光纤光栅传感技术的研究
|
摘要
油气井下的压力温度信息是进行地层油气含量分析的重要依据。然而,电子类传感手段都容易受电磁干扰、测量精度不高、实时性差,因高温高压环境而只能短期测试。光纤光栅传感器能够对井下压力温度进行永久的实时在线分布式检测,成为解决上述难题的突破点。
本文对光纤光栅传感器的基本理论以及技术进行了系统的研究,主要包括光纤光栅传感机理、温度以及压力响应增敏技术,封装聚合物材料的热学和力学特性、聚合物封装光纤光栅传感原理以及封装固化工艺,针对油气井下等高温高压测量环境,提出采用聚合物封装光纤光栅实现测量的方案,实现对较高温度以及压力的区分测量,围绕以上各方面进行了大量实验,并对实验结果进行了详细深入的分析。
最后针对高温高压油气井的要求,设计了基于弹性圆形简封装的FBG温度和压力传感器。对传感器温度27—196℃、压力0—44MPa范围进行了实验研究,得到温度传感器的响应灵敏度为0.0112nm/℃,压力传感器的响应灵敏度为0.0302nm/MPa,精度为±1℃和±0.1MPa。
The information of pressure and temperature in downhole environments offers an important foundation for analysis of oil and gas reserves in different stratum in a well. However the electronic sensing method for these information often suffers electromagnetic interference, and has low measure precision and transmission rate. Also it can but operate for a short term because of high pressure and high temperature in downhole. Since fiber grating sensor can permanently detect the pressure and temperature of different stratum in a well in real time, it has been a breakthrough in solving the above problems.
This thesis focuses on the basic theoretical and technical researches on the optical fiber grating sensors, including the sensing mechanism of fiber gratings, the increasing of temperature and pressure sensitivity of optical fiber gratings, the temperature and mechanics characteristic; the sensing principle of optic fiber grating sensor with polymer package, the coating and solidifying technology of polymer. A simple and practical method for the measurement of temperature and pressure aim at the measurement the high temperature and pressure at oil and gas bottom line is proposed, its feasibility is proved through a great deal of experiments.
Finally, FBG temperature sensor and FBG pressure sensor are proposed by a elastic cylinder to resist the high temperature and pressure in the oil/gas down-hole. The FBG temperature sensor is tested from 27°C to 196°C and FBG pressure sensor is tested from 0MPa to 44MPa. Fromhe experimental results ,the temperature response sensitivity of FBG temperature is 0.0112nm/°C and presicion is±1°C ,the pressure response sensitivity of FBG pressure is 0.0302nm/MPa and presicion is±0.1MPa.
本文对光纤光栅传感器的基本理论以及技术进行了系统的研究,主要包括光纤光栅传感机理、温度以及压力响应增敏技术,封装聚合物材料的热学和力学特性、聚合物封装光纤光栅传感原理以及封装固化工艺,针对油气井下等高温高压测量环境,提出采用聚合物封装光纤光栅实现测量的方案,实现对较高温度以及压力的区分测量,围绕以上各方面进行了大量实验,并对实验结果进行了详细深入的分析。
最后针对高温高压油气井的要求,设计了基于弹性圆形简封装的FBG温度和压力传感器。对传感器温度27—196℃、压力0—44MPa范围进行了实验研究,得到温度传感器的响应灵敏度为0.0112nm/℃,压力传感器的响应灵敏度为0.0302nm/MPa,精度为±1℃和±0.1MPa。
The information of pressure and temperature in downhole environments offers an important foundation for analysis of oil and gas reserves in different stratum in a well. However the electronic sensing method for these information often suffers electromagnetic interference, and has low measure precision and transmission rate. Also it can but operate for a short term because of high pressure and high temperature in downhole. Since fiber grating sensor can permanently detect the pressure and temperature of different stratum in a well in real time, it has been a breakthrough in solving the above problems.
This thesis focuses on the basic theoretical and technical researches on the optical fiber grating sensors, including the sensing mechanism of fiber gratings, the increasing of temperature and pressure sensitivity of optical fiber gratings, the temperature and mechanics characteristic; the sensing principle of optic fiber grating sensor with polymer package, the coating and solidifying technology of polymer. A simple and practical method for the measurement of temperature and pressure aim at the measurement the high temperature and pressure at oil and gas bottom line is proposed, its feasibility is proved through a great deal of experiments.
