真空/生物脱氮及对废水C/N值影响的研究
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摘要
氮素污染日益严重，对其控制成为研究的热点，在众多影响氮素去除的因素中，C/N值是主要的因素之一。针对这个问题，本文研发了真空反应器的脱氮效果，试验了藻类对氨氮的去除率，在氧化沟中首次成功实现了低氧较高效SND技术。通过氨氮的去除、有机氮的转化、COD的降解，初步分析了高，中，低氨氮浓度条件下，不同处理技术对废水C/N值的影响。
结果显示：
（1）在利用自制的真空脱氮反应器处理高浓度氨氮废水时，发现氨氮的脱除主要发生在前30分钟，且开始时反应速率较快，随着时间的推移，速率逐渐降低，最终达到平衡；实验中较重要的因素：真空度、空气的搅拌作用、不同的真空产生设备对原水中氨氮的去除及C/N值的提高，均有一定程度的影响，氨氮初始浓度影响最小。
开发的多功能真空反应器兼具脱氮，输水，混凝作用，用该工艺处理中浓度氨氮废水的过程中：pH值、真空度、水流状态（连续流与间歇流）等因素均能影响废水C/N值；混凝剂的加入大大改善了原水C/N值；真空脱氮技术在处理低pH值废水时，氨氮脱出率不够高，但对比常温常压下，相同pH值时游离氨的浓度，高出5-20%。
（2）用藻类进行了三因素三水平正交试验设计，结果表明，对较低浓度氨氮废水的去除，最佳组合为pH6.5，鞘藻，反应时间为9天；颤藻的处理效果接近于鞘藻；COD去除最优组合为pH8.5，水网藻，处理9天。藻种、pH、反应时间对氨氮、COD的去除影响均很显著。半连续处理养猪废水的实验结果表明：颤藻和鞘藻能有效地利用污水中的氨氮，实现对水质的净化。藻类属于自养生长，利用它们的这种特性，可实现工业污水或低碳氮比废水中C/N值的提升。
（3）在常温下，采用Pasveer氧化沟工艺处理低C/N、低氨氮值污水，通过控制好氧区DO为0.2-0.4mg/L，缺氧区DO小于0.1mg/L，保持好氧区与缺氧区体积比约1:1，成功启动了低氧脱氮过程；两种模式启动低氧SND反应器均能成功，且模式2速度更快；两种模式COD去除率为40-62%，氨氮去除率达99%以上，总氮去除率稳定在75%左右；低氧SND稳定运行后，C/N为4.19、3.00和1.94情况下，TN去除率均达到70%以上，说明进水C/N处于较低值时，不影响低氧SND的实现；通过对Pasveer氧化沟断面的分析，发现了各类含氮物质之间的相互转化；在低DO水平下，反应器没有发生污泥膨胀现象，沉降性能得到明显改善，SVI值仅60-70mL/g；氧化沟出水碳氮值达到6-10:1，COD的去除主要由异养反硝化菌承担，分析反应器COD去除值/TN去除值，发现短程SND起主要作用；氧化沟SND过程中，各种物理指数与水质指标滞后性相关，并逐渐稳定，实测ORP值最终收敛于计算ORP值，可用ORP值来指示低DO环境下脱氮的过程；分析Pasveer氧化沟中SND效果较好的原因，可能是采用了点源曝气设备，和氧化沟独有的推流模式，有助于宏观和微观好---缺氧环境的形成。
With the increase of nitrogen pollution, nitrogen pollution control is one of themost hottest field for the researchers, in all the factors which influence the removal ofnitrogen, C/N is one of the most important factors. This manuscript aims at it, vacuumreactors was developed and studied on the effect of nitrogen removal by it, theexperiment on removal rate of ammonia by algae was made, it is achieved thathigher–efficiency removal rate of nitrogen by SND with low oxygen concentrationsuccessfully at first．by the removal of ammonia, the transportation of organic-nitrogen,the degrading of COD, Different concentration of ammonia–high, intermediate, low arepriliminary tested to analyze the effect on the C/N of wastewater by different techniques.
The results are showing as follows:
(1) By self-made vacuum reactor to treat high-ammonia waste water, it is found thatthe removal of ammonia occurs in the early30minutes, reacting rate is somewhat fast inthe beginning, and is becoming slower with the time passed, finally, it enters the balancestate; In the experiment, the key factors:vacuum degree, the mixing of air, the differentapparatus of vacuum-produce effect the nitrogen removal and C/N, but the influence ofprimary concentration is not obvious.
On the test of medium concentration ammonia, a multifunction vacuum reactor wasused which can remove ammonia, abstract, coagulate. in that process, pH value,vacuum-degree, different flow states (the continuous flow and intermittent flow) canchange the C/N; the add of flocculent can change the C/N largely;When using vacuumreactor to treat low pH value wastewater, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen is not veryhigh, but compared with the free ammonia concentration at normal temperature, pressureand the same pH value, it can improve the removal rate by5-20%.
