高速公路景观生态综合体系研究
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摘要
高速公路是自然环境和人工构造物的结合体,也是实现景观设计研究和环境再造的重要载体。高速公路在建设过程中,会对沿线的自然景观和人文景观产生很大的负面影响,加剧人口、资源与环境的矛盾,增加对沿线生态系统的压力。随着可持续发展观念的深入,对于高速公路的要求已不仅仅满足基本的运输功能要求,如何加大景观、环境心理、生态等元素在高速公路建设中的比重,创建人-车-路和谐的环境体系是当前高速公路建设面临的一个重大课题。
通过对高速公路景观生态系统科学的分析研究,不仅可以为具有“绿化、生态、环保”理念的高速公路提供科学的建设依据,而且还可以为采用合适的工程措施提供科学的界定尺度。本研究以理论与实际工程相结合的方式,选取孝襄高速公路为研究平台,总结了高速公路景观生态体系所涉及的各方面的要素,构建了一个科学的高速公路景观生态研究体系,并对这个体系中的研究内容和方法进行了系统的分析,其结果具有较高的学术价值和广阔的应用前景。
多学科的交叉分析是科学、系统地研究高速公路环境景观生态体系的关键,本研究在查阅大量文献的基础上,从理论上分析了高速公路景观生态体系中涉及的美学、生态学、心理学等基本要素的特点,并将这些内容与高速公路景观生态体系进行概念上的整合,总结出了相关的研究理论和研究方法,从而为指导高速公路景观环境研究确定相应的理论基础。
通过以环境心理学理论为指导,划分出高速公路的认知要素及细化的景观要素,以草图法、系统的问卷和访谈、图片认知以及视景仿真演示法等方法,对高速公路环境景观对道路使用者的环境影响心理特点及影响因素进行了分析。在结果分析的基础上,总结出指导高速公路景观设计的指导原则和审美情感反应理论模型。研究结果显示:通过景观意向元素的分析有助于我们了解使用者与所处的高速公路景观体系之间的相互影响的行为心理关系;把握使用者对多样性和独特性的体验要求可以更好的提升环境景观设计品质,从而为工程建设和方案决策提供相应的指导依据。
高速公路景观设计是一个综合体系,也是道路景观研究最直观的表现。本文在阐述道路景观设计时没有单纯的从造景艺术的角度分析,而是在考虑其功能性和观赏性的同时,也考虑了自然和社会属性。在进行设计时,考虑景观要素与环境主体和客体间的影响,将环境心理影响与生态绿化设计的理念引入到景观设计过程中,在总结既有的一般性设计原则的基础上,针对景观生态体系中的某些重点部位,选取孝襄高速公路为实例来详细分析设计方法和技巧,对整个高速公路景观系统的设计指引作了较为系统的阐述。
通过对土壤、水土流失状况、工程占地量、对农作物影响、对林地的影响、对动物的影响、对景观生态影响以及对生物影响等生态指标的分析和评定,来反映公路建设对生态环境的综合影响程度,对采取针对性强和有效的生态防护及恢复措施有重要的参考意义。本文选取了孝襄高速公路为对象,分析建设过程对于生态格局的影响,提出了生态选线、取(弃)土场、河流、农田、土壤、生态涵养带等不同要素的生态修复方法,并从中总结出高速公路建设生态修复的指导策略。研究结果既有很强的针对性,同时也据有一定的普通指导意义。
为了提高孝襄高速公路景观设计方案分析的直观性和动态性,本文选取视景仿真技术来建立高速公路沿线的三维实时交互模型,并将不同的设计方案在视景仿真平台中进行动态演示和修改。在分析视景仿真技术的特点的基础上,本文选取的方法以普通PC机为平台,以常见的道路设计图纸为源数据,利用CAD软件、Creator/Vega系列软件结合来进行建模,改变了传统建模方法对仿真平台过高的要求,增强了模型的方便性和实用性。
通过大量的文献调查和专家咨询,系统的建立了高速公路景观方案评价指标体系和评价标准。通过对不同群体的调查分析,确定了不同指标的相对权重,并以模糊数学理论为基础,构建了孝襄高速公路景观指标的多目标多层次模糊数学评价模型。最终的评价结果以分值计算方式进行表达,变传统定性分析的方式为定性定量结合的方式,提高了评价的客观性和科学性。
Expressway is the combo of natural environment and artificial structure, which can be used to research entironment re-building and landscape designing. The construction of expressway will take enormous negative impacts to natural landscape and humanities landscape along the line of expressway, meanwhile the worse contradictory between population, resources and entironment will add the pressure of highway ecosystem. With the ideology of sustainable development transformed drastically,the basic function of transportation is not consistent with the people’s request to the highway. How to improve the proportion of landscape, enviromental psychology and ecological elements, and build harmonious environment system of man---vehicle---road is an important theme that the engineers face in current expressway construction.
