超高压无机合成实验方法及其应用的研究
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摘要
压力作为一个热力学参量,对化学反应有着至关重要的影响。以往人们得到的化学知识一般是在常压的条件下获得的,而地球上90%以上的物质处于10GPa以上的高温高压状态。在高压条件下,物质的物理和化学性质将发生显著的变化。以往的高压研究一般都集中在物理学、地球科学等领域。随着现代科学技术的发展,高压化学越来越得到人们的重视。本论文针对吉林大学无机合成与制备化学国家重点实验室从美国引进的具有国际一流技术水平的Walker型二级加压装置、Cubic型和Quickpress 3.0 Piston-Cylinder式三台高温高压装置的具体使用及其在无机合成研究领域中的应用,进行了详细的研究。
本论文第一章为绪论,对高压科学的发展、现代高压设备、高压在无机合成中的作用等方面进行了简要的介绍;第二章到第四章分别是关于Walker型二级加压装置(压力范围3-25GPa)、Cubic型(压力范围小于5GPa)和Quickpress 3.0 Piston-Cylinder式(压力范围小于2.5GPa)三台高温高压装置的实验方法、压力标定、温度标定、温度梯度测量等研究工作。第五章对已开展的超高压无机合成实验情况进行了介绍。
The ultrahigh pressure technology is a special investigation tool for physics, chemistry and the synthesis of materials. Its extreme physical conditions can effectively change the atomic distance and electronic states. Therefore, it is often used to modulate the atomic space, probe the properties change with atomic space and etc. in the most frontier research topics.
When ultrahigh pressure technology is applied to inorganic synthesis, some physical properties would change with the denisification, such as conductivity, optical absorption and magnetic properties and etc. The elements in inorganic compounds synthesized under ultrahigh pressure usually have large coordination numbers and unusual oxidation states. In modern inorganic synthesis, ultrahigh pressure is widely applied to the reactions that cannot be carried out under normal conditions and many new compounds, new phases and new routes of chemical reaction were obtained.
Due to the complexity of the high pressure technique, the ultrahigh pressure research was mainly related to the geology and condensed matter physics for a long time. Recently, high-pressure chemistry became more attractive with the development of ultrahigh pressure technique, the synthesis, characterization, the thermodynamic and kinetic and mechanism of reaction is mainly concerned in inorganic chemistry. Among many different types of high pressure apparatus, the large volume high press (LVP) has a distinct advantage in inorganic synthesis and preparation of sample, because of its uniform pressure and large sample sizes.
The State Key laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry in Jilin University upbuilt the first ultra high pressure chemistry laboratory of China in 2003. The investigations of inorganic synthesis under ultra high pressure experiment method are based on the Walker, Cubic and Quickpress 3.0 Piston-Cylinder high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) apparatus (three LVP apparatuses providing different pressure). The Walker module device is the first equipment that the pressure could reach more than 20GPa. For the success and reliability of experiments, the appropriate sample assembly, accurate pressure and temperature calibrations of the high pressure devices are crucial. Herein, we completed the design of sample assembly, pressure and temperature calibrations of the Walker, Cubic and Piston-Cylinder apparatus. The pressure calibration on LVP above 10GPa is the first time to complete in China. Then these high pressure devices were used to synthesise the multiferroic materials, precious metal nitrides, diamond, etc.
Based on the results of many experiments, we designed several sample assemblies of the Walker, Cubic and Piston-Cylinder high pressure devices for different requirements of experiments. The standards for assemblies were chosen include the materials and the sizes, and the preparation methods of some assemblies are also designed.
The 1000-tons Walker module high temperature and high pressure apparatus can generate different high pressure using tungsten carbide (WC) anvils with different truncated edge length (12mm, 8mm, 6mm or 4mm). The calibration of pressure was performed by the fixed points of phase transitions method. The resistance change of standard materials for pressure calibration with load was measured to calibrate the pressure in the assemblies at room temperature (Bi and Tl were used for calibration of TEL=12mm assemblies; Bi, Tl, ZnTe for calibration of TEL=8mm assemblies; Bi, Tl, ZnTe, Pb for calibration of TEL=6mm assemblies; Bi, Tl, ZnTe. Pb, ZnS, GaAs for calibration of TEL=4mm assemblies). The pressure calibration at high temperature for TEL = 6mm and 8mm assemblies was based on the coesite-stishovite transition (8.6GPa 1000°C) and the garnet-perovskite transition (6.1GPa 1000°C) of CaGeO3. The calibration curve of the pressure versus load was obtained. We found the sample pressure at high temperature is lower than that at room temperature for the same load. This is because the rigidity of pressure media increases at high temperature and the the hardness of the WC anvils decreases at high temperature. The calibration was theoretically analyzed and its accuracy and logicalness was confirmed include that there is a nearly linear part in the pressure calibrations using the anvils with TEL 4mm, 6mm and 8mm.