(2) By three factors three levels orthogonal test design, the results show that theoptimal combination of lower ammonia nitrogen removal is pH=6.5, Oedogonium sp.,reaction time for nine days; Oscillatoria’s efficiency is close to Oedogonium sp.; theoptimal combination of COD removal is pH=8.5, Hydrodictyon reticulatum, nine days.pH value, reaction of time, the type of algae, can influence the ammonia nitrogen removal, COD removal efficiency significantly. The experimental on semicontinuous swinewastewater treatment results show that Oscillatoria and Oedogonium sp can effectivelyuse the ammonia nitrogen in wastewater to purify the water. The algae belong toautotrophic organisms, this characteristic can be used to raising C/N value of industrywastewater or other low C/N waste water.
(3) At room temperature, using Pasveer oxidation ditch to treat low ammonia and lowC/N sewage, by controlling DO in aerobic area at0.2-0.4mg/L, DO in anaerobic arealower than0.1mg/L, keeping the volume rate of oxidation zone and anoxic zone at1:1,start the process of removal of nitrogen under low oxygen condition successfully;It can befound that both the two models used to start SND reactor is useful, and model2is faster,results show that the removal rate of COD is40%-62%, of ammonia nitrogen is above99%, of total nitrogen is75%. By monitoring the effluent quality of reactor at differentC/N(C/N=1.943.004.19) after the stabilizing of Pasveer oxidation ditch, we found thatthe removal rate of TN can overpass70%, so it can say that at low C/N, low oxygen,SND can be achieved; By analyzing the inner section of Pasveer oxidation ditch, it can befound that the translation among different nitrogen matters; At low oxygen level, sludgebulking did not happen, settle ability was obviously improved, the mean SVI is60-70mL/g; the C/N of effluent of the oxidation ditch is up to6-10:1, it also can be foundthat heterotroph is responsible for the removal of COD at low oxygen, by analyzising theremoval value of COD/TN, we can make conclusion that short-cut nitrification anddenitrifcation is predominant;during the reacting, those physical parameters are hystereticrelevance with water quality criterion and be stable gradually, in this paper, we count theORP value, it is found that the measured value converge to the counting ORP, so ORPcan indicate the process of ammonia remova of SND, Especially in low oxygenenvironment; Analyzing the reasons why effect of SND is good in Pasveer oxidation ditchunder low oxygen, probably because of the adoption of point source aeration facility andspecial Plug-flow in oxidation ditch, contributing to the form of aerobic-anoxiaenvironment.
结果显示：
（1）在利用自制的真空脱氮反应器处理高浓度氨氮废水时，发现氨氮的脱除主要发生在前30分钟，且开始时反应速率较快，随着时间的推移，速率逐渐降低，最终达到平衡；实验中较重要的因素：真空度、空气的搅拌作用、不同的真空产生设备对原水中氨氮的去除及C/N值的提高，均有一定程度的影响，氨氮初始浓度影响最小。
开发的多功能真空反应器兼具脱氮，输水，混凝作用，用该工艺处理中浓度氨氮废水的过程中：pH值、真空度、水流状态（连续流与间歇流）等因素均能影响废水C/N值；混凝剂的加入大大改善了原水C/N值；真空脱氮技术在处理低pH值废水时，氨氮脱出率不够高，但对比常温常压下，相同pH值时游离氨的浓度，高出5-20%。
（2）用藻类进行了三因素三水平正交试验设计，结果表明，对较低浓度氨氮废水的去除，最佳组合为pH6.5，鞘藻，反应时间为9天；颤藻的处理效果接近于鞘藻；COD去除最优组合为pH8.5，水网藻，处理9天。藻种、pH、反应时间对氨氮、COD的去除影响均很显著。半连续处理养猪废水的实验结果表明：颤藻和鞘藻能有效地利用污水中的氨氮，实现对水质的净化。藻类属于自养生长，利用它们的这种特性，可实现工业污水或低碳氮比废水中C/N值的提升。
（3）在常温下，采用Pasveer氧化沟工艺处理低C/N、低氨氮值污水，通过控制好氧区DO为0.2-0.4mg/L，缺氧区DO小于0.1mg/L，保持好氧区与缺氧区体积比约1:1，成功启动了低氧脱氮过程；两种模式启动低氧SND反应器均能成功，且模式2速度更快；两种模式COD去除率为40-62%，氨氮去除率达99%以上，总氮去除率稳定在75%左右；低氧SND稳定运行后，C/N为4.19、3.00和1.94情况下，TN去除率均达到70%以上，说明进水C/N处于较低值时，不影响低氧SND的实现；通过对Pasveer氧化沟断面的分析，发现了各类含氮物质之间的相互转化；在低DO水平下，反应器没有发生污泥膨胀现象，沉降性能得到明显改善，SVI值仅60-70mL/g；氧化沟出水碳氮值达到6-10:1，COD的去除主要由异养反硝化菌承担，分析反应器COD去除值/TN去除值，发现短程SND起主要作用；氧化沟SND过程中，各种物理指数与水质指标滞后性相关，并逐渐稳定，实测ORP值最终收敛于计算ORP值，可用ORP值来指示低DO环境下脱氮的过程；分析Pasveer氧化沟中SND效果较好的原因，可能是采用了点源曝气设备，和氧化沟独有的推流模式，有助于宏观和微观好---缺氧环境的形成。
With the increase of nitrogen pollution, nitrogen pollution control is one of themost hottest field for the researchers, in all the factors which influence the removal ofnitrogen, C/N is one of the most important factors. This manuscript aims at it, vacuumreactors was developed and studied on the effect of nitrogen removal by it, theexperiment on removal rate of ammonia by algae was made, it is achieved thathigher–efficiency removal rate of nitrogen by SND with low oxygen concentrationsuccessfully at first．by the removal of ammonia, the transportation of organic-nitrogen,the degrading of COD, Different concentration of ammonia–high, intermediate, low arepriliminary tested to analyze the effect on the C/N of wastewater by different techniques.