With the research of the expressway landscape ecosystem, the paper not only brings forward scientific basis which advocates“Virescence, Zoology, Environment Protection”, but also provides the delimitation rules for the appropriate projects. Chooseing Xiao-xiang expressway as platform, the paper systemically summarizes all kinds of elements in expressway landscape ecosystem, and then builds an scientific research system of expressway landscape in which contents and the correlation technique are analyzed systemically by the combination of theory and actual project. The results show that the content in this paper has upper academic value and widest application prospects.
The interlaced development of all interrelated subjects is the key to improve the research level of expressway environment landscape system. Based on the abundant correlative literature, the paper first analyzes the characters of the basic elements affect expressway landscape according to aesthetics, ecology and psychology et al. By combination of these contents and expressway landscape system, correlative theories and methods are generalized, and foundation academic theories which can be used to supervise the research of environment landscape is confirmed.
On the basis of the environmental psychology theory, the paper divides the cognitive elements of expressway and the detail landscape elements. By the way of the sketch, the questionnaire& interview, the picture cognition and the visual simulation technology, the paper analyzes the characters and influence elements of the environment psychology, and puts out the relationship between users and expressway environment. Based on these, the instructed rules for landscape design and aesthetic responses model are deduced. The results show that the analysis of landscape orientation elements can help us to recover the behavior-psychology relationship between the expressway landscape and the users. The experience of multiplicity and particularness by the different users can improve the quality of landscape design, consequently providing the guiding principle for construction and decision-making.
The expressway landscape design is a synthetical system that directly expressed the expressway landscape research results. Comparing with the traditional way which studied form the simplex landscape-making art limited, the design method in the paper absorbs the ideology include the demands of function, view and admire, nature and sociality and so on, and it puts emphasis on environmental psychology and ecological evanescence design. Generalizing currently design principles, the paper selected the Xiao-xiang expressway as example to analyze the design techniques of the important positions in the expressway landscape system in detail.
Through analyzing and evaluating the indexes, such as soil, soil erosion and water loss, scalar of project, crop, woodland, animal and plants, the effect degree of construction to environment can be assessed, and it is very significative for us to selecte effective and pertinent ways of ecological protective and restoration by these content. Based on these, the paper puts forward the ecological restoration way that aims at different part of expressway, such as linearity, borrow (lend) pit ground, river, farmland, siol and ecological restraint belt, and then the instructional strategy for expressway ecological restoration is also summarized. It was indicated that the results have greatly pertinence and universal significance.
Applying the visual simulation technology to highway engineering, an expressway visual simulation system for the visualization analysis of landscape design proposals is built during the construction of Xiao-xiang expressway. Its functional requirements and overall architecture are presented. The 3D model of expressway is created with AutoCAD DWG files as source data and the dynamic design method of expressway landscape elements is introduces. The system offers an effective tool to facilitate the analysis and evaluation of the road landscape proposals.