The pressure calibration for Cubic type device was carried out based on the measurement of resistance transition of Bi and Tl and the melt point of NaCl under high pressure (1.2GPa, 1050℃). The sample assembly was improved to reduce the pressure gradient, contact resistance and etc. The pressure distribution for Cubic type device was also checked.
The pressure calibrations for Piston-Cylinder HTHP device were based on the primary scale and modified the results by measuring of salt melting point. According to many experiments, we found that the temperature is almost repeatable using the same power output, the sample assemblies and pressure for the same sample. The error is less than 5% when the pressure changed. Therefore the relation between the temperature and the output power can be used to estimate of temperature when the thermocouple suddenly breaks or no thermocouple is used to lower the cost. The temperature gradient was measured for Piston-Cylinder equipment. The results show that the temperature is the highest in the center of the graphite heater. There is a constant temperature region around the center of the graphite heater, which shrink with the temperature increasing. The constant temperature region is about 3mm in length along the axes of the graphite heater at 1200°C. The sample should be placed in the constant temperature region during the HTHP experiments.
Many inorganic synthesis and the material properties were studied using the Walker, Cubic and Piston-Cylinder type devices include:
1. BiMnO_3 is one of the few multiferroic materials that has the ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity simultaneously, which only can be synthesized under HTHP. The powder sample of BiMnO_3 was obtained at 5GPa and 800°C using the Walker Module HTHP apparatus. The metal Bi can be found from the decompostion at the temperature higher than 1400°C and the pressure of 5GPa, or the temperature higher than 1000°C and pressure of 10GPa.
2. Diamond is the superhard materials which can be synthesized at 5.5GPa and 1300°C with the catalyst such as Fe, Co or Ni. Many efforts have been done to lower its synthesis pressure and temperature. A new route was adopted to reduce Na_2CO_3 with metallic K at 2GPa and 500°C. The starting materials are sealed in the platinum capsule and react for 18h in Cubic type HTHP apparatus. The result of XRD and Raman spectra reveal that there is diamond in the final products. The results of depth analysis of Raman spectra show that the peaks of carbonate became weaker and the peak of diamond became stronger in the deep part of our sample, which indicated that the carbonate covered the diamond.
3. B6O is the superhard materials that can be the replacement of diamond or cubic BN. Icosahedral B6O single crystals with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 1.3μm were obtained using the reaction between boron and milled boron oxide for 6 hours at 2 GPa and 1400°C. The starting materials were encapsulated in an h-BN capsule and put into the piston-cylinder device for the reaction. The well-crystallized icosahedral B6O single crystals with diameters ranging from 20 nm to 300 nm were obtained using the reaction between boron and boron acid at pressures between 1 and 5 GPa and at temperatures between 1300 and 1400 oC. These synthetic temperature and pressure is much lower in comparison to previous work (P>5GPa, T>1700 oC).
4. Noble metal nitrides is the super-hard materials due to its the large bulk modulus. IrNx nano-material has been synthesized using the mixture of Ir and h-BN ball milled for 40h as starting materials. The reaction was fulfilled at 10GPa and 1600°C for 1h using the Walker type HTHP apparatus. The synthesis condition is much lower than previously reported (50GPa, 2000K). We also tried to synthesize PtN. The mixture of Pt and h-BN (the molar ratio of 1/20) were ball-milled for 40h, then put into the Walker type HTHP apparatus and reacted at 10GPa, 1600 oC for 1h. The Pt-N compound maybe obtained because the Raman spectra indicated the presence of Pt-N and N-N vibration modes.
5. If porous material can be stable at extreme conditions of HTHP, it can be used in space exploration and etc. due to the low density and high strength. The stability of porous materials such asα-ZrP, Y-type zeolite and MCM-41 were studied under high pressure. Theα-ZrP still keeps stable under 13.5GPa. The Y-type zeolite presents some amorphism under high pressure, while it still maintains some certain framework structure under 9GPa. MCM-41 with template still keeps stable under 10GPa and totally collapses under 1.5GPa without template. The result indicates that the template has deeply effect on the stability of MCM-41. Piston-Cylinder HTHP device is employed to study the HTHP phase graph of MCM-41.
6. The nano-materials TiS_3 is obtained under 2GPa and 600°C and TiS2 is synthesized when the temperature increased to 1000°C using Piston-Cylinder device. The TiS_3 can change to TiS2 at 632°C and ambient pressure, which indicates the high pressure could restrain the materials decompose. The formation of nano-materials is because the pressure can suppress the long-range atomic diffusion and crystal growth rate.