Finally, FBG temperature sensor and FBG pressure sensor are proposed by a elastic cylinder to resist the high temperature and pressure in the oil/gas down-hole. The FBG temperature sensor is tested from 27°C to 196°C and FBG pressure sensor is tested from 0MPa to 44MPa. Fromhe experimental results ,the temperature response sensitivity of FBG temperature is 0.0112nm/°C and presicion is±1°C ,the pressure response sensitivity of FBG pressure is 0.0302nm/MPa and presicion is±0.1MPa.
引文
[1]F.P.Kapron,D.B.Keck and Maurer.Radiation loss in glasses optic waveguides[J].Appl.Phys.Lett.,1970,17:423-425.
[2]K.O.Hill,Y.Fuji,and D.C.Jonson.Photonsensitivity in optical fiber waveguides:Application to reflection filter fabrication[J].Appl.Phys.Lett.,1978,32:647-649
[3]G.Meltz,W.W.Morey and H.Glenn,Formation of Bragg gratings in optical fibers by a transverse holographic method[J].Opt.Lett.,1989,14:823-825.
[4]K.O.Hill,B.Malo,F.Bilodeau,D.C.Johnson.Bragg grating fabricated in monomode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure through a phase mask[J].Appl.Phys.Lett.,1993,62:1035-1037.
[5]P.J.Lemaire,R.M.Atkins,V.Miarahi.High pressure H_2 Loading as a technique for achieving ultrahigh UV photosensitivity and thermal sensitivity in GeO_2 doped optical fibers[J].Electron.Lett.,1993,29:1191-1192.
[6]R.Kashyap.,et al.all-fiber narrow band reflection grating at 1550nm[J].Electron.Lett.,1990,26:730-732.
[7]R.Kashyap.,et al.Assessment of tuning the wavelength of chirp and unchirp fiber Bragg grating with simple phase mask[J].Electron.Lett.,1998,34:2025-2027.
[8]B.Malo,et al.Point-by-point fabrication of micro-Bragg gratings in photosensitive fiber using single excimer pulse refractive index modification technique[J].Electron.Lett.,1993,29:1668-1669.
[9]W.W.Morey,G.Meltz,and W.H.Glenn.Fiber Bragg grating sensors.[C].Proc.SPIE Fiber Optics & Laser Sensors Ⅶ,1989,1169:98-107.
[10]Kersey A D,Davis M A,Patrick H J,et al.Fiber grating sensors[J].Lightwave Technol.,1997,15(8):1442-1463
[11]姜德生,何伟.光纤光栅传感器的应用概况[J].光电子·激光,2002,13(4):420-430
[12]Rao Y J.IN-fiber Bragg Grating sensors[J].Meas.Sci.&Tech.,1997,8(4):355-357
[13]张颖,刘志国,郭转运.高灵敏度光纤光栅压力传感器及其压力传感特性的研究[J].光学学报,2002,22(1):89-91
[14]鲍吉龙,章献民,陈抗生et al.光纤光栅传感器及其应用.激光技术,2000,24(3):174-179
[15]Internet reference:oil-offshore,com/companies/op-toplan.html.
[16]Spirin V V,et al.Fiber Bragg grating sensor for petroleum hydrocarbon leak detection[J].Optics and Laser in Engineering,2000,32:497-503
[17]Berthold J W.Measurement of Axial and Bending Strainin Pipelines Using Bragg Grating Sensors[A].SPIE.Environmental and Industrial Sensing Conference,Boston,Massachusetts,2000.
[18]Meltz G,et al.Fibre grating evanescent-wave sensors[A].Proc.SPIE[C],1996,2836:342-350
[19]Ecke W,et al.Chemical Bragg grating sensor network basing on side-polished optical fibre[A].Proc.SPIE[C],1998,3555:457-466.
[20]Internetreference:optics.kth.se/fysik2/RIO97/PDF/RIO97B.PDF.
[21]Peng Y T,et al.The characterization of hydrogen sensor based on palladium electroplated fiber Bragg gratings(FBG)[A].Proc.SPIE[C].1999,3670:42-53.
[22]Internetreference:enme.umd.edu/smsrc/research.html.
[23]Zhang Z,Sirkis J S.Temperature-compensated long-period grating chemical sensor[A].Proc.Of the Opti-cal Fiber Sensors Conf.(OFS-12)[C].Williamsburg,VA,USA,1997,294-297
[24]Falciai R,et al.Optical fiber long period gratings for the refractometry of aqueous solution[A].Proc.SPIE[C].1995,3555:447-450.