Through countless document investigation, expert consultation and social research, assessment index system for expressway landscape scheme and assessment criterion is set up. By investigated the different communities, relative weights of different index are confirmed. Based on the theory of fuzzy mathematics, multi-object multi-hiberarchy fuzzy mathematics assessment model of Xiao-xiang expressway landscape index is built, and the final assessment results are expressed with score computed by this way. Being compared with qualitative analysis of the traditional, the qualitative and quantitative method mentioned in the paper improve objectivity and scientific nature.
通过对高速公路景观生态系统科学的分析研究,不仅可以为具有“绿化、生态、环保”理念的高速公路提供科学的建设依据,而且还可以为采用合适的工程措施提供科学的界定尺度。本研究以理论与实际工程相结合的方式,选取孝襄高速公路为研究平台,总结了高速公路景观生态体系所涉及的各方面的要素,构建了一个科学的高速公路景观生态研究体系,并对这个体系中的研究内容和方法进行了系统的分析,其结果具有较高的学术价值和广阔的应用前景。
多学科的交叉分析是科学、系统地研究高速公路环境景观生态体系的关键,本研究在查阅大量文献的基础上,从理论上分析了高速公路景观生态体系中涉及的美学、生态学、心理学等基本要素的特点,并将这些内容与高速公路景观生态体系进行概念上的整合,总结出了相关的研究理论和研究方法,从而为指导高速公路景观环境研究确定相应的理论基础。
通过以环境心理学理论为指导,划分出高速公路的认知要素及细化的景观要素,以草图法、系统的问卷和访谈、图片认知以及视景仿真演示法等方法,对高速公路环境景观对道路使用者的环境影响心理特点及影响因素进行了分析。在结果分析的基础上,总结出指导高速公路景观设计的指导原则和审美情感反应理论模型。研究结果显示:通过景观意向元素的分析有助于我们了解使用者与所处的高速公路景观体系之间的相互影响的行为心理关系;把握使用者对多样性和独特性的体验要求可以更好的提升环境景观设计品质,从而为工程建设和方案决策提供相应的指导依据。
高速公路景观设计是一个综合体系,也是道路景观研究最直观的表现。本文在阐述道路景观设计时没有单纯的从造景艺术的角度分析,而是在考虑其功能性和观赏性的同时,也考虑了自然和社会属性。在进行设计时,考虑景观要素与环境主体和客体间的影响,将环境心理影响与生态绿化设计的理念引入到景观设计过程中,在总结既有的一般性设计原则的基础上,针对景观生态体系中的某些重点部位,选取孝襄高速公路为实例来详细分析设计方法和技巧,对整个高速公路景观系统的设计指引作了较为系统的阐述。
通过对土壤、水土流失状况、工程占地量、对农作物影响、对林地的影响、对动物的影响、对景观生态影响以及对生物影响等生态指标的分析和评定,来反映公路建设对生态环境的综合影响程度,对采取针对性强和有效的生态防护及恢复措施有重要的参考意义。本文选取了孝襄高速公路为对象,分析建设过程对于生态格局的影响,提出了生态选线、取(弃)土场、河流、农田、土壤、生态涵养带等不同要素的生态修复方法,并从中总结出高速公路建设生态修复的指导策略。研究结果既有很强的针对性,同时也据有一定的普通指导意义。
为了提高孝襄高速公路景观设计方案分析的直观性和动态性,本文选取视景仿真技术来建立高速公路沿线的三维实时交互模型,并将不同的设计方案在视景仿真平台中进行动态演示和修改。在分析视景仿真技术的特点的基础上,本文选取的方法以普通PC机为平台,以常见的道路设计图纸为源数据,利用CAD软件、Creator/Vega系列软件结合来进行建模,改变了传统建模方法对仿真平台过高的要求,增强了模型的方便性和实用性。
通过大量的文献调查和专家咨询,系统的建立了高速公路景观方案评价指标体系和评价标准。通过对不同群体的调查分析,确定了不同指标的相对权重,并以模糊数学理论为基础,构建了孝襄高速公路景观指标的多目标多层次模糊数学评价模型。最终的评价结果以分值计算方式进行表达,变传统定性分析的方式为定性定量结合的方式,提高了评价的客观性和科学性。
Expressway is the combo of natural environment and artificial structure, which can be used to research entironment re-building and landscape designing. The construction of expressway will take enormous negative impacts to natural landscape and humanities landscape along the line of expressway, meanwhile the worse contradictory between population, resources and entironment will add the pressure of highway ecosystem. With the ideology of sustainable development transformed drastically,the basic function of transportation is not consistent with the people’s request to the highway. How to improve the proportion of landscape, enviromental psychology and ecological elements, and build harmonious environment system of man---vehicle---road is an important theme that the engineers face in current expressway construction.