The results are showing as follows:
(1) By self-made vacuum reactor to treat high-ammonia waste water, it is found thatthe removal of ammonia occurs in the early30minutes, reacting rate is somewhat fast inthe beginning, and is becoming slower with the time passed, finally, it enters the balancestate; In the experiment, the key factors:vacuum degree, the mixing of air, the differentapparatus of vacuum-produce effect the nitrogen removal and C/N, but the influence ofprimary concentration is not obvious.
On the test of medium concentration ammonia, a multifunction vacuum reactor wasused which can remove ammonia, abstract, coagulate. in that process, pH value,vacuum-degree, different flow states (the continuous flow and intermittent flow) canchange the C/N; the add of flocculent can change the C/N largely;When using vacuumreactor to treat low pH value wastewater, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen is not veryhigh, but compared with the free ammonia concentration at normal temperature, pressureand the same pH value, it can improve the removal rate by5-20%.
(2) By three factors three levels orthogonal test design, the results show that theoptimal combination of lower ammonia nitrogen removal is pH=6.5, Oedogonium sp.,reaction time for nine days; Oscillatoria’s efficiency is close to Oedogonium sp.; theoptimal combination of COD removal is pH=8.5, Hydrodictyon reticulatum, nine days.pH value, reaction of time, the type of algae, can influence the ammonia nitrogen removal, COD removal efficiency significantly. The experimental on semicontinuous swinewastewater treatment results show that Oscillatoria and Oedogonium sp can effectivelyuse the ammonia nitrogen in wastewater to purify the water. The algae belong toautotrophic organisms, this characteristic can be used to raising C/N value of industrywastewater or other low C/N waste water.
(3) At room temperature, using Pasveer oxidation ditch to treat low ammonia and lowC/N sewage, by controlling DO in aerobic area at0.2-0.4mg/L, DO in anaerobic arealower than0.1mg/L, keeping the volume rate of oxidation zone and anoxic zone at1:1,start the process of removal of nitrogen under low oxygen condition successfully;It can befound that both the two models used to start SND reactor is useful, and model2is faster,results show that the removal rate of COD is40%-62%, of ammonia nitrogen is above99%, of total nitrogen is75%. By monitoring the effluent quality of reactor at differentC/N(C/N=1.943.004.19) after the stabilizing of Pasveer oxidation ditch, we found thatthe removal rate of TN can overpass70%, so it can say that at low C/N, low oxygen,SND can be achieved; By analyzing the inner section of Pasveer oxidation ditch, it can befound that the translation among different nitrogen matters; At low oxygen level, sludgebulking did not happen, settle ability was obviously improved, the mean SVI is60-70mL/g; the C/N of effluent of the oxidation ditch is up to6-10:1, it also can be foundthat heterotroph is responsible for the removal of COD at low oxygen, by analyzising theremoval value of COD/TN, we can make conclusion that short-cut nitrification anddenitrifcation is predominant;during the reacting, those physical parameters are hystereticrelevance with water quality criterion and be stable gradually, in this paper, we count theORP value, it is found that the measured value converge to the counting ORP, so ORPcan indicate the process of ammonia remova of SND, Especially in low oxygenenvironment; Analyzing the reasons why effect of SND is good in Pasveer oxidation ditchunder low oxygen, probably because of the adoption of point source aeration facility andspecial Plug-flow in oxidation ditch, contributing to the form of aerobic-anoxiaenvironment.
引文
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