[25]廖延彪.光纤光学.[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000.3,165-213
[26]黄章勇.新型光无源器件.[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2003.2,33-60
[27]Victor.Mizrahi,J.E.Sipe.Optical properties of photosensitive fiber phase gratings[J].Ligutwave Technol.1993,11(10):1513-1517
[28]G.P.Agrawl,S.Rdic,Phase—shifted fiber Bragg gratings and their application for wavelength demultlplexing[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Lett,1994,6(8):995-997
[29]Liang Dong,B.Ortega and L Reekie.Coupling characteristics of cladding modes in tilted optical fiber Bragg gratings[J].Appl.Opt,1998,37(22):5099-5105
[30]T.Touam,X.M.Du,M.A.Fardad,et al.Sol—gel glass waveguides with Bragg grating[J].Opt.Eng,1998,37(4):1136-1142
[31]M.K.Lee,G.R.Little,Study of radiation modes for 45—deg tilted fiber phase gratings[J].Opt.Eng,1998,37(I0):2687-2698
[32]C Martinez and P Ferdinand,Analysis of phase shifted fiber Bragg gratings written with phase plates[J].Appl.Opt,1999,38(15):3223-3228
[33]U.Bandelow,U.Leonhardt,Light propagation in one-dimensional lossless dielectrica:transfer matrix method and coupled mode theory[J].Opt.Commun,1993,101(1,2):92-99
[34]J.Skaar,K,M,Risvik.A genetic algorithm for the inverse problem in synthesis of fiber gratings [J].J of Lightwave Technol,1998,16(10):1928-1932
[35]贾宏志.光纤光栅传感器的理论和技术研究[D].西安:中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,2000.8 15-40
[36]靳伟,廖延彪,张志鹏等.导波光学传感器:原理与技术[M].北京:科学出版社,1998年
[37]刘鸿文,材料力学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1980,31-45
[38]董新永,关柏鸥,张颖等.单个光纤光栅实现对位移和温度的同时测量[J].中国激光,2001,28(7):621-624
[38]Qiao Xueguang,Li Yulin.Hybrid FBG/LPFG Sensors for Simultaneous Measuring Strain and Temperature of Oil/Gas Bottomline[J].Journal of Optoelectronics.Laser,1999,10(1):42-45
[39]王目光,魏淮,童治等.利用双周期光纤光栅实现应变和温度同时测量[J].光学学报.2002,22(7):867-869
[40]Qiao Xueguang,Li Yulin.Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Temperature with Different Period ∧ and Superimposed Optic Fiber Bragg Grating sensors[J].Applied Laser,1998,18(6):254-258
[41]Bai-Ou Guan,Hwa-Yaw Tam,Siu-Lau Ho.Simultaneous strain and temperature measurement using a single fiber Brag grating[J].Electronic Letter,2000,3(12):1018-1021
[42]Yunqi Liu,Zhuanyun Guo,Ying Zhang,et al.Simultaneous pressure and temperature measurement with polymer-coated fiber Bragg grating[J].Electronic Letters 2000,36(6):564-566
[45]G.P.Brad,K.Kalli,D.J.Webb,et al.Recent developments in fiber sensing using fiber Bragg gratings[J].Proc.SPIE.1996,Vol.2839:8-19
[44]饶云江,曾祥楷,朱永等.非本征型法布里珀罗干涉仪光纤布拉格光栅应变温度传感器及其应用[J].光学学报,2002,22(1):85-88
[45]C.Fernandez-Valdivielso,I.R.Matias,F.J.Arregui.Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using a fiber Bragg grating and a thermochromic material[J].Sensors and actuators A.101(2002):107-116
[46]Luis Alberto Ferreira,Envangelos Vasilios Diatzikis,Jose Luis Santos,et al.Demodulation of fiber Bragg grating sensors based on dynamic tuning of a muitimode laser diode[J].Applied Optics,1999,38(22):4751-4759
[47]S W James,M L Dockney,R P Tatam,etal.Simutaneous independent temperature and strain measurement using in-fibre bragg grating sensors[J].Electron.Lett.,1996,32(12):1133-1134.
[48]Xu M G,Dong L,L Reekie etal.Temperature independent strain sensor using a chirped Bragg grating intapered optical fibre[J].ElectronLett,1995,31(10):823-825.