With the research of the expressway landscape ecosystem, the paper not only brings forward scientific basis which advocates“Virescence, Zoology, Environment Protection”, but also provides the delimitation rules for the appropriate projects. Chooseing Xiao-xiang expressway as platform, the paper systemically summarizes all kinds of elements in expressway landscape ecosystem, and then builds an scientific research system of expressway landscape in which contents and the correlation technique are analyzed systemically by the combination of theory and actual project. The results show that the content in this paper has upper academic value and widest application prospects.
The interlaced development of all interrelated subjects is the key to improve the research level of expressway environment landscape system. Based on the abundant correlative literature, the paper first analyzes the characters of the basic elements affect expressway landscape according to aesthetics, ecology and psychology et al. By combination of these contents and expressway landscape system, correlative theories and methods are generalized, and foundation academic theories which can be used to supervise the research of environment landscape is confirmed.
On the basis of the environmental psychology theory, the paper divides the cognitive elements of expressway and the detail landscape elements. By the way of the sketch, the questionnaire& interview, the picture cognition and the visual simulation technology, the paper analyzes the characters and influence elements of the environment psychology, and puts out the relationship between users and expressway environment. Based on these, the instructed rules for landscape design and aesthetic responses model are deduced. The results show that the analysis of landscape orientation elements can help us to recover the behavior-psychology relationship between the expressway landscape and the users. The experience of multiplicity and particularness by the different users can improve the quality of landscape design, consequently providing the guiding principle for construction and decision-making.
The expressway landscape design is a synthetical system that directly expressed the expressway landscape research results. Comparing with the traditional way which studied form the simplex landscape-making art limited, the design method in the paper absorbs the ideology include the demands of function, view and admire, nature and sociality and so on, and it puts emphasis on environmental psychology and ecological evanescence design. Generalizing currently design principles, the paper selected the Xiao-xiang expressway as example to analyze the design techniques of the important positions in the expressway landscape system in detail.
Through analyzing and evaluating the indexes, such as soil, soil erosion and water loss, scalar of project, crop, woodland, animal and plants, the effect degree of construction to environment can be assessed, and it is very significative for us to selecte effective and pertinent ways of ecological protective and restoration by these content. Based on these, the paper puts forward the ecological restoration way that aims at different part of expressway, such as linearity, borrow (lend) pit ground, river, farmland, siol and ecological restraint belt, and then the instructional strategy for expressway ecological restoration is also summarized. It was indicated that the results have greatly pertinence and universal significance.
Applying the visual simulation technology to highway engineering, an expressway visual simulation system for the visualization analysis of landscape design proposals is built during the construction of Xiao-xiang expressway. Its functional requirements and overall architecture are presented. The 3D model of expressway is created with AutoCAD DWG files as source data and the dynamic design method of expressway landscape elements is introduces. The system offers an effective tool to facilitate the analysis and evaluation of the road landscape proposals.
Through countless document investigation, expert consultation and social research, assessment index system for expressway landscape scheme and assessment criterion is set up. By investigated the different communities, relative weights of different index are confirmed. Based on the theory of fuzzy mathematics, multi-object multi-hiberarchy fuzzy mathematics assessment model of Xiao-xiang expressway landscape index is built, and the final assessment results are expressed with score computed by this way. Being compared with qualitative analysis of the traditional, the qualitative and quantitative method mentioned in the paper improve objectivity and scientific nature.
引文
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