7. Experiment on reaction of Am-Gt-Py (Amphibole garnet pyroxenite) with spinel-lherzolite was carried out at 1500°C and 3.5GPa for 24 hours in a Cubic type HTHP apparatus. The results show that the reason of low Mg peridotite formation is not the sediment of magma but the melts-peridotite reaction. The melts-peridotite reaction is also one of the reasons of the rich Mg adakitic melt formation.
本论文第一章为绪论,对高压科学的发展、现代高压设备、高压在无机合成中的作用等方面进行了简要的介绍;第二章到第四章分别是关于Walker型二级加压装置(压力范围3-25GPa)、Cubic型(压力范围小于5GPa)和Quickpress 3.0 Piston-Cylinder式(压力范围小于2.5GPa)三台高温高压装置的实验方法、压力标定、温度标定、温度梯度测量等研究工作。第五章对已开展的超高压无机合成实验情况进行了介绍。
The ultrahigh pressure technology is a special investigation tool for physics, chemistry and the synthesis of materials. Its extreme physical conditions can effectively change the atomic distance and electronic states. Therefore, it is often used to modulate the atomic space, probe the properties change with atomic space and etc. in the most frontier research topics.
When ultrahigh pressure technology is applied to inorganic synthesis, some physical properties would change with the denisification, such as conductivity, optical absorption and magnetic properties and etc. The elements in inorganic compounds synthesized under ultrahigh pressure usually have large coordination numbers and unusual oxidation states. In modern inorganic synthesis, ultrahigh pressure is widely applied to the reactions that cannot be carried out under normal conditions and many new compounds, new phases and new routes of chemical reaction were obtained.
Due to the complexity of the high pressure technique, the ultrahigh pressure research was mainly related to the geology and condensed matter physics for a long time. Recently, high-pressure chemistry became more attractive with the development of ultrahigh pressure technique, the synthesis, characterization, the thermodynamic and kinetic and mechanism of reaction is mainly concerned in inorganic chemistry. Among many different types of high pressure apparatus, the large volume high press (LVP) has a distinct advantage in inorganic synthesis and preparation of sample, because of its uniform pressure and large sample sizes.
The State Key laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry in Jilin University upbuilt the first ultra high pressure chemistry laboratory of China in 2003. The investigations of inorganic synthesis under ultra high pressure experiment method are based on the Walker, Cubic and Quickpress 3.0 Piston-Cylinder high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) apparatus (three LVP apparatuses providing different pressure). The Walker module device is the first equipment that the pressure could reach more than 20GPa. For the success and reliability of experiments, the appropriate sample assembly, accurate pressure and temperature calibrations of the high pressure devices are crucial. Herein, we completed the design of sample assembly, pressure and temperature calibrations of the Walker, Cubic and Piston-Cylinder apparatus. The pressure calibration on LVP above 10GPa is the first time to complete in China. Then these high pressure devices were used to synthesise the multiferroic materials, precious metal nitrides, diamond, etc.
Based on the results of many experiments, we designed several sample assemblies of the Walker, Cubic and Piston-Cylinder high pressure devices for different requirements of experiments. The standards for assemblies were chosen include the materials and the sizes, and the preparation methods of some assemblies are also designed.
The 1000-tons Walker module high temperature and high pressure apparatus can generate different high pressure using tungsten carbide (WC) anvils with different truncated edge length (12mm, 8mm, 6mm or 4mm). The calibration of pressure was performed by the fixed points of phase transitions method. The resistance change of standard materials for pressure calibration with load was measured to calibrate the pressure in the assemblies at room temperature (Bi and Tl were used for calibration of TEL=12mm assemblies; Bi, Tl, ZnTe for calibration of TEL=8mm assemblies; Bi, Tl, ZnTe, Pb for calibration of TEL=6mm assemblies; Bi, Tl, ZnTe. Pb, ZnS, GaAs for calibration of TEL=4mm assemblies). The pressure calibration at high temperature for TEL = 6mm and 8mm assemblies was based on the coesite-stishovite transition (8.6GPa 1000°C) and the garnet-perovskite transition (6.1GPa 1000°C) of CaGeO3. The calibration curve of the pressure versus load was obtained. We found the sample pressure at high temperature is lower than that at room temperature for the same load. This is because the rigidity of pressure media increases at high temperature and the the hardness of the WC anvils decreases at high temperature. The calibration was theoretically analyzed and its accuracy and logicalness was confirmed include that there is a nearly linear part in the pressure calibrations using the anvils with TEL 4mm, 6mm and 8mm.
The pressure calibration for Cubic type device was carried out based on the measurement of resistance transition of Bi and Tl and the melt point of NaCl under high pressure (1.2GPa, 1050℃). The sample assembly was improved to reduce the pressure gradient, contact resistance and etc. The pressure distribution for Cubic type device was also checked.