[49]Shu X.W.,Liu Y.,Dependence of temperature and strain coefficients on fiber grating type and its application to simultaneous temperature and strain measurement[J].Opt.Lett.2002,27(9):701-703
[50]乔学光,贾振安,傅海威等.光纤光栅传感理论与实验[J].物理学报,2004,53(2):494-497
[2]K.O.Hill,Y.Fuji,and D.C.Jonson.Photonsensitivity in optical fiber waveguides:Application to reflection filter fabrication[J].Appl.Phys.Lett.,1978,32:647-649
[3]G.Meltz,W.W.Morey and H.Glenn,Formation of Bragg gratings in optical fibers by a transverse holographic method[J].Opt.Lett.,1989,14:823-825.
[4]K.O.Hill,B.Malo,F.Bilodeau,D.C.Johnson.Bragg grating fabricated in monomode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure through a phase mask[J].Appl.Phys.Lett.,1993,62:1035-1037.
[5]P.J.Lemaire,R.M.Atkins,V.Miarahi.High pressure H_2 Loading as a technique for achieving ultrahigh UV photosensitivity and thermal sensitivity in GeO_2 doped optical fibers[J].Electron.Lett.,1993,29:1191-1192.
[6]R.Kashyap.,et al.all-fiber narrow band reflection grating at 1550nm[J].Electron.Lett.,1990,26:730-732.
[7]R.Kashyap.,et al.Assessment of tuning the wavelength of chirp and unchirp fiber Bragg grating with simple phase mask[J].Electron.Lett.,1998,34:2025-2027.
[8]B.Malo,et al.Point-by-point fabrication of micro-Bragg gratings in photosensitive fiber using single excimer pulse refractive index modification technique[J].Electron.Lett.,1993,29:1668-1669.
[9]W.W.Morey,G.Meltz,and W.H.Glenn.Fiber Bragg grating sensors.[C].Proc.SPIE Fiber Optics & Laser Sensors Ⅶ,1989,1169:98-107.
[10]Kersey A D,Davis M A,Patrick H J,et al.Fiber grating sensors[J].Lightwave Technol.,1997,15(8):1442-1463
[11]姜德生,何伟.光纤光栅传感器的应用概况[J].光电子·激光,2002,13(4):420-430
[12]Rao Y J.IN-fiber Bragg Grating sensors[J].Meas.Sci.&Tech.,1997,8(4):355-357
[13]张颖,刘志国,郭转运.高灵敏度光纤光栅压力传感器及其压力传感特性的研究[J].光学学报,2002,22(1):89-91
[14]鲍吉龙,章献民,陈抗生et al.光纤光栅传感器及其应用.激光技术,2000,24(3):174-179
[15]Internet reference:oil-offshore,com/companies/op-toplan.html.
[16]Spirin V V,et al.Fiber Bragg grating sensor for petroleum hydrocarbon leak detection[J].Optics and Laser in Engineering,2000,32:497-503
[17]Berthold J W.Measurement of Axial and Bending Strainin Pipelines Using Bragg Grating Sensors[A].SPIE.Environmental and Industrial Sensing Conference,Boston,Massachusetts,2000.
[18]Meltz G,et al.Fibre grating evanescent-wave sensors[A].Proc.SPIE[C],1996,2836:342-350
[19]Ecke W,et al.Chemical Bragg grating sensor network basing on side-polished optical fibre[A].Proc.SPIE[C],1998,3555:457-466.
[20]Internetreference:optics.kth.se/fysik2/RIO97/PDF/RIO97B.PDF.
[21]Peng Y T,et al.The characterization of hydrogen sensor based on palladium electroplated fiber Bragg gratings(FBG)[A].Proc.SPIE[C].1999,3670:42-53.
[22]Internetreference:enme.umd.edu/smsrc/research.html.
[23]Zhang Z,Sirkis J S.Temperature-compensated long-period grating chemical sensor[A].Proc.Of the Opti-cal Fiber Sensors Conf.(OFS-12)[C].Williamsburg,VA,USA,1997,294-297
[24]Falciai R,et al.Optical fiber long period gratings for the refractometry of aqueous solution[A].Proc.SPIE[C].1995,3555:447-450.
