,取值为0。此法应用于评价低碳校园,评价方法相对简单,在本文分析中,考虑到的设计因素太少,分析结果结果不能全面得出结论。
校园低碳指标分析方法,是根据城市生态指标分析法的理念得来的。结合目前比较成熟的低碳设计和技术,本文提出了一套适合校园低碳发展的指标。在实际应用中,结合本研究对象中提出的设计,与指标表中提出的指标值作比较,分析研究对象中的不足。不但能对本研究对象的低碳设计作出合理的评价,还能分析校园在建设过程中应注意的问题,指导校园作出更节能环保的低碳设计。在本文研究中,是比较合适的分析方法。
文中主要从中水回用、低碳照明、垃圾处理、低碳交通、低碳取暖、低碳建筑六个方面来研究校园的低碳建设。结合本文分析,我国低碳校园正处于起步阶段,研究项目在校园建设的过程中,考虑到了必要的低碳设计,但仍需要重视节能环节,改进技术,节约资源,发展校园低碳经济。减少温室气体的排放,最大程度废水再生回用和固体废弃物的资源化与循环利用,并采用清洁能源。此外,要做好低碳校园建设,还应该做到以下几点:认识低碳,形成低碳意识;优化资源,做好低碳校园规划;低碳工作,低碳学习;全院参与,开展低碳生活,确保低碳校园建设。
The purpose of this research campus by low carbon design, combined with low carbon index methods, analysis of the shortage of the current school design, and learn from the mature development of low carbon technology for the construction of low-carbon of the campus and provide the theoretical basis technical support. Paper describes the three design of low-carbon methods of campuses: cost-benefit analysis, satisfaction evaluation, low-carbon index analysis. With the actual situation of this study, low carbon index analysis method as the main method of this paper, the evaluation system will be applied to a low carbon city of low carbon campus design, the operating mode according to the school, establish a set of campus development low-carbon targets. Discusses the main problems of the development of low carbon campus, promoting some guidance of low-carbon campus. The campus is through low-carbon design, and low-carbon management of the campus to a low carbon economy, that is, through the development of energy conservation technology to improve energy efficiency, enhance environmental protection efforts, changes in lifestyle and other measures to achieve the normal operation of the campus and students to ensure raise the level of living while studying, the purpose of reducing carbon emissions.
Cost-benefit analysis is an economic analysis method used to analyze the design of the economic benefits of low carbon campus, able to analysis of the economic benefits of low carbon design. But in this process of analysis of low carbon campus, because the school is new school, no precise data of the costs, benefits, the first n years, the costs, benefits and the discount rate is more bad estimates, so this cost-benefit analysis there are some flaws of low-carbon design on the campus.
Satisfaction is based on Environmental Impact Assessment Law in the proposed method for the satisfaction derived out of an evaluation method, according to different design methods and design to achieve a satisfactory degree of low-carbon grade. Results to the design of zero emissions of carbon, the better the satisfaction, the higher the score value, the maximum score is 1; results are hungry to ignore the pursuit of economic efficiency of carbon emissions, the worse the design of satisfaction, the lower the score values, value is 0. This method is used in evaluation of low carbon campus, the evaluation method is relatively simple, in this analysis, taking into account the design factors too little analysis of the results can not fully reach a conclusion.
Analysis of low-carbon index campus is based on analysis of urban ecological indicators of the concept comes from. Combined with the relatively mature and low-carbon design and technology, this paper proposes a set of indicators for the development of low carbon campus. In practice, combined with the study that the design, the index values of the indicators presented in the tables for comparison and analysis of the deficiencies in the study. Not only the object of this study was designed to make a reasonable evaluation of low-carbon, but also during the construction of the campus should pay attention to the problem, guiding the campus to make more low-carbon energy saving design. In this study, is the more appropriate method of analysis.
This paper mainly from water reuse, low-carbon lighting, garbage disposal, low carbon transport, low carbon heating, low carbon buildings on campus to study the six low-carbon construction.With this analysis, our campus is in the initial stage of low-carbon research project in the process of building the campus, taking into account the necessary low-carbon design, but either need to focus on energy-saving aspects of the improved technology, resource conservation, the development of the campus low carbon economy. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the maximum wastewater reuse and recycling of solid waste and recycling, and using clean energy. In addition, to ensure that low carbon campus construction, it should do the following: awareness of low-carbon, forming carbon consciousness; optimize resources, good low carbon campus planning; carbon working, low-carbon study; hospital-wide participation, to carry out low-carbon life, to ensure that low-carbon campus.
引文
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[3]潘家华.低碳发展的社会经济与技术分析[R].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004: 223~262.
[4]教育部向12所高校亮“黄牌”[N].中国教育报. 2008.4.11.
[5]我国高校毛入学率超过24%在校大学生达2979万[N].人民日报. 2011.3.8
[6]赵天旸,刘卉,金鑫.试析北京大学开展绿色校园建设的有效途径[J].环境保护,. 2009, 416: 40~42.
[7]董冬.日本低碳经济发展分析[D].吉林大学. 2010.
[8]章平,张银太.低碳社区及其实践[J].城市问题. 2008(10):92~93.
[9]李永展.减碳可以从社区做起:国外低碳社区之经验[J]. http: / /www. taiwanngo. tw /proinfo _more. asp? id = 6301&subjectid =3713, 2008.8.8
[10] Biorregional development group monitoring date for BedZED &Eco village development.2003. http://www.bioregional com/programe_projects/ecohous_ Prog/bedzed/bz_monitoring htm
[11]低碳城市绿色实践——来自海外的报告[N].文汇报, 2010.2.9.
[12]李育豪.弗班区:德国永续社区的标杆[N].台湾环境电子报,2008(1).
[13]王玉芳.低碳城市评价体系研究[D].河北大学. 2010.
[14]付允,马永欢,刘怡君等.低碳经济的发展模式研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境. 2008(3): 41~46.
[15]金石. WWF启动中国低碳城市发展项目[J].环境保护, 2008(3): 22
[16]庄贵阳.中国经济低碳发展的途径与潜力分析[J].国际技术经济研究, 2005, 8(3):79~87.
[17]邹统钎.旅游度假区发展规划[R].旅游教育出版社. 1996.
[18]罗俊.世博或成世界低碳范本世博轴是环保示范走廊[N].人民日报海外版.
[19]赵彦龙.关于低碳校园建设的若干问题研究[J].公共部门会计理论与实务专题. 2010(9): 42~43.
[20]王婧劼.基于“低碳”理论下的购物生活中消费者运载方式设计与研究[D].西南交通大学. 2010.
[21]崔长彬.低碳经济模式下中国碳排放权交易机制研究[D].河北师范大学. 2008
[22]叶祖达.低碳城市发展:成本效益分析[J].中国低碳生态城市发展报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 2010.
[23]顾倩.基于低碳理论的生态社区规划研究[D].浙江大学. 2009.
[24]林澎,薛波,董政毅等.曹妃甸生态城建设实践[J].中国低碳生态城市发展报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2010.
[25]金元欢,王建宇,周全等.生态城市的水环境与水循环系统[J].中国低碳生态城市发展报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 2010.
[26]解晓强,沙琪,杨俊才.我国中水回用状况的分析与展望[J].管道与通风空调安装技术, 2003, 127(2): 17~20.
[27]万兴,万金保.二段生化+物化法处理污水及中水回用的研究与设计[J].废水处理, 2005, (4): l~4.
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