The pressure calibrations for Piston-Cylinder HTHP device were based on the primary scale and modified the results by measuring of salt melting point. According to many experiments, we found that the temperature is almost repeatable using the same power output, the sample assemblies and pressure for the same sample. The error is less than 5% when the pressure changed. Therefore the relation between the temperature and the output power can be used to estimate of temperature when the thermocouple suddenly breaks or no thermocouple is used to lower the cost. The temperature gradient was measured for Piston-Cylinder equipment. The results show that the temperature is the highest in the center of the graphite heater. There is a constant temperature region around the center of the graphite heater, which shrink with the temperature increasing. The constant temperature region is about 3mm in length along the axes of the graphite heater at 1200°C. The sample should be placed in the constant temperature region during the HTHP experiments.
Many inorganic synthesis and the material properties were studied using the Walker, Cubic and Piston-Cylinder type devices include:
1. BiMnO_3 is one of the few multiferroic materials that has the ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity simultaneously, which only can be synthesized under HTHP. The powder sample of BiMnO_3 was obtained at 5GPa and 800°C using the Walker Module HTHP apparatus. The metal Bi can be found from the decompostion at the temperature higher than 1400°C and the pressure of 5GPa, or the temperature higher than 1000°C and pressure of 10GPa.
2. Diamond is the superhard materials which can be synthesized at 5.5GPa and 1300°C with the catalyst such as Fe, Co or Ni. Many efforts have been done to lower its synthesis pressure and temperature. A new route was adopted to reduce Na_2CO_3 with metallic K at 2GPa and 500°C. The starting materials are sealed in the platinum capsule and react for 18h in Cubic type HTHP apparatus. The result of XRD and Raman spectra reveal that there is diamond in the final products. The results of depth analysis of Raman spectra show that the peaks of carbonate became weaker and the peak of diamond became stronger in the deep part of our sample, which indicated that the carbonate covered the diamond.
3. B6O is the superhard materials that can be the replacement of diamond or cubic BN. Icosahedral B6O single crystals with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 1.3μm were obtained using the reaction between boron and milled boron oxide for 6 hours at 2 GPa and 1400°C. The starting materials were encapsulated in an h-BN capsule and put into the piston-cylinder device for the reaction. The well-crystallized icosahedral B6O single crystals with diameters ranging from 20 nm to 300 nm were obtained using the reaction between boron and boron acid at pressures between 1 and 5 GPa and at temperatures between 1300 and 1400 oC. These synthetic temperature and pressure is much lower in comparison to previous work (P>5GPa, T>1700 oC).
4. Noble metal nitrides is the super-hard materials due to its the large bulk modulus. IrNx nano-material has been synthesized using the mixture of Ir and h-BN ball milled for 40h as starting materials. The reaction was fulfilled at 10GPa and 1600°C for 1h using the Walker type HTHP apparatus. The synthesis condition is much lower than previously reported (50GPa, 2000K). We also tried to synthesize PtN. The mixture of Pt and h-BN (the molar ratio of 1/20) were ball-milled for 40h, then put into the Walker type HTHP apparatus and reacted at 10GPa, 1600 oC for 1h. The Pt-N compound maybe obtained because the Raman spectra indicated the presence of Pt-N and N-N vibration modes.
5. If porous material can be stable at extreme conditions of HTHP, it can be used in space exploration and etc. due to the low density and high strength. The stability of porous materials such asα-ZrP, Y-type zeolite and MCM-41 were studied under high pressure. Theα-ZrP still keeps stable under 13.5GPa. The Y-type zeolite presents some amorphism under high pressure, while it still maintains some certain framework structure under 9GPa. MCM-41 with template still keeps stable under 10GPa and totally collapses under 1.5GPa without template. The result indicates that the template has deeply effect on the stability of MCM-41. Piston-Cylinder HTHP device is employed to study the HTHP phase graph of MCM-41.
6. The nano-materials TiS_3 is obtained under 2GPa and 600°C and TiS2 is synthesized when the temperature increased to 1000°C using Piston-Cylinder device. The TiS_3 can change to TiS2 at 632°C and ambient pressure, which indicates the high pressure could restrain the materials decompose. The formation of nano-materials is because the pressure can suppress the long-range atomic diffusion and crystal growth rate.
7. Experiment on reaction of Am-Gt-Py (Amphibole garnet pyroxenite) with spinel-lherzolite was carried out at 1500°C and 3.5GPa for 24 hours in a Cubic type HTHP apparatus. The results show that the reason of low Mg peridotite formation is not the sediment of magma but the melts-peridotite reaction. The melts-peridotite reaction is also one of the reasons of the rich Mg adakitic melt formation.
引文
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