[25]廖延彪.光纤光学.[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000.3,165-213
[26]黄章勇.新型光无源器件.[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2003.2,33-60
[27]Victor.Mizrahi,J.E.Sipe.Optical properties of photosensitive fiber phase gratings[J].Ligutwave Technol.1993,11(10):1513-1517
[28]G.P.Agrawl,S.Rdic,Phase—shifted fiber Bragg gratings and their application for wavelength demultlplexing[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Lett,1994,6(8):995-997
[29]Liang Dong,B.Ortega and L Reekie.Coupling characteristics of cladding modes in tilted optical fiber Bragg gratings[J].Appl.Opt,1998,37(22):5099-5105
[30]T.Touam,X.M.Du,M.A.Fardad,et al.Sol—gel glass waveguides with Bragg grating[J].Opt.Eng,1998,37(4):1136-1142
[31]M.K.Lee,G.R.Little,Study of radiation modes for 45—deg tilted fiber phase gratings[J].Opt.Eng,1998,37(I0):2687-2698
[32]C Martinez and P Ferdinand,Analysis of phase shifted fiber Bragg gratings written with phase plates[J].Appl.Opt,1999,38(15):3223-3228
[33]U.Bandelow,U.Leonhardt,Light propagation in one-dimensional lossless dielectrica:transfer matrix method and coupled mode theory[J].Opt.Commun,1993,101(1,2):92-99
[34]J.Skaar,K,M,Risvik.A genetic algorithm for the inverse problem in synthesis of fiber gratings [J].J of Lightwave Technol,1998,16(10):1928-1932
[35]贾宏志.光纤光栅传感器的理论和技术研究[D].西安:中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,2000.8 15-40
[36]靳伟,廖延彪,张志鹏等.导波光学传感器:原理与技术[M].北京:科学出版社,1998年
[37]刘鸿文,材料力学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1980,31-45
[38]董新永,关柏鸥,张颖等.单个光纤光栅实现对位移和温度的同时测量[J].中国激光,2001,28(7):621-624
[38]Qiao Xueguang,Li Yulin.Hybrid FBG/LPFG Sensors for Simultaneous Measuring Strain and Temperature of Oil/Gas Bottomline[J].Journal of Optoelectronics.Laser,1999,10(1):42-45
[39]王目光,魏淮,童治等.利用双周期光纤光栅实现应变和温度同时测量[J].光学学报.2002,22(7):867-869
[40]Qiao Xueguang,Li Yulin.Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Temperature with Different Period ∧ and Superimposed Optic Fiber Bragg Grating sensors[J].Applied Laser,1998,18(6):254-258
[41]Bai-Ou Guan,Hwa-Yaw Tam,Siu-Lau Ho.Simultaneous strain and temperature measurement using a single fiber Brag grating[J].Electronic Letter,2000,3(12):1018-1021
[42]Yunqi Liu,Zhuanyun Guo,Ying Zhang,et al.Simultaneous pressure and temperature measurement with polymer-coated fiber Bragg grating[J].Electronic Letters 2000,36(6):564-566
[45]G.P.Brad,K.Kalli,D.J.Webb,et al.Recent developments in fiber sensing using fiber Bragg gratings[J].Proc.SPIE.1996,Vol.2839:8-19
[44]饶云江,曾祥楷,朱永等.非本征型法布里珀罗干涉仪光纤布拉格光栅应变温度传感器及其应用[J].光学学报,2002,22(1):85-88
[45]C.Fernandez-Valdivielso,I.R.Matias,F.J.Arregui.Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using a fiber Bragg grating and a thermochromic material[J].Sensors and actuators A.101(2002):107-116
[46]Luis Alberto Ferreira,Envangelos Vasilios Diatzikis,Jose Luis Santos,et al.Demodulation of fiber Bragg grating sensors based on dynamic tuning of a muitimode laser diode[J].Applied Optics,1999,38(22):4751-4759
[47]S W James,M L Dockney,R P Tatam,etal.Simutaneous independent temperature and strain measurement using in-fibre bragg grating sensors[J].Electron.Lett.,1996,32(12):1133-1134.
[48]Xu M G,Dong L,L Reekie etal.Temperature independent strain sensor using a chirped Bragg grating intapered optical fibre[J].ElectronLett,1995,31(10):823-825.
[49]Shu X.W.,Liu Y.,Dependence of temperature and strain coefficients on fiber grating type and its application to simultaneous temperature and strain measurement[J].Opt.Lett.2002,27(9):701-703
[50]乔学光,贾振安,傅海威等.光纤光栅传感理论与实验[J].物理学报,2004,53(2